This short paper introduces the HeliPaD, a new parsed corpus of Old Saxon (Old Low German). It is annotated according to the standards of the Penn Corpora of Historical English, enriched with lemmatization and additional morphological attributes as well as textual and metrical annotation. This paper provides an overview of its main features and compares it to existing resources such as the Deutsch Diachron Digital version of the Old Saxon Heliand as part of the Referenzkorpus Altdeutsch. It closes with a roadmap for planned future expansions.
Arnett, C. (1997). Perfect auxiliary selection in the Old Saxon Heliand. American Journal of Germanic Linguistics and Literatures, 9(1), 23–72.
Baesecke, G. (1948). Fulda und die altsächsischen Bibelepen. Niederdeutsche Mitteilungen, 4(1), 5–43.
Beck, J., Ecay, A., & Ingason, A.K. (2015). Annotald (Version 1.3.7) [Computer software]. Retrieved from [URL] (last accessed January 2016).
Behaghel, O. (Ed.) (1902). Der Heliand und die altsächsische Genesis (1st ed.) Gießen: J. Ricker’sche Buchhandlung.
Behaghel, O., & Taeger, B. (Eds.) (1984). Heliand und Genesis (9th ed.) Tübingen: Max Niemeyer.
Breitbarth, A. (2014). The History of Low German Negation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Cathey, J.E. (2000). Old Saxon. Munich: Lincom Europa.
Cordes, G., & Holthausen, F. (1973). Altniederdeutsches Elementarbuch. Heidelberg: Carl Winter.
Dewey, T.K. (2006). The origins and development of Germanic V2 (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of California, Berkeley, CA.
Dewey, T.K. (2009). An Annotated English Translation of the Old Saxon Heliand: A Ninth-Century Biblical Paraphrase in the Germanic Epic Style. New York, NY: Edwin Mellen Press.
Dewey, T.K., & Arnett, C. (2015). Motion verbs in Old Saxon with the oblique subject construction: A semantic analysis. Beiträge zur Geschichte der Deutschen Sprache und Literatur, 137(2), 183–220.
Donhauser, K. (2015). Das Referenzkorpus Altdeutsch: Das Konzept, die Realisierung und die neuen Möglichkeiten. In J. Gippert & R. Gehrke (Eds.), Historical Corpora: Challenges and Perspectives (pp. 35–49). Tübingen: Narr Verlag.
Erickson, J. (1997). Some observations on word order in Old Saxon. In C. Dürscheid, K H. Ramers & M. Schwarz (Eds.), Sprache im Fokus: Festschrift für Heinz Vater zum 65. Geburtstag (pp. 95–105). Tübingen: Max Niemeyer.
Faarlund, J.-T. (1990). Syntactic Change: Towards a Theory of Historical Syntax. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Gallée, J.H., & Tiefenbach, I. (1993). Altsächsische Grammatik. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer.
Galves, C., & Faria, P. (2010). Tycho Brahe Parsed Corpus of Historical Portuguese. Retrieved from [URL] (last accessed January 2016).
Gippert, J. (2003). TITUS: Heliand. Retrieved from [URL] (last accessed January 2016).
Grein, C.W.M. (1869). Die Quellen des Heliand. Nebst einem Anhang: Tatians Evangelienharmonien herausgegeben nach dem Codex Cassellanus. Kassel: T. Kay.
Hinterhölzl, R., & Petrova, S. (2009). From V1 to V2 in West Germanic. Lingua, 120(2), 315–328.
Hock, H.H. (2009). Default, animacy, avoidance. In V. Bubenik, J. Hewson & S. Rose (Eds.), Grammatical Change in Indo-European Languages (pp. 29–42). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Köbler, G. (1986). Sammlung aller altsächsischer Texte. Gießen: Arbeiten zur Rechts- und Sprachwissenschaft Verlag.
Köbler, G. (2000). Altsächsisches Wörterbuch (3rd ed.). Retrieved from [URL] (last accessed January 2016).
Kroch, A., & Taylor, A. (2000). Penn-Helsinki Parsed Corpus of Middle English (2nd ed.). Retrieved from [URL] (last accessed January 2016).
Linde, S., & Mittmann, R. (2013). Old German reference corpus: Digitizing the knowledge of the 19th century. In P. Bennett, M. Durrell, S. Scheible & R.J. Whitt (Eds.), New Methods in Historical Corpora, 235–246. Tübingen: Narr Verlag.
Martineau, F. (2008). Un corpus pour l’analyse de la variation et du changement linguistique. Corpus, 7(1), 135–155.
McEnery, A., & Wilson, A. (2001). Corpus Linguistics: An Introduction (2nd ed.) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Pintzuk, S., & Kroch, A. (1989). The rightward movement of complements and adjuncts in the Old English of Beowulf. Language Variation and Change, 1(2), 115–143.
Price, T.B. (2010). The Old Saxon Leipzig Heliand manuscript fragment (MS L): New evidence concerning Luther, the poet, and Ottonian heritage (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of California, Berkeley, CA.
