Cross language priming in the visual modality is a well-established paradigm that offers insights into the representation of the bilingual mental lexicon; however, here we employ a novel form of priming, (i.e., an animacy decision task), to test previous outcomes. In addition, this study is the first to carry out an auditory priming task with bilingual Chinese-English speakers. Thus, we report on two experiments in which the participants decided whether visually (Experiment 1) or auditorily (Experiment 2) presented stimuli were exemplars of living entities or non-living things. The tasks allowed for addressing the priming effect, the priming asymmetry effect, and in turn allowed for testing the Revised Hierarchical Model (Kroll & Stewart, 1994). Priming effects, where the related targets were responded to more rapidly compared to unrelated targets, were observed in both modalities in the L1 to L2 condition; however, no priming effects were found from L2 to L1. The findings obtained in this study support the use of primed animacy decision tasks in either modality as a valid tool for investigating bilingual lexical memory. Also, the observed priming effects allow for retaining the RHM in its original form.
Altarriba, J., & Basnight-Brown, D. M. (2009). An Overview of Semantic Processing in Bilinguals: Methods and Findings. In A. Pavlenko (Ed.), The bilingual mental lexicon. Interdisciplinary approaches (pp. 79–98): Multilingual Matters.
Amery, H., & Cartwright, S. (2006). First Thousand Words in Chinese: Usborne Publishing Ltd.
Anderson, J. E., & Holcomb, P. J. (1995). Auditory and visual semantic priming using different stimulus onset asynchronies: An event related brain potential study. Psychophysiology, 32(2), 177–190.
Azuma, T., & Van Orden, G. C. (1997). Why SAFE Is Better Than FAST: The Relatedness of a Word's Meanings Affects Lexical Decision Times. Journal of Memory and Language, 36(4), 484–504.
Basnight-Brown, D. M., & Altarriba, J. (2007). Differences in semantic and translation priming across languages: The role of language direction and language dominance. Memory & Cognition, 35(5), 953–965.
Brysbaert, M., & Duyck, W. (2010). Is it time to leave behind the Revised Hierarchical Model of bilingual language processing after fifteen years of service?Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 13(03), 359–371.
Chen, H. C., & Ng, M. L. (1989). Semantic facilitation and translation priming effects in Chinese-English bilinguals. Memory & Cognition, 17(4), 454–462.
de Groot, A. M. B. (1995). Determinants of bilingual lexicosemantic organisation. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 8(2–3), 151–180.
Degner, J. (2011). Affective priming with auditory speech stimuli. Language and Cognitive Processes, 26(10), 1710–1735.
Dijkstra, T., Van Heuven, W. J., & Grainger, J. (1998). Simulating cross-language competition with the bilingual interactive activation model. Psychologica Belgica.
Dijkstra, T., & Van Heuven, W. J. B. (2002). The architecture of the bilingual word recognition system: From identification to decision. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 5(03), 175–197.
Dong, Y., Gui, S., & MacWhinney, B. (2005). Shared and separate meanings in the bilingual mental lexicon. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 8(03), 221–238.
Dufour, R., & Kroll, J. F. (1995). Matching words to concepts in two languages: A test of the concept mediation model of bilingual representation. Memory & Cognition, 23(2), 166–180.
Duñabeitia, J. A., Perea, M., & Carreiras, M. (2010). Masked translation priming effects with highly proficient simultaneous bilinguals. Experimental Psychology, 57(2), 98–107.
Dupoux, E., Gardelle, V., & Kouider, S. (2008). Subliminal speech perception and auditory streaming. Cognition, 109(2), 267–273.
Durgunoglu, A. Y., & Roediger, H. L. (1987). Test differences in accessing bilingual memory. Journal of Memory and Language, 26(4), 377–391.
Duyck, W., & Warlop, N. (2009). Translation priming between the native language and a second language: New evidence from Dutch-French bilinguals. Experimental Psychology, 56(3), 173–179.
Finkbeiner, M., Forster, K., Nicol, J., & Nakamura, K. (2004). The role of polysemy in masked semantic and translation priming. Journal of Memory and Language, 51(1), 1–22.
Francis, W. S. (2005). Bilingual semantic and conceptual representation. In J. F. Kroll & A. De Groot (Eds.), Handbook of bilingualism: Psycholinguistic approaches (pp. 251–267): Oxford University Press, USA.
