Article published In:
Language Problems and Language Planning
Vol. 44:2 (2020) ► pp.200241
References
*Adamchik, V., Hyclak, T., & Sedlak, P.
(2019) Poland in an integrated European economy: Are foreign language skills valued by employers in the Polish labor market? Journal of Transition Studies Review, 26(1), 31–55.Google Scholar
*Aldashev, A., Gernandt, J., & Thomsen, S. L.
(2009) Language usage, participation, employment and earnings: Evidence for foreigners in West Germany with multiple sources of selection. Labour Economics, 16(3), 330–341. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Armstrong, A.
(2015) Equilibria and efficiency in bilingual labour market. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 112(C), 204–220. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
*Azam, M. C., Chin, A., & Prakash, N.
(2013) The returns to English-language skills in India. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 61(2), 335–367. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Begg, C. B.
(1997) Publication bias in meta-analysis: A Bayesian data-augmentation approach to account for issues exemplified in the passive smoking debate: Comment Statistical Science, 121, 241–244.Google Scholar
*Berman, E., Lang, K., & Siniver, E.
(2003) Language-skill complementarity: returns to immigrant language acquisition. Labour Economics, 10(3), 265–290. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Besevegis, E., & Pavlopoulos, V.
(2008) Acculturation patterns and adaptation of immigrants in Greece. In (pp. 23–34): NATO Science for Peace and Security Series, E: Human and Societal Dynamics.Google Scholar
*Bleakley, H., & Chin, A.
(2004) Language skills and earnings: Evidence from childhood Immigrants. Review of Economics and Statistics, 861, 481–496. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
*Bormann, S. -K., Ridala, S., & Toomet, O.
(2019) Language skills in an ethnically segmented labour market: Estonia 1989–2012. International Journal of Manpower, 40(2), 304–327. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
*Bratsberg, B., & Ragan, J.
(2002) The impact of host-country schooling on earnings: A study of male immigrants in the United States. The Journal of Human Resources, 37(1), 63–105. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
*Budría, S., & Swedberg, P.
(2012) The impact of language proficiency on immigrants’ earnings in Spain. Retrieved from [URL]
Budría, S., Martinez de Ibarreta, C. & Swedberg, P.
(2017) The impact of host language proficiency across the immigrants’ earning distribution in Spain. IZA J Develop Migration 7, 12. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
*Cappellari, L., & Di Paolo, A.
(2015) Bilingual schooling and earnings: Evidence from a language-in-education reform. Research report 9431, Bonn: Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit. Retrieved from: [URL]
*Carnevale, A. P., Fry, R. A., & Lowell, B. L.
(2001) Understanding, speaking, reading, writing, and earnings in the immigrant labor market. American Economic Review, 91(2), 159–162. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
*Casale, D., & Posel, D.
(2011) English language proficiency and earnings in a developing country: the case of South Africa. The Journal of Socio-Economics, 40(4), 385–393. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
*Casey, T., & Dustmann, C.
(2008) Intergenerational transmission of language capital and economic outcomes. Journal of Human Resources, 43(3), 660–687. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Castonguay, C.
(2019) Quebec’s new language dynamic. Language Problems and Language Planning, 43(2), 113–134. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Chan, K. L.
(2016) Power Language Index. Which are the world’s most influential languages? World Economic Forum on ASEAN. Retrieved from [URL]
Chiswick, B. R.
(1998) Hebrew language usage: determinants and effects on earnings among immigrants in Israel. Journal of Population Economics, 11(2), 253–271. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
*Chiswick, B. R., & Larsen, N.
(2015) Russian Jewish immigrants in the United States: The adjustment of their English language proficiency and earnings in the American Community Survey. Contemporary Jewry, 35(3), 191–209. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
*Chiswick, B. R., Lee, Y. L., & Miller, P. W.
(2005) Immigrant earnings: A longitudinal analysis. Review of Income and Wealth, 51(4), 485–503. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Chiswick, B. R., & Miller, P. W.
(1995) The endogeneity between language and earnings: international analyses. Journal of Labor Economics, 13(2), 246–288. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
*Chiswick, B. R., & Miller, P. W.