Price, T.B. (2015). Multi-faceted alignment: Toward automatic detection of textual similarity in Gospel-derived texts. In J. Gippert & R. Gehrke (Eds.), Historical Corpora: Challenges and Perspectives (pp. 77–89). Tübingen: Narr Verlag.
Randall, B. (2005–7). CorpusSearch 2 [Computer software]. Retrieved from [URL] (last accessed January 2016).
Rauch, I. (1992). The Old Saxon Language: Grammar, Epic Narrative, Linguistic Interference. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.
Rissanen, M. (1989). Three problems connected with the use of diachronic corpora. ICAME Journal, 13(1), 16–19.
Rögnvaldsson, E, Ingason, A.K., Sigurðsson, E.F., & Wallenberg, J. (2012). The Icelandic Parsed Historical Corpus (IcePaHC). In N. Calzolari, K. Choukri, T. Declerck, M.U. Doğan, B. Maegaard, J. Mariani, A. Moreno, J. Odijk, & S. Piperidis (Eds.), Proceedings of LREC, Istanbul 2012 (pp. 1977–1984). Istanbul, Turkey: European Language Resources Association.
Santorini, B. (1990). Part-of-speech tagging guidelines for the Penn Treebank Project (3rd revision). Technical Report, University of Pennsylvania Department of Computer & Information Science.
Sapp, C. (2010). The reflexive possessive sîn in Old Saxon. Beiträge zur Geschichte der Deutschen Sprache und Literatur, 132(3), 329–342.
Schmid, H., & Laws, F. (2008). Estimation of conditional probabilities with decision trees and an application to fine-grained POS tagging. In D. Scott & H. Uszkoreit (Eds.), Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics, vol. 11 (pp. 777–784). Stroudsburg, PA: Association for Computational Linguistics.
Sievers, E. (1875). Der Heliand und die angelsächsische Genesis. Halle: Max Niemeyer.
Sievers, E. (Ed.) (1878). Heliand. Halle: Verlag der Buchhandlung des Waisenhauses.
Somers, K., & Dubenion-Smith, S. (2011). Disambiguating clausal status in the Old Saxon Hêliand. Unpublished manuscript, QMUL, London.
Somers, K., & Dubenion-Smith, S. (2014). The intersection between syntax and metre in the Old Saxon Hêliand. Amsterdamer Beiträge zur älteren Germanistik, 72(1), 83–134.
Suzuki, S. (2004). The Metre of Old Saxon Poetry: The Remaking of Alliterative Tradition. Cambridge: Brewer.
Taylor, A., Warner, A., Pintzuk, S., & Beths, F. (2003). York–Toronto–Helsinki Parsed Corpus of Old English Prose. Retrieved from [URL] (last accessed January 2016).
Walkden, G. (2011). HeliCoPTER: Heliand Corpus, a Partially Tagged Excel Resource (Version 1.0). Retrieved from [URL] (last accessed January 2016).
Walkden, G. (2014a). Syntactic Reconstruction and Proto-Germanic. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Walkden, G. (2015a). HeliPaD: the Heliand Parsed Database (Version 0.9). Retrieved from [URL] (last accessed January 2016).
Walkden, G. (2015b). Verb-third in early West Germanic: A comparative perspective. In T. Biberauer & G. Walkden (Eds.), Syntax Over Time: Lexical, Morphological, and Information-structural Interactions (pp. 236–248). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Wallenberg, J.C., Ingason, A.K., Sigurðsson, E.F., & Rögnvaldsson, E. (2011). Icelandic Parsed Historical Corpus (IcePaHC). Version 0.9. Retrieved from [URL] (last accessed January 2016).
Watts, S. (2001). How to become an auxiliary: Progressive and perfect in Old Saxon. In S. Watts, J. West, & H.-J. Solms (Eds.), Zur Verbmorphologie germanischer Sprachen (pp. 117–135). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Xiao, R. (2009). Theory-driven corpus research: Using corpora to inform aspect theory. In A. Lüdeling & M. Kytö (Eds.), Corpus Linguistics: An International Handbook (pp. 987–1008). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Cited by (9)
Cited by nine other publications
Middeke, Kirsten
2022. Sōþes ne wanda. The Avoidance is Separation Metaphor in West-Germanic Argument Structure. Zeitschrift für Anglistik und Amerikanistik 70:3 ► pp. 223 ff.
Xiao, Zihui, Junjun Fan & Wei Gao
2022. Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Digital Technology in Education, ► pp. 369 ff.
Meelen, Marieke & Afra Pujol i Campeny
2021. Old Catalan Morphosyntax: Developing an Annotated Corpus. Journal of Open Humanities Data 7:0 ► pp. 30 ff.
Taylor, Ann
2020. Treebanks in Historical Syntax. Annual Review of Linguistics 6:1 ► pp. 195 ff.
2022. List of Example Stand-alone Corpus Description Articles. In Designing and Evaluating Language Corpora, ► pp. 224 ff.
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 6 january 2025. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers.
Any errors therein should be reported to them.