Index

• Accent placement12, 45–54, 64–65, 72, 81, 230, 236

• Accenting/deaccenting12, 60, 64, 72

• Accentual phrases62, 201

• Advancedness34, 36, 225

• Anacrusis68

• Articulation rate71–72, 75, 116, 139, 144, 148–149, 152, 159–162, 165, 170, 193, 199–202, 218, 220–223, 225

• Assimilation26, 55

• Autosegmental-metrical (AM) approach41–44, 54, 57

• Avoidance19, 20

• Backchanneling87, 97, 110, 118, 121, 178–181, 214, 217, 227

• Basic Variety (BV)21–22, 203, 223, 236

• Boundary tone(s)21, 23, 43, 55, 61, 65, 68, 77, 80, 92, 106–110, 115, 117, 122, 129, 133–135, 173, 178, 192, 207–208, 215, 233, 235, 237

• Bulge Theory206

• Checking86, 110, 115, 121, 140, 176, 178, 180–183, 192, 209, 227

• Child-directed speech8

• Clicking of the tongue204

• Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR)9, 33, 94, 98, 138, 152, 157–158, 162, 168, 201, 209, 219–220, 224–228

• Communication Accommodation Theory (CAT)82–83

• Continuation/floor-holding11, 58, 63, 78, 84, 90–92, 109, 115, 118, 121, 123, 129, 135–139, 160, 178–181, 196, 208–209, 222–223, 227

• Contour-based approach41–42

• Contrastive analysis (hypothesis)17–22

• Contrastive Interlanguage Analysis (CIA)16

• Convergence82–84See prosodic entrainment

• Creaky voice/creakiness10, 67