Cover not available
Article published In:
Language and Linguistics
Vol. 25:3 (2024) ► pp.497–534

甘青語言區域漢語副動詞附綴「是」

語義、句法和來源

 | Sun Yat-sen University
 | Peking University
副動詞作為甘青語言區域的重要特徵之一，廣泛分佈在甘青漢語中。雖然學者對它的語義、形態和句法特徵進行了描寫，以及確認此現象並非漢語內部創新，乃經由接觸而來，但對它的語法性質卻定性不準，且未描寫它在限定性、指稱轉換和預指照應等方面的特徵。本文以副動詞「是」為例，基於類型學視角，探討它的形態句法特徵，並詳細考察它的語法化過程，認為它兼有接觸引發的語法演變中「語法借用」和「語法複製」兩種類型特質。本文否定副動詞「是」的藏語拷貝說，而支持它來自阿勒泰類型語言。在區域特徵推移上，副動詞和連動結構在亞洲大陸上呈現明顯的地理互補分佈格局。
Keywords: 甘青語言區域, 甘青漢語方言, 副動詞, 限定性, 語言接觸
Article outline
  • 1.緒論
    • 1.1甘青語言區域與漢語方言
    • 1.2副動詞
      • 1.2.1定義
      • 1.2.2副動、中動和連動
    • 1.3副動詞附綴「是」研究綜述
  • 2.副動詞標記「是」及形態句法特徵
    • 2.1形式特徵
    • 2.2語義分類
    • 2.3形態句法功能
      • 2.3.1主從/主次關係
      • 2.3.2限定性
      • 2.3.3指稱轉換
      • 2.3.4預指照應
    • 2.4標記「是」的性質
  • 3.副動詞「是」與接觸語法化
    • 3.1獨立創新還是接觸語法化
      • （一）「是」來自漢語時間詞「時」
      • （二）「是」來自與藏語的接觸
      • （三）「是」來自與阿勒泰類型語言的接觸
      • （四）未指明具體來源。
    • 3.2接觸引發的語法演變
      • 3.2.1阿勒泰類型語言作為模式語的可能性
        • （一）從語音形式角度。
        • （二）從系統性角度。
        • （三）從副動詞地理分佈的角度
        • （四）從甘青漢語形成的社會學角度看
        • （五）從歷史文獻方面
      • 3.2.2接觸過程與演變機制擬測
        • （一）語法借用觀。
        • （二）語法複製觀。
  • 4.副動詞和類似結構的比較
    • 4.1副動詞與小句鏈
    • 4.2副動詞與連動結構
  • 5.區域特徵推移與副動詞和連動結構
  • 6.結語
  • Acknowledgements
  • Notes
  • References
Available under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) 4.0 license.

For any use beyond this license, please contact the publisher at [email protected].

Published online: 2 July 2024
DOI logo
https://doi.org/10.1075/lali.00158.sha
References (80)
References
Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. 2006. Serial verb constructions in typological perspective. In Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. & Dixon, R. M. W. (eds), Serial verb constructions: A cross-linguistic typology, 1–68. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Bickel, Balthasar. 1998. Review article: Converbs in cross-linguistic perspective. Linguistic Typology 2(3). 381–397.Google Scholar
Bisang, Walter. 1995. Verb serialization and converbs – Differences and similarities. In Haspelmath, Martin & König, Ekkehard (eds.), Converbs in cross-linguistic perspective: Structure and meaning of adverbial verb forms – Adverbial participles, gerunds, 137–188. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Cao, Daogen (曹道根). 2018. Revisiting the finite vs. non-finite distinction in Mandarin Chinese 再論漢語是否有限定和非限定區分. Dangdai Yuyanxue 當代語言學 2018(1). 19–39.Google Scholar
Cao, Guangshun (曹廣順). 2012. Special syntactic features in Northwest dialects and contact induced syntactic changes in the history of Chinese – Taking case category as example 西北方言特殊語法現象與漢語史中語言接觸引發的語法改變——以格範疇為例. Lishi Yuyanxue Yanjiu 歷史語言學研究 51. 271–278.Google Scholar
Chen, Naixiong (陳乃雄). 1982. Wutunhua chutan 五屯話初探. Minzu Yuwen 民族語文 1982(1). 10–18.Google Scholar
Chingeltei (清格爾泰). 1991. A grammar of the Mongolian language 蒙古語語法. Hohhot: Inner Mongolia People’s Publishing House.Google Scholar
Cong, Shan (叢珊). 2019. A grammar of Tuohelu Oroqen: An Altaic language of China 托河路鄂倫春語參考語法. Tianjin: Nankai University. (Doctoral dissertation.)