(2002) Do enclaves matter in immigrant adjustment? Research report 449, Bonn: Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit. Retrieved from: [URL]
(2010) Occupational language requirements and the value of English in the US labor market. Journal of Population Economics, 23(1), 353–372. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
(2016) Does bilingualism among the native born pay? Research report 9791. Bonn: Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit. Retrieved from: [URL]
Chiswick, B. R., Patrinos, H., & Hurst, M. E.
(2000) Indigenous language skills and the labor market in a developing economy: Bolivia. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 48(2), 349–367. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
*Chiswick, B. R., & Repetto, G.
(2001) Immigrant adjustment in Israel: Literacy and fluency in Hebrew and earnings. In S. Djajic (Ed.), International Migration: Trends, Policy and Economic Impact (pp. 204–228). New York: Routledge. [Reprint in The Economics of Language: International Analyses, edited by Barry R. Chiswick and Paul W. Miller. New York: Routledge 2007.]Google Scholar
*Chiswick, B. R., & Wang, Z.
(2016) Social contracts, Dutch language proficiency and immigrant economic perfotmance in the Netherlands: A longitudinal study. Research report 9760. Bonn: Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit. Retrieved from: [URL]
*Christofides, L. N., & Swidinsky, R.
(2010) The economic returns to the knowledge and use of a second official language: English in Quebec and French in the Rest-of-Canada. Canadian Public Policy, 36(2), 137–158. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions
(2008) (J. Higgins & S. Green. Eds.). England: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.Google Scholar
*Cohen-Goldner, S., & Eckstein, Z.
(2008) Labor mobility of immigrants: Training, experience, language, and opportunities. International Economic Review, 49(3), 837–872. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Constant, A. F., Kahanec, M., & Zimmermann, K. F.
(2012) The Russian-Ukrainian earnings divide. Economics of Transition, 20(1), 1–35. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
*Cornwell, K., & Inder, B.
(2008) Language and labour markets in South Africa. Journal of African Economies, 17(3), 490–525. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
*Di Paolo, A., & Raymond, J.
(2012) Language knowledge and earnings in Catalonia. Journal of Applied Economics, 15(1), 89–118. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
*Di Paolo, A., & Tansel, A.
(2015) Returns to foreign language skills in a developing country: The Case of Turkey. The Journal of Development Studies, 51(4), 407–421. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
(2019) English skills, labour market status and earnings of Turkish women. Retrieved from [URL]
Donado, A.
(2017) Foreign languages and their impact on unemployment. Labour, 31(3), 265–287. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Dreher, A.
(2006) Does globalization affect growth? Evidence from a new Index of Globalization. Applied Economics, 38(10), 1091–1110. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Drinkwater, S. J., & O’Leary, N. C.
(1997) Unemployment in Wales: Does language matter? Regional Studies, 31(6), 583–591. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
*Drydakis, N.
(2012) Ethnic identity and immigrants’ wages in Greece. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 36(3), 389–402. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Duncan, A., & Mavisakalyan, A.
(2015) Russian language skills and employment in the Former Soviet Union. Economics of Transition, 23(3), 625–656. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
*Dustmann, C., & Fabbri, F.
(2003) Language proficiency and labour market performance of immigrants in the UK. The Economic Journal, 113(489), 695–717. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
*Dustmann, C., & van Soest, A.
(2001) Language fluency and earnings: estimations with misspecified indicators. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 83(4), 663–674. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
*Dustmann, C., & Van Soest, A.
(2002) Language and the earnings of immigrants. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 55(3), 473–492. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Duval, S.
(2005) The trim and fill method. In H. R. Rothstein, A. J. Sutton, & M. Borenstein (Eds.), Publication Bias in Meta-Analysis: Prevention, Assessment and Adjustments. Chichester, UK: Wiley. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Duval, S., & Tweedie, R.
(2000) Trim and fill: A simple funnel-plot-based method of testing and adjusting for publication bias in meta-analysis. Biometrics, 56(2), 455–463. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Egger, M., Davey Smith, G. M. S. & Minder, C.
(1997) Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. In (Vol. 3151, pp. 629–634): BJM.Google Scholar
Egger, P. H., & Lassmann, A.
(2012) The language effect in international trade: A meta-analysis. Economics Letters, 116(2), 221–224. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Ethnologue
(2017) Ethnologue: Languages of the World. Twentieth Edition (SIL International).Google Scholar
Fabo, B., Beblavý, M., & Lenaerts, K.
