This paper argues that evidential clitics in St’át’imcets (a.k.a. Lillooet; Northern Interior Salish) must be analyzed as epistemic modals.We apply a range of tests which distinguish the modal analysis from the main alternative contender (an illocutionary operator analysis, as in Faller 2002), and show that the St’át’imcets evidentials obey the predictions of a modal analysis. Our results support the growing body of evidence that the functions of encoding information source and epistemic modality are not necessarily distinct. The St’át’imcets data further provide a novel argument against the claim that evidentiality and epistemic modality are separate categories. Many authors argue that evidentials differ from modals in that the former do not encode speaker certainty (see, e.g., de Haan 1999; Aikhenvald 2004).We argue that modals are also not required to encode speaker certainty; we provide evidence from St’át’imcets that marking quantificational strength is not an intrinsic property of modal elements.
2024. Conjectural questions in Sm’algyax. Folia Linguistica
Kaiser, Elsi
2024. Evidentials and dubitatives in Finnish: perspective shift in questions and embedded contexts. Folia Linguistica
Kalisch, Hannes & Andrés Pablo Salanova
2024. The Enlhet Revelative. Languages 9:8 ► pp. 260 ff.
Lee, Peppina Po-lun
2024. Dependencies between adverbs and sentence-final particles: A case of confirmative and non-confirmative modals in Cantonese. Lingua 312 ► pp. 103830 ff.
Ojea, Ana
2024. The Syntax of Speech Acts: Deictic Inversion as an Evidential Strategy in English. Languages 9:5 ► pp. 183 ff.
Szymański, Leszek
2024.
The ordering sources in the interpretation of English modals exemplified with English
must
. Studia Neophilologica► pp. 1 ff.
van Elswyk, Peter
2023. Expressing belief with evidentials: A case study with Cuzco Quechua on the dispensability of illocutionary explanation. Journal of Pragmatics 203 ► pp. 52 ff.
Gambarage, Joash Johannes & Lisa Matthewson
2022. The Bantu-Salish connection in determiner semantics. Glossa: a journal of general linguistics 7:1
Hirayama, Yuto & Lisa Matthewson
2022. Evidential-temporal interactions do not (always) come for free. Journal of Pragmatics 193 ► pp. 173 ff.
Ippolito, Michela & Donka F. Farkas
2022. Assessing alternatives: the case of the presumptive future in Italian. Linguistics and Philosophy 45:4 ► pp. 943 ff.
Johnson, Kimberly
2022. Time and evidence in the graded tense system of Mvskoke (Creek). Natural Language Semantics 30:2 ► pp. 155 ff.
Kinuhata, Tomohide
2022. Syntax/Semantics discrepancy in the grammaticalization of resultatives: Evidence from Karimata-Miyako Ryukyuan. Glossa: a journal of general linguistics 7:1
Barés-Gómez, C, M Fontaine & A Nepomuceno
2021. Knowledge in action: logico-philosophical approach to linguistic evidentiality. Logic Journal of the IGPL 29:4 ► pp. 549 ff.
2021. Null Expletives and Embedded Clauses in Logoori. Syntax 24:3 ► pp. 334 ff.
Korotkova, Natasha
2021. The Embedding Puzzle: Constraints on Evidentials in Complement Clauses. Linguistic Inquiry 52:1 ► pp. 210 ff.
Villalpando-Quiñonez, Jesús
2021. Del aspecto a la evidencialidad. LIAMES: Línguas Indígenas Americanas 21 ► pp. e021009 ff.
Bhadra, Diti
2020. The Semantics of Evidentials in Questions. Journal of Semantics 37:3 ► pp. 367 ff.
Cournane, Ailís
2020. Learning modals: A grammatical perspective. Language and Linguistics Compass 14:10 ► pp. 1 ff.
Gawne, Lauren
2020. Looks like a duck, quacks like a hand: Tools for eliciting evidential and epistemic distinctions, with examples from Lamjung Yolmo (Tibetic, Nepal). Folia Linguistica 54:2 ► pp. 343 ff.
Gawne, Lauren
2020. Looks like a duck, quacks like a hand: Tools for eliciting evidential and epistemic distinctions, with examples from Lamjung Yolmo (Tibetic, Nepal). Folia Linguistica 54:2 ► pp. 343 ff.
Gluckman, John & Margit Bowler
2020. The expression of modality in Logoori. Journal of African Languages and Linguistics 41:2 ► pp. 195 ff.
Grzech, Karolina
2020. Fieldwork on epistemic authority markers: What we can learn from different types of data. Folia Linguistica 54:2 ► pp. 405 ff.
Portner, Paul & Aynat Rubinstein
2020. Desire, belief, and semantic composition: variation in mood selection with desire predicates. Natural Language Semantics 28:4 ► pp. 343 ff.
Camacho, José
2019. <i>Un tal Ernestico/a certain Ernestico</i>: On the structure of proper names. Glossa: a journal of general linguistics 4:1
Maier, Emar
2019. On the exceptionality of reported speech. Linguistic Typology 23:1 ► pp. 197 ff.
Pancheva, Roumyana & Maria Luisa Zubizarreta
2019. On the role of person features in the evidential-temporal connection. Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 64:4 ► pp. 673 ff.
Pancheva, Roumyana & Maria Luisa Zubizarreta
2024. The Orientation of Evidentials in Attitude Contexts: A Case Study Based on Narratives in Paraguayan Guarani. Languages 9:2 ► pp. 44 ff.
San Roque, Lila
2019. Evidentiality. Annual Review of Anthropology 48:1 ► pp. 353 ff.
Stegovec, Adrian
2019. Perspectival control and obviation in directive clauses. Natural Language Semantics 27:1 ► pp. 47 ff.
Caponigro, Ivano & Anamaria Fălăuş
2018. Free choice free relative clauses in Italian and Romanian. Natural Language & Linguistic Theory 36:2 ► pp. 323 ff.
Giannakidou, Anastasia & Alda Mari
2018. The semantic roots of positive polarity: epistemic modal verbs and adverbs in English, Greek and Italian. Linguistics and Philosophy 41:6 ► pp. 623 ff.
2022. A multidimensional analysis of the Spanish reportative epistemic evidential dizque. Lingua 266 ► pp. 103168 ff.
Fălăuş, Anamaria
2014. (Partially) Free choice of alternatives. Linguistics and Philosophy 37:2 ► pp. 121 ff.
Güneş, Güliz
2014. Constraints on syntax-prosody correspondence: The case of clausal and subclausal parentheticals in Turkish. Lingua 150 ► pp. 278 ff.
McCready, E.
2014. Updating with reliability. In Reliability in Pragmatics, ► pp. 179 ff.
McCready, E.
2014. Reliability in Pragmatics,
McCready, E.
2014. Hedging beyond truth. In Reliability in Pragmatics, ► pp. 73 ff.
McCready, E.
2014. The nature of evidentials. In Reliability in Pragmatics, ► pp. 149 ff.
McCready, E.
2014. Trust and reputations. In Reliability in Pragmatics, ► pp. 37 ff.
McCready, E.
2014. Deriving hedged interpretations. In Reliability in Pragmatics, ► pp. 113 ff.
McCready, E.
2014. Using priorities. In Reliability in Pragmatics, ► pp. 223 ff.
McCready, E.
2014. Introduction. In Reliability in Pragmatics, ► pp. 1 ff.
McCready, E.
2014. Testimonial evidence. In Reliability in Pragmatics, ► pp. 243 ff.
McCready, E.
2014. Conclusion. In Reliability in Pragmatics, ► pp. 267 ff.
McCready, E.
2014. Cooperation. In Reliability in Pragmatics, ► pp. 12 ff.
Rivero, María Luisa
2014. Spanish inferential and mirative futures and conditionals: An evidential gradable modal proposal. Lingua 151 ► pp. 197 ff.
Lee, Jungmee
2013. Temporal constraints on the meaning of evidentiality. Natural Language Semantics 21:1 ► pp. 1 ff.
Matthewson, Lisa
2013. Gitksan Modals. International Journal of American Linguistics 79:3 ► pp. 349 ff.
Matthewson, Lisa
2017. Semantics in Indigenous American Languages: 1917–2017 and Beyond. International Journal of American Linguistics 83:1 ► pp. 141 ff.
Zubeldia, Larraitz
2013. (Non-)Determining the Original Speaker: Reportative Particles versus Verbs. Research in Language 11:2 ► pp. 103 ff.
Faller, Martina
2012. Evidential scalar implicatures. Linguistics and Philosophy 35:4 ► pp. 285 ff.
Faller, Martina
2017. Reportative evidentials and modal subordination. Lingua 186-187 ► pp. 55 ff.
Faller, Martina
2023. Conjectural speech acts in Cuzco Quechua. Journal of Pragmatics 214 ► pp. 144 ff.
Faller, Martina
2024. The interrogative flip with illocutionary evidentials. Folia Linguistica
Koring, Loes
2012. Don’t shoot the messenger: How subjectivity affects distributional properties. Lingua 122:8 ► pp. 874 ff.
von Fintel, Kai & Anthony S. Gillies
2010. Must . . . stay . . . strong!. Natural Language Semantics 18:4 ► pp. 351 ff.
Davis, Henry & Lisa Matthewson
2009. Issues in Salish Syntax and Semantics. Language and Linguistics Compass 3:4 ► pp. 1097 ff.
Rullmann, Hotze, Lisa Matthewson & Henry Davis
2008. Modals as distributive indefinites. Natural Language Semantics 16:4 ► pp. 317 ff.
[no author supplied]
2014. General preface. In Reliability in Pragmatics, ► pp. viii ff.
[no author supplied]
2014. Preface. In Reliability in Pragmatics, ► pp. ix ff.
[no author supplied]
2014. Copyright Page. In Reliability in Pragmatics, ► pp. iv ff.
[no author supplied]
2014. Formal system. In Reliability in Pragmatics, ► pp. 270 ff.
[no author supplied]
2014. Epigraph. In Reliability in Pragmatics, ► pp. xi ff.
[no author supplied]
2022. Preface. In Parenthetical Meaning, ► pp. ix ff.
[no author supplied]
2022. General preface. In Parenthetical Meaning, ► pp. viii ff.
[no author supplied]
2022. Copyright Page. In Parenthetical Meaning, ► pp. iv ff.
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