B. adduces a number of case studies to show that any alternation in the form of an utterance must involve an alternation of its meaning, and thus that perfect synonymy does not exist. The case studies include: the treatment of 'any' and 'some', of 'notany' and 'no', 'it' as a referential pronoun, 'there'-constructions, ergative 'of' and 'infinitives of specification', the correlations between imperatives and infinitives, and generative treatments of imperatives.