(2017) The importance of foreign language skills in the labour markets of central and Eastern Europe: assessment based on data from online job portals. Empirica, 44(3), 487–508. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
*Gao, W., & Smyth, R.
(2011) Economic returns to speaking ‘standard Mandarin’ among migrants in China’s urban labour market. Economics of Education Review, 30(2), 342–352. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Gazzola, M., & Mazzacani, D.
(2019) Foreign language skills and employment status of European natives: evidence from Germany, Italy and Spain. Empirica, 461, 713–740. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Gazzola, M., & Wickström, B. -A.
(2016) The Economics of Language Policy (M. Gazzola & B. -A. Wickström. Eds.). Cambridge, MA: The MITT Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Ginsburgh, V., & Weber, S.
(2016) The Palgrave Handbook of Economics and Language (V. Ginsburgh & S. Weber. Eds.): Palgrave Macmillan UK.. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
*Ginsburgh, V., & Prieto-Rodriguez, J.
(2007) Returns to foreign languages of native workers in the EU. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 64(3), 599–617. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
*Gonzalez, L.
(2005) Nonparametric bounds on the returns to language skills. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 20(6), 771–975. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Grenier, G.
(2019) Quebec’s language policy and economic globalization. Language Problems and Language Planning, 43(2), 179–197. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Grin, F.
(2003) Language Planning and Economics. Current Issues in Language Planning, 4(1), 1–66. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
*Grin, F., & Sfreddo, C.
(1998) Language-based earnings differentials on the Swiss labour market: is Italian a liability? International Journal of Manpower, 19(7), 520–532. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
*Guven, C., & Islam, A.
(2015) Age at migration, language proficiency, and socioeconomic outcomes: evidence from Australia. Demography, 521, 513–542. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
*Hall, M. & Farkas, G.
(2008) Does human capital raise earnings for immigrants in the low-skill labor market? Demography, 45(3), 619–639. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Hanushek, E. A.
(1998) The evidence on class size, Occasional Paper 98-1, W. Allen Wallis Institute of Political Economy, University of Rochester. Retrieved from [URL]
*Hayfron, J. E.
(2010) Language training, language proficiency and earnings of immigrants in Norway. Applied Economics, 33(15), 1971–1979. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
*Hellerstein, J., & Neumark, D.
(2003) Ethnicity, language, and workplace segregation: Evidence from a new matched employer-employee data set. Annales d’Economie et de Statistique, 71/721, 19–78. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
*Henley, A., & Jones, R. E.
(2005) Earnings and linguistic proficiency in a bilingual economy. Manchester School, 73(3), 300–200. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
*Hwang, S. -S., Xi, J., & Cao, J.
(2010) The conditional relationship between English language proficiency and earnings among US immigrants. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 33(9), 1620–1647. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
*Isphording, I.
(2013) Returns to local and foreign language skills: Causal evidence from Spain. Retrieved from [URL]
Kahanec, M., & Zaiceva, A.
(2009) Labor market outcomes of immigrants and non- citizens in the EU: An East-West comparison. International Journal of Manpower, 1/2(30), 97–115. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
*Kim, J.
(2003) Education, English language proficiency, and earnings of male immigrants in the US labor market. Journal of Business & Economics Research, 1(3), 17–26.Google Scholar
*Klein, C.
(2004) La valorisation des compétences linguistiques: importance du sexe et/ou du statut professionnel? 11e Journées d’étude sur les données longitudinales, Dijon, 27–28 mai.Google Scholar
*Kroncke, C., & Smith, K.
(1999) The wage effects of ethnicity in Estonia. Economics of Transition, 7(1), 179–199. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Krueger, A.
(2003) Economic Considerations and Class Size. Economic Journal, 113(485), F34–F63. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
*Lancee, B.
(2010) The economic returns of immigrants’ bonding and bridging social capital: The case of the Netherlands. International Migration Review, 44(1), 202–226. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
*Lang, G., Siniver, E.
(2006) The return to English in a non-English speaking country: Russian immigrants and native Israelis in Israel. NBER working paper series, Working Paper 12464.Google Scholar
*Lecker, T.
(1997) Language usage and earnings among minorities. Journal of Socioeconomics, 26(5), 525–532.Google Scholar
Leping, K. -O., & Toomet, O.