Francis, W. S., Fernandez, N. P., & Bjork, R. A. (2010). Conceptual and non-conceptual repetition priming in category exemplar generation: Evidence from bilinguals. Memory, 18(7), 787–798.
French, R. M., & Jacquet, M. (2004). Understanding bilingual memory: models and data. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 8(2), 87–93.
Gollan, T. H., Forster, K. I., & Frost, R. (1997). Translation priming with different scripts: Masked priming with cognates and noncognates in Hebrew-English bilinguals. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 23(5), 1122–1139.
Grainger, J. (2008). Cracking the orthographic code: An introduction. Language and Cognitive Processes, 23(1), 1–35.
Grainger, J., & Beauvillain, C. (1988). Associative priming in bilinguals: Some limits of interlingual facilitation effects. Canadian Journal of Psychology/Revue canadienne de psychologie, 42(3), 261–273.
Grosjean, F. (1998). Studying bilinguals: Methodological and conceptual issues. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 1(02), 131–149.
Guasch, M., Sánchez-Casas, R., Ferré, P., & García-Albea, J. E. (2011). Effects of the degree of meaning similarity on cross-language semantic priming in highly proficient bilinguals. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 23(8), 942–961.
Holcomb, P. J., & Neville, H. J. (1990). Auditory and visual semantic priming in lexical decision: A comparison using event-related brain potentials. Language and Cognitive Processes, 5(4), 281–312.
Jiang, N. (1999). Testing processing explanations for the asymmetry in masked cross-language priming. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 2(01), 59–75.
Jiang, N. (2002). Form–meaning mapping in vocabulary acquisition in a second language. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 24(04), 617–637.
Jiang, N. (2004). Semantic transfer and its implications for vocabulary teaching in a second language. The Modern Language Journal, 88(3), 416–432.
Jiang, N., & Forster, K. I. (2001). Cross-Language Priming Asymmetries in Lexical Decision and Episodic Recognition. Journal of Memory and Language, 44(1), 32–51.
Jin, Y. S. (1990). Effects of concreteness on cross-language priming in lexical decisions. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 70(3), 1139–1154.
Keatley, C. W., Spinks, J. A., & De Gelder, B. (1994). Asymmetrical cross-language priming effects. Memory & Cognition, 22(1), 70–84.
Kim, J., & Davis, C. (2003). Task effects in masked cross-script translation and phonological priming. Journal of Memory and Language, 49(4), 484–499.
Kroll, J. F., Michael, E., Tokowicz, N., & Dufour, R. (2002). The development of lexical fluency in a second language. Second Language Research, 18(2), 137–171.
Kroll, J. F., & Stewart, E. (1994). Category interference in translation and picture naming: Evidence for asymmetric connections between bilingual memory representations. Journal of Memory and Language, 331, 149–149.
Kroll, J. F., & Tokowicz, N. (2005). Models of Bilingual Representation and Processing: Looking Back and to the Future. In J. F. Kroll & A. de Groot (Eds.), Handbook of Bilingualsim: Oxford University Press.
Kroll, J. F., van Hell, J. G., Tokowicz, N., & Green, D. W. (2010). The Revised Hierarchical Model: A critical review and assessment. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 13(3), 373–381
Li, L., Mo, L., Wang, R., Luo, X., & Chen, Z. (2009). Evidence for long-term cross-language repetition priming in low fluency Chinese–English bilinguals. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 12(01), 13–21.
Lim, V. P., Liow, S. J. R., Lincoln, M., Chan, Y. H., & Onslow, M. (2008). Determining language dominance in English-Mandarin bilinguals: Development of a self-report classification tool for clinical use. Applied Psycholinguistics, 29(3), 389.
Lin, C. C., & Ahrens, K. (2000). Calculating the number of senses: Implications for ambiguity advantage effect during lexical access. Proceedings of the ISCLL VII 2000, 141–154.
Lin, C. C., & Ahrens, K. (2005). How many meanings does a word have? Meaning estimation in Chinese and EnglishLanguage acquisition, change and emergence: Essays in Evolutionary Linguistics (pp. 437–464).
Lin, C. J. C., & Ahrens, K. (2010). Ambiguity advantage revisited: Two meanings are better than one when accessing Chinese nouns. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 39(1), 1–19.