DeLancey, Scott. 1991. The origins of verb serialization in Modern Tibetan. Studies in Language 15(1). 1–23. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Dixon, R. M. W. 2010. Basic linguistic theory, vol. 11. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Dwyer, Arienne M. 1995. From the Northwest China sprachbund: Xúnhuà Chinese dialect data. Yuen Ren Society Treasury of Chinese Dialect Data 11. 143–182.Google Scholar
Eifring, Halvor (艾皓德). 1991. Subordinate clauses ending in shí in Early Mandarin 近代漢語以「時」煞尾的從句. Zhongguo Yuwen 中國語文 1991(6). 451–459.Google Scholar
Enfield, Nick J. 2017. Language in the Mainland Southeast Asia Area. In Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. & Dixon, R. M. W. (eds), The Cambridge handbook of linguistic typology, 601–623. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Foley, William A. & Van Valin Jr., Robert D. 1984. Functional syntax and universal grammar. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Genetti, Carol. 2005. The participal construction of Dolakhā Newar: Syntactic implications of an Asian converb. Studies in Language 29(1). 35–87. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Gerlach, Birgit. 2002. Clitics between syntax and lexicon. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Guo, Yanbing (郭延兵). 2006. Analyzing the “shi”-sentences in Linxia dialect 臨夏方言中特殊「是」字句分析. Gansu Guangbo Dianshi Daxue Xuebao 甘肅廣播電視大學學報 2006(4). 29–31.Google Scholar
Haiman, John & Thompson, Sandra A. (eds.). 1988. Clause combining in grammar and discourse. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Haspelmath, Martin. 1995. The converb as a cross-linguistically valid category. In Haspelmath, Martin & König, Ekkehard (eds.), Converbs in cross-linguistic perspective: Structure and meaning of adverbial verb forms – Adverbial participles, gerunds, 1–56. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
. 2001. The European linguistic area: Standard average European. In Haspelmath, Martin & König, Ekkehard & Oesterreicher, Wulf & Raible, Wolfgang (eds.), Language typology and language universals: An international handbook, 1492–1510. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
. 2016. The serial verb construction: Comparative concept and cross-linguistic generalizations. Language and Linguistics 17(3). 291–319.Google Scholar
Heine, Bernd & Kuteva, Tania. 2002. World lexicon of grammaticalization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (Chinese version: see also the Mandrin Chinese edition published in 2010 under the title: Yufahua de shijie ciku 語法化的世界詞庫. Beijing: World Publishing Corporation. Translated by Long, Haiping (龍海平).) DOI logoGoogle Scholar
. 2003. On contact-induced grammaticalization. Studies in Language 27(3). 529–572. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
. 2005. Language contact and grammatical change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Huang, Chenglong (黃成龍). 2014. Zangmianyu de liandong jiegou 藏緬語的連動結構. (Paper presented at Quanguo Hanzangyu Liandong Jiegou Xueshu Yantaohui 全國漢藏語連動結構學術研討會, Hangzhou, 6 December 2014.)
Jacobsen, William H. Jr. 1967. Switch-reference in Hokan-Coahuiltecan. In Hymes, Dell H. & Bittle, William E. (eds.), Studies in southwestern ethnolinguistics, 238–263. The Hague: Mouton & Co.Google Scholar
Janhunen, Juha. 2007. Typological interaction in the Qinghai linguistic complex. Studia Orientalia 1011. 85–102.Google Scholar
Jia, Xiru (賈晞儒). 1993. Qinghai hanhua de “zhe” yu Qinghai Mengguyu de -dʒ 青海漢話的「著」與青海蒙古語的-dʒ. Xibei Minzu Yanjiu 西北民族研究 1993(1). 267–273.Google Scholar
Jiang, Lansheng (江藍生). 2002. The grammaticalization of the temporal words shi and hou 時間詞「時」和「後」的語法化. Zhongguo Yuwen 中國語文 2002(4). 291–301.Google Scholar
Kawasumi, Tetsuya (川澄哲也). 2010. Clause linkage marker “著” in the Xining dialect of Mandarin (Qinghai Province) 西寧方言的小句連接標記「著」. Annals of Foreign Studies 神戸市外國語大學外國學研究 761. 83–93.Google Scholar
. 2014. On “[he]” expressing the order of actions in Xining dialect 西寧方言裡表示動作次序的「呵」. Fukuoka University Review of Literature & Humanities 福岡大學人文論叢 46(2). 351–361.Google Scholar
Lei, Hanqing (雷漢卿). 2017. The modal particle [xa] 哈 in Ledu dialect, Qinghai Province 青海樂都方言的語氣助詞「哈」. Fangyan 方言 2017(4). 487–495.Google Scholar
Litif, Tohti (力提甫．托乎提). 2012. Xiandai Weiwueryu cankao yufa 現代維吾爾語參考語法. Beijing: China Social Sciences Press.Google Scholar
Liu, Danqing (劉丹青). 2008. A hanbook for grammatical investigation and research 語法研究調查手冊. Shanghai: Shanghai Educational Publishing House.Google Scholar
. 2015. Syntactic status and mightiness of serial verb constructions in Chinese and neighboring languages 漢語及親鄰語言連動式的句法地位和顯赫度. Minzu Yuwen 民族語文 2015(3). 3–22.Google Scholar
Liu, Xunning (劉勳寧). 1991. Qinghai xininghua biaoshi jiashe de yuqici [·xɔ] yu jindai Baihua de “He” 青海西寧話表示假設的語氣詞[xɔ]與近代白話的「呵」. In Editorial Committee of Jinian Wangli Xiansheng Jiushi Danchen Wenji (紀念王力先生九十誕辰文集編委會編) (ed.), Jinian Wangli Xiansheng Jiushi Danchen Wenji 紀念王力先生九十誕辰文集, 371–376. Jinan: Shandong Education Press.Google Scholar
Longacre, Robert E. 2007. Sentences as combinations of clauses. In Shopen, Timothy (ed.), Language typology and syntactic description. Volume 2, complex construction, 2nd edn, 372–420. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Ma, Qiping (馬企平). 1984. Linxia fangyan yufa chutan 臨夏方言語法初探. Lanzhou Xuekan 蘭州學刊 1984(1). 79–84.Google Scholar
Ma, Shujun (馬樹鈞). 1984. Hanyu Hezhouhua yu Aertai yuyan 漢語河州話與阿勒泰語言. Minzu Yuwen 民族語文 1984(2). 50–55.Google Scholar
Ma, Wei (馬偉). 1994. Xunhua Hanyu de “shi” yu Salayu de “sa/se” yufa gongneng bijiao 循化漢語的「是」與撒拉語的「sa/se」語法功能比較. Qinghai Minzu Yanjiu 青海民族研究 1994(3). 69–75.Google Scholar
Meng, Hedalai (孟和達來). 1999. Comparision of the conditional attached elements betwween Turkic language branch and the languages of Mongolian branch in Gansu and Qinghai areas 蒙古語族甘青語言的假定式附加成分與突厥語族語言的比較. Xibei Minzu Xueyuan Xuebao 西北民族學院學報 1999(1). 63–69.Google Scholar
Min, Chun-fang (敏春芳). 2013. Yuyan jiechu shiyu xia dongxiangyu fudongci yanjiu 語言接觸視域下東鄉語副動詞研究. Gansugaoshi Xuebao 甘肅高師學報 2013(6). 31–34.Google Scholar
