Mixed languages are said to be the result of a process of intertwining (e.g. Bakker & Muysken 1995, Bakker 1997), a regular process in which the grammar of one language is combined with the lexicon of another. However, the outcome of this process differs from language pair to language pair. As far as morphosyntax is concerned, people have discussed these different outcomes and the reasons for them extensively, e.g. Bakker 1997 for Michif, Mous 2003 for Ma’a, Muysken 1997a for Media Lengua and 1997b for Callahuaya. The issue of phonology, however, has not generated a large debate. This paper compares the phonological systems of the mixed languages Media Lengua, Callahuaya, Mednyj Aleut, and Michif. It will be argued that the outcome of the process of intertwining, as far as phonology is concerned, is at least partly determined by the extent to which unmixed phonological domains exist.
2021. When more is more: The mixed language Light Warlpiri amalgamates source language phonologies to form a near-maximal inventory. Journal of Phonetics 85 ► pp. 101037 ff.
Rosen, Nicole, Jesse Stewart & Olivia N. Sammons
2020. How “mixed” is mixed language phonology? An acoustic analysis of the Michif vowel system. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 147:4 ► pp. 2989 ff.
Wong Gonzales, Wilkinson Daniel & Rebecca Lurie Starr
2018. Voice onset time production in Ecuadorian Spanish, Quichua, and Media Lengua. Journal of the International Phonetic Association 48:2 ► pp. 173 ff.
Stewart, Jesse
2018. Vowel perception by native Media Lengua, Quichua, and Spanish speakers. Journal of Phonetics 71 ► pp. 177 ff.
2018. The Development of Phonological Stratification: Evidence from Stop Voicing Perception in Gurindji Kriol and Roper Kriol. Journal of Language Contact 11:1 ► pp. 71 ff.
Bakker, Peter
2017. Typology of Mixed Languages. In The Cambridge Handbook of Linguistic Typology, ► pp. 217 ff.
2012. Learning Vowel Categories From Maternal Speech in Gurindji Kriol. Language Learning 62:4 ► pp. 1052 ff.
Muysken, Pieter
2012. Root/affix asymmetries in contact and transfer: case studies from the Andes. International Journal of Bilingualism 16:1 ► pp. 22 ff.
Muysken, Pieter
2012. Two Linguistic Systems in Contact: Grammar, Phonology, and Lexicon. In The Handbook of Bilingualism and Multilingualism, ► pp. 191 ff.
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 10 january 2025. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers.
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