The modern political distinction between right and left has functioned as the symbolic structuring of democratic politics. The significance of this political code lies in the institutionalisation of political discourse as relatively autonomous in relation to cultural and religious discourses in which right as a general rule has been conceived as positive and left as negative. Modern political revolutions marked the transformation of RIGHT/LEFT from a cultural and religious codex of domination/subordination to a political one of parity, which cleared a space for the legitimacy of opposition and disagreement as well as for public reason and the balancing of judgement. RIGHT/LEFT is thus associated with a political symbolic order that underpins the autonomy of democratic politics by signifying the distinction between parties of equal political status.
2002Right and Left as Political Categories: an Exercise in “not-so-primitive” Classification. Anthropos 96(1), 2001, 169–179.
Bobbio, Norberto
1987The Future of Democracy: Towards a General Theory of Politics. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Bobbio, Norberto
1990Liberalism and Democracy. London: Verso.
Bobbio, Norberto
1996Left and Right: The Significance of a Political Distinction. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Cristi, Renato
1998Carl Schmitt and Authoritarian Liberalism. Cardiff: University of Wales Press.
Dyrberg, Torben Bech
2000Racisme som en nationalistisk og populistisk reaktion på elitedemokrati. In: Torben Bech Dyrberg, Allan Dreyer Hansen and Jacob Torfing (eds). Diskursanalysen på arbejde. Frederiksberg: Roskilde Universitetsforlag, 221–246.
1999Elites, Inequality and the Quality of Democracy in Ultramodern Society. International Review of Sociology 91, 239–250.
Finocchiaro, Maurice A.
1999Beyond Right and Left: Democratic Elitism in Mosca and Gramsci. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.
Giddens, Anthony
2000The Third Way and Its Critics. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Hertz, Robert
1973The Pre-eminence of the Right Hand: A Study in Religious Polarity. In: Rodney Needham (ed.). Right and Left: Essays in Dual Symbolic Classification. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, 3–32.
Laclau, Ernesto
1994Why Do Empty Signifiers Matter to Politics?. In: Jeffrey Weeks (ed.). The Lesser Evil and the Greater Good, London: Rivers Oram Press, 167–179.
Laclau, Ernesto
1996Emancipation(s). London: Verso.
Laclau, Ernesto
2000Identity and Hegemony: The Role of Universality in the Constitution of Political Logics. In: Judith Butler, Ernesto Laclau and Slavoj Zizek. Contingency, Hegemony, Universality. London: Verso.
Laclau, Ernesto and Chantal Mouffe
1985Hegemony and Socialist Strategy. London: Verso.
Lakoff, George and Mark Johnson
1980Metaphors We Live By, Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press.
Laponce, J. A.
1981Left and Right: The Topography of Political Perception. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
Lloyd, Geoffrey
1973Right and Left in Greek Philosophy. In: Rodney Needham (ed.). Right and Left: Essays in Dual Symbolic Classification. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, 167–187.
Mouffe, Chantal
1990Radical Democracy or Liberal Democracy?. Socialist Review 20(2), 57–67.
Mouffe, Chantal
1993The Return of the Political, London: Verso.
Mouffe, Chantal
1995aPolitics, Democratic Action, and Solidarity. Inquiry 38(1–2), 99–108.
Mouffe, Chantal
1995bDemocracy and Pluralism: A Critique of the Rationalist Approach. Cardozo Law Review 16(5), 1533–1546.
Mouffe, Chantal
1995cThe End of Politics and the Rise of the Radical Right. Dissent, Fall, 498–503.
Mouffe, Chantal
1997Decision, Deliberation, and Democratic Ethos. Philosophy Today 41(1), 24–31.
Mouffe, Chantal
1998The Radical Centre: A Politics without Adversary. Soundings 91, 11–23.
Mouffe, Chantal
1998aThe End of Politics?. Interview with Chantal Mouffe. New Times online, Issue 141.
Mouffe, Chantal
2000The Democratic Paradox, London: Verso.
Mouffe, Chantal
2002aMidten fremmer højrefløjen. Interview with Chantal Mouffe. Information, 18. February.
Mouffe, Chantal
2002bCentrum-venstre mangler lidenskab. Interview with Chantal Mouffe. Politiken, 31. August.
Parkin, Robert
1996The Dark Side of Humanity. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers.
Puhovski, Zarko
1994The Moral Basis of Political Restructuring. In: Chris Brown (ed.). Political Restructuring in Europe. London and New York: Routledge, 201–221.
Østergård, Uffe
1989Politikkens arena: Opståen, udvikling, afvikling?. In: Hans Fink (ed.). Arenaer — om politik og iscenesættelse. Århus: Aarhus Universitetsforlag, 23–66.
2015. “Flemish Friends, Let us Separate!”: The Discursive Struggle for Flemish Nationalist Civil Society in the Media. Javnost - The Public 22:1 ► pp. 37 ff.
2010. Contesting the populist claim on “the people” through popular culture: the 0110 concerts versus the Vlaams Belang. Social Semiotics 20:2 ► pp. 175 ff.
De Cleen, Benjamin, Jason Glynos & Aurelien Mondon
2018. Critical research on populism: Nine rules of engagement. Organization 25:5 ► pp. 649 ff.
De Cleen, Benjamin, Benjamin Moffitt, Panos Panayotu & Yannis Stavrakakis
2020. The Potentials and Difficulties of Transnational Populism: The Case of the Democracy in Europe Movement 2025 (DiEM25). Political Studies 68:1 ► pp. 146 ff.
De Cleen, Benjamin & Juan Alberto Ruiz Casado
2023. Populism of the Privileged: On the Use of Underdog Identities by Comparatively Privileged Groups. Political Studies
De Cleen, Benjamin & Yannis Stavrakakis
2017. Distinctions and Articulations: A Discourse Theoretical Framework for the Study of Populism and Nationalism. Javnost - The Public 24:4 ► pp. 301 ff.
Katsambekis, Giorgos & Yannis Stavrakakis
2017. Revisiting the Nationalism/Populism Nexus: Lessons from the Greek Case. Javnost - The Public 24:4 ► pp. 391 ff.
Kim, Seongcheol
2023. Between autonomy and representation: toward a post-foundational discourse analytic framework for the study of horizontality and verticality. Critical Discourse Studies 20:4 ► pp. 345 ff.
2023. When nationalism meets populism: examining right-wing populist & nationalist discourses in the 2014 & 2019 European parliamentary elections. European Politics and Society 24:2 ► pp. 284 ff.
Scanni, Francesco Maria
2024. Populism and the New Radical Right: A Necessary Distinction. Social Epistemology► pp. 1 ff.
Sunnercrantz, Liv & Tevfik Murat Yildirim
2022. The Role of Experts in Populist Politics: Toward a Post-foundational Approach. In Populism and Science in Europe, ► pp. 43 ff.
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 2 april 2024. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers.
Any errors therein should be reported to them.