Neely, J. H. (1991). Semantic priming effects in visual word recognition: A selective review of current findings and theories. In D. Besner & G. W. Humphreys (Eds.), Basic processes in reading: Visual word recognition (Vol. 111, pp. 264–336).
Neely, J. H., Keefe, D. E., & Ross, K. L. (1989). Semantic priming in the lexical decision task: Roles of prospective prime-generated expectancies and retrospective semantic matching. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 15(6), 1003–1019.
Pavlenko, A. (1999). New approaches to concepts in bilingual memory. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 2(03), 209–230.
Pavlenko, A. (2009). The bilingual mental lexicon: interdisciplinary approaches (Vol. 701). Bristol: Multilingual Matters.
Perea, M., Duñabeitia, J. A., & Carreiras, M. (2008). Masked associative/semantic priming effects across languages with highly proficient bilinguals. Journal of Memory and Language, 58(4), 916–930.
Potter, M. C., So, K. F., Eckardt, B. V., & Feldman, L. B. (1984). Lexical and conceptual representation in beginning and proficient bilinguals. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 23(1), 23–38.
Schoonbaert, S., Duyck, W., Brysbaert, M., & Hartsuiker, R. J. (2009). Semantic and translation priming from a first language to a second and back: Making sense of the findings. Memory & Cognition, 37(5), 569–586.
Sunderman, G., & Kroll, J. F. (2006). First language activation during second language lexical processing: An investigation of lexical form, meaning, and grammatical class. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 28(03), 387–422.
Talamas, A., Kroll, J. F., & Dufour, R. (1999). From form to meaning: Stages in the acquisition of second-language vocabulary. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 2(01), 45–58.
Tan, L. H., Spinks, J. A., Gao, J. H., Liu, H. L., Perfetti, C. A., Xiong, J., et al. (2000). Brain activation in the processing of Chinese characters and words: a functional MRI study. Human Brain Mapping, 10(1), 16–27.
van Heuven, W. J. B., & Dijkstra, T. (2010). Language comprehension in the bilingual brain: fMRI and ERP support for psycholinguistic models. Brain Research Reviews, 64(1), 104–122.
van Heuven, W. J. B., Dijkstra, T., & Grainger, J. (1998). Orthographic neighborhood effects in bilingual word recognition. Journal of Memory and Language, 391, 458–483.
Voga, M., & Grainger, J. (2007). Cognate status and cross-script translation priming. Memory & Cognition, 35(5), 938–952.
Wang, X. (2013). Language dominance in translation priming: Evidence from balanced and unbalanced Chinese–English bilinguals. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 66(4), 727–743.
Wang, X., & Forster, K. I. (2010). Masked translation priming with semantic categorization: Testing the Sense Model. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 13(3), 1–14.
Zeelenberg, R., & Pecher, D. (2003). Evidence for long-term cross-language repetition priming in conceptual implicit memory tasks. Journal of Memory and Language, 49(1), 80–94.
Zhao, X., & Li, P. (2010). Bilingual lexical interactions in an unsupervised neural network model. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 13(5), 505–524.
Zhao, X., & Li, P. (2013). Simulating cross-language priming with a dynamic computational model of the lexicon. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 16(2), 288–303.
Cited by (6)
Cited by six other publications
Hamidnia, Hamid R., Hamed Habibzadeh & Zohreh Gharaei
2024. Working Memory Capacity and Contextual Novel Linguistic Input: A Cross-Modal Priming Study on Persian–English Subordinate Bilinguals. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 53:5
Sperl, Laura, Anna Schroeger, Jürgen M. Kaufmann & Helene Kreysa
2024. Number of translations and translation direction in masked translation priming: evidence from unbalanced English–Chinese bilinguals. Frontiers in Psychology 15
Chen, Yao & Rong Zhou
2022. The Mental Lexicon Features of the Hakka-Mandarin Dialect Bilingual. Brain Sciences 12:12 ► pp. 1629 ff.
Jiang, Yih-Lin Belinda, Li-Jen Kuo & Stephanie M. Moody
2022. Cross-language transfer: a single case study on the acquisition of argumentative reasoning. Bilingual Research Journal 45:1 ► pp. 99 ff.
Tytus, Agnieszka Ewa
2017. Asymmetrical Priming Effects: An Exploration of Trilingual German–English–French Lexico-Semantic Memory. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 46:6 ► pp. 1625 ff.
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 18 december 2024. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers.
Any errors therein should be reported to them.