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Article published In:
Diachronica
Vol. 39:4 (2022) ► pp.490–524

Drastic demographic events triggered the Uralic spread

ORCID logo | University of Helsinki
ORCID logo | University of Helsinki
ORCID logo | University of Helsinki | University of Vienna
| University of Helsinki
ORCID logo | University of Helsinki | Russian Academy of Sciences
ORCID logo | University of Helsinki
ORCID logo | University of Helsinki | University of California, Berkeley | HSE UniversityMoscow
| University of Helsinki
ORCID logo | University of Helsinki
The widespread Uralic family offers several advantages for tracing prehistory: a firm absolute chronological anchor point in an ancient contact episode with well-dated Indo-Iranian; other points of intersection or diagnostic non-intersection with early Indo-European (the Late Proto-Indo-European-speaking Yamnaya culture of the western steppe, the Afanasievo culture of the upper Yenisei, and the Fatyanovo culture of the middle Volga); lexical and morphological reconstruction sufficient to establish critical absences of sharings and contacts. We add information on climate, linguistic geography, typology, and cognate frequency distributions to reconstruct the Uralic origin and spread. We argue that the Uralic homeland was east of the Urals and initially out of contact with Indo-European. The spread was rapid and without widespread shared substratal effects. We reconstruct its cause as the interconnected reactions of early Uralic and Indo-European populations to a catastrophic climate change episode and interregionalization opportunities which advantaged riverine hunter-fishers over herders.
Keywords: Uralic, Finno-Ugric, Indo-European, Yamnaya, Indo-Iranian, Siberia, Eurasia, Seima-Turbino, 4.2 ka event, linguistic homeland
Article outline
  • 1.Introduction
  • 2.Prehistory and timeline
    • 2.1The PU homeland
    • 2.2Linguistic and extralinguistic chronology
    • 2.3Early Uralic stages
    • 2.4Timeline
  • 3.The CU spreads
    • 3.1Northward spreads
    • 3.2The CU east-west dispersal
      • 3.2.1Minimal isolation by distance (IBD) effects in vocabulary
      • 3.2.2Homelands
      • 3.2.3Innovations
      • 3.2.4Peripheral archaisms
      • 3.2.5Isolation by distance: Loans
      • 3.2.6Inflectional paradigms
      • 3.2.7Substrata
    • 3.3Typology and the Common Uralic spread
    • 3.4Early diversification in the east
    • 3.5Genetic evidence
  • 4.Sociolinguistics of post-catastrophe spreads
  • 5.Conclusions
  • Acknowledgments
  • Notes
  • Abbreviations
  • References
Available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC) 4.0 license.

For any use beyond this license, please contact the publisher at [email protected].

Published online: 8 April 2022
DOI logo
https://doi.org/10.1075/dia.20038.gru
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