Min, Chun-fang (敏春芳) & Cheng, Yao (程瑤). 2015. The origin and complex implications of “yes”in Linxia dialect 語言接觸視域下臨夏話「是」字句特殊用法研究. Lanzhou Daxue Xuebao (Shehui Kexue Ban) 蘭州大學學報（社會科學版） 2015(6). 54–60.Google Scholar
Min, Shengzhi (敏生智). 1989. Hanyu Qinghai fangyan yu Zangyu Anduo fangyan 漢語青海方言與藏語安多方言. Qinghai Minzu Xueyuan Xuebao (Shehuikexue Ban) 青海民族學院學報（社會科學版） 1989(3). 77–87.Google Scholar
Mo, Chao (莫超). 2004. Bailongjiang liuyu Hanyu fangyan yufa yanjiu 白龍江流域漢語方言語法研究. Beijing: Chinese Social Sciences Press.Google Scholar
Nedjalkov, Vladimir P. 1995. Some typological parameters of converbs. In Haspelmath, Martin & König, Ekkehard (eds.), Converbs in cross-linguistic perspective: Structure and meaning of adverbial verb forms – Adverbial participles, gerunds, 97–136. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Nikolaeva, Irina (ed.). 2007. Finiteness: Theoretical and empirical foundations. New York: Oxford University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Nübling, Damaris. 1992. Klitika im Deutschen: Schriftsprache, Umgangssprache, alemannische Dialekte. Tübingen: Narr.Google Scholar
Nugteren, Hans & Roos, Marti. 2006. Prolegomena to the classification of Western Yugur. In Erdal, Marcel & Nevskaya, Irina (eds.), Exploring the Eastern frontiers of Turkic, 99–130. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag.Google Scholar
Payne, Thomas E. 2011. Describing morphosyntax: A guide for field linguists. Bejing: Beijing World Publishing Corporation. (Alternative title: 描述形態句法.)Google Scholar
Renzengwangmu (仁增旺姆). 1991. Hanyu Hezhouhua yu Zangyu de juzi jiegou bijiao 漢語河州話與藏語的句子結構比較. Minzu Yuwen 民族語文 1991(1). 12–18.Google Scholar
Ross, Daniel. 2016. Expressing adverbial relations in clause linkage with converbs: Definitional and typological considerations. (Paper presented at Syntax of the World’s Languages 7: Workshop on Adverbial relations and Clause Linkages, Mexico City, 20 August 2016.)
Shao, Mingyuan (邵明園). 2018. Hexi Zoulang Binwei Zangyu Dongnahua Yanjiu 河西走廊瀕危藏語東納話研究. Guangzhou: Sun Yat-sen University Press.Google Scholar
Shao, Mingyuan (邵明園) & Lin, Xuna (林旭娜). 2023. Ganqing Hanyu yubinge “xa” de jiechu fangxiang 甘青漢語與賓格「哈」的接觸方向. (Paper presented at the 29th Annual Conference of the International Association of Chinese Linguistics (IACL-29), Macau, 27–29 May 2023.)
Shen, Jiaxuan (沈家煊) & Xu, Liqun (許立群). 2016. Reanalysis of the Pre-Qin “N er V” construction from the perspective of run-on sentences 從「流水句」的特性看先秦「名而動」結構. Yuyan Jiaoxue yu Yanjiu 語言教學與研究 2016(6). 1–11.Google Scholar
Shen, Jiaxuan (沈家煊). 2019. Chaoyue zhuwei jiegou: Duiyan yufa he duiyan geshi 超越主謂結構：對言語法和對言格式. Beijing: The Commercial Press.Google Scholar
Shes Rab, Rgya Mtsho (喜饒嘉措). 1991. Yuyan guanxi yanjiu zhong de yixie lilun wenti: Hanyu Hezhouhua yu Zangyu de juzijiegou bijiao duhou 語言關係研究中的一些理論問題——《漢語河州話與藏語的句子結構比較》讀後. Minzu Yuwen 民族語文 1991(4). 11–22.Google Scholar
Slater, Keith W. 2003. A grammar of Mangghuer: A Mongolic language of China’s Qinghai-Gansu sprachbund. London: Routledge Curzon.Google Scholar
Sun, Jackson T.-S. 1993. Evidentials in Amdo Tibetan. Bulletin of the Institute of History and Philology 63(4). 945–1001.Google Scholar
Sybesma, Rint (司馬翎). 2019. Finiteness and Chinese main clauses 限定性和漢語主句. International Journal of Chinese Linguistics 6(2). 325–344.Google Scholar
Van Valin Jr., Robert D. 2005. Exploring the syntax-semantics interface. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Vovin, Alexander. 2005. The end of the Altaic controversy: In memory of Gerhard Doerfer. Central Asiatic Journal 49(1). 71–132.Google Scholar
Wang, Shuangcheng (王雙成). 2012. The pattern of the adpositions in the Xi’ning dialect 西寧方言的介詞類型. Zhongguo Yuwen 中國語文 2012(5). 469–478.Google Scholar
Wu, Fuxiang (吳福祥). 2005. On the non-obligatory status of the Mandarin aspect markers le and zhe 漢語體標記「了」、「著」為什麼不能強制性使用. Dangdai Yuyanxue 當代語言學 2005(3). 237–250.Google Scholar
. 2013. Overview of areal linguistics 區域語言學綜觀. Lishi Yuyanxue Yanjiu 歷史語言學研究 2013(1). 130–151.Google Scholar
Xi, Yuanlin (席元麟). 1989. Hanyu Qinghai fangyan he Tuzuyu de duibi 漢語青海方言和土族語的對比. Qinghai Minzu Yanjiu 青海民族研究 1989(1). 90–94.Google Scholar
Xiang, Mengbing (項夢冰). 1994. Xinquan fangyan de shi 新泉方言的「時」. Shaoguan Xueyuan Xuebao 韶關學院學報 1994(1). 35–47.Google Scholar
Xie, Xiaoan (謝曉安) & Hua, Kan (華侃) & Zhang, Shumin (張淑敏). 1996. Gansu Linxia Hanyu fangyan yufa zhong de Anduo Zangyu xianxiang 甘肅臨夏漢語方言語法中的安多藏語現象. Zhongguo Yuwen 中國語文 1996(4). 273–280.Google Scholar
Xu, Dan (徐丹). 2014. Tangwanghua yanjiu 唐汪話研究. Beijing: The Ethnic Publishing House.Google Scholar
Xu, Dan (徐丹) & Peyraube, Alain (貝羅貝). 2018. Linguistic area of Gansu-Qinghai in China 中國境內甘肅青海一帶的語言區域. Hanyu Xuebao 漢語學報 2018(3). 2–15.Google Scholar
Yang, Yonglong (楊永龍). 2019. The mixed grammatical features of Hehuang Chinese dialects in Gansu and Qinghai Provinces and their genesis routes 甘青河湟話的混合性特徵及其產生途徑. Minzu Yuwen 民族語文 2019(2). 10–24.Google Scholar
Yeshes Vodgsal, Atshogs (意西微薩·阿錯). 2004. Daohua yanjiu 倒話研究. Beijing: The Ethnic Publishing House.Google Scholar
Yu, Zhihong (餘志鴻). 1999. Yuandai Hanyu jiasheju de houzhi biaoji 元代漢語假設句的後置標記. Yuwen Yanjiu 語文研究 1999(1). 39–43.Google Scholar
Zhao, Lüyuan (趙綠原). 2015. Gangou fangyan de dongci houfu chengfen: Jianlun jiechu beijing xia de shiti xitong 甘溝方言的動詞後附成分——兼論接觸背景下的時體系統. Beijing: Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences. (Master’s thesis.)
Zhang, Jingting (張競婷) & Yang, Yonglong (楊永龍). 2017. Qinghai Minhe Gangouhua de zhuangyucongju biaoji shi jiqi laiyuan 青海民和甘溝話的狀語從句標記「是」及其來源. Yuwen Yanjiu 語文研究 2017(2). 53–59.Google Scholar
Zhang, Lianqiang (張煉強). 1990. Shishuo yi “shi” huo “de shihou” shawei de jiashe congju 試說以「時」或「的時候」煞尾的假設從句. Zhongguo Yuwen 中國語文 1990(3). 174–179.Google Scholar
Zhou, Chenlei (周晨磊). 2017. The weakening of mighty categories under the perspective of language contact 顯赫範疇的弱化：語言接觸的視角. Yuyan Yanjiu Jikan 語言研究集刊 2017(1). 47–62.Google Scholar
Zhu, Dexi (朱德熙). 1985. Yufa dawen 語法答問. Beijing: The Commercial Press.Google Scholar
Zwicky, Arnold M. 1985. Clitics and particles. Language 61(2). 283–305. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Zwicky, Arnold M. & Pullum, Geoffrey K. 1983. Cliticization vs. inflection: English n’t . Language 59(3). 502–513. DOI logoGoogle Scholar