(2008) Emerging ethnic wage gap: Estonia during political and economic transition. Journal of Comparative Economics, 36(4), 599–619. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
*Levanon, A.
(2014) Who succeeds as an immigrant? Effects of ethnic community resources and external conditions on earnings attainment. Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, 361, 13–29. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
*Levinsohn, J.
(2007) Globalization and the returns to speaking English in South Africa. In A. Harrison (Ed.), Globalization and Poverty (pp. 629–646): University of Chicago Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
*Lewis, E. G.
(2011) Immigrant-native substitutability: The role of language ability. Research report 17609. Cambridge: NBER Working Paper Series. Retrieved from: [URL]. DOI logo
Lindemann, K.
(2013) The effects of ethnicity, language skills, and spatial segregation on labour market entry success in Estonia. European Sociological Review.Google Scholar
*Lindley, J.
(2002) The English language fluency and earnings of ethnic minorities in Britain. Scottish Journal of Political Economy, 49(4), 467–487. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Mincer, J.
(1958) Investment in human capital and personal income distribution. Journal of Political Economy, 66(4), 281–302. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
*Miranda, A., & Zhu, Y.
(2013a) The causal effect of deficiency at English on female immigrants’ labor market outcomes in the UK. IZA Discussion Paper No. 7841.Google Scholar
(2013b) English deficiency and the native-immigrant wage gap. Economics Letters, 118(1), 38–41. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Männasoo, K., Hein, H., & Ruubel, R.
(2018) “The contributions of human capital, R&D spending and convergence to total factor productivity growth”, Regional Studies 52 (12): 1598–1611. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Rendon, S.
(2007) The Catalan premium: Language and employment in Catalonia. Journal of Population Economics, 20(3), 669–686. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Ridala, S.
(2020) Big language minority and small language majority: language skills and unemployment in Latvia. Manuscript submitted for publication.Google Scholar
Saarela, J., & Finnäs, F.
(2003) Unemployment and native language: the Finnish case. The Journal of Socio-Economics, 32(1), 59–80. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
*Saiz, A., & Zoido, E.
(2005) Listening to what the world says: Bilingualism and earnings in the United States. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 87(3), 523–538. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Savina, G., Haelg, F., Potrafke, N. & Sturm, J. -E.
(2019): The KOF Globalisation Index – Revisited, Review of International Organizations, 14(3), 543–574, DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Stanley, T. D.
(2001) Wheat from Chaff: Meta-Analysis as Quantitative Literature Review. The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 15(3), 131–150. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Sterne, J. A. C.
(2009) Meta-analysis on Stata: An updated collection from the Stata Journal. In. College Station: TX: Stata Press.Google Scholar
*Stöhr, T.
(2015) The returns to occupational foreign language use: Evidence from Germany. Labour Economics, 32(C), 86–98. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
*Toomet, O.
(2011) Learn English, not the local language! Ethnic Russians in the Baltic States. American Economic Review, 101(3), 526–531. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
*Trejo, S. J.
(2001) Intergenerational progress of Mexican-origin workers in the U.S. labor market. Research report 377. Bonn: Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit. Retrieved from: [URL]
*Wang, H., Smyth, R., & Cheng, Z.
(2017) The economic returns to proficiency in English in China. China Economic Review, 43(C), 91–104. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
*Warman, C., Sweetman, A., & Goldmann, G.
(2015) The portability of new immigrants’ human capital: Language, education, and occupational skills. Canadian Public Policy/Analyse de politiques, 41(S1), 64–79. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
*Williams, D. R.
(2011) Multiple language usage and earnings in western Europe. International Journal of Manpower, 32(4), 372–393. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Yao, Y., & van Ours, J. C.
(2015) Language skills and labor market performance of immigrants in the Netherlands. Labour Economics, 341, 76–85. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
*Zhen, Y.
(2015) English proficiency and earnings of foreign-born immigrants in the USA from 1980 to 2000: The effect of minority-language Enclave. Forum for Social Economics, 45(4), 329–349. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
*Zibrowius, M.
(2012) Convergence or divergence? Immigrant wage assimilation patterns in Germany. Research report 479. DIW Berlin: SOEP – Das Sozio-oekonomische Panel. Retrieved from: [URL]. DOI logo
* An asterisk before the name of authors indicates that the study was included in the meta-regression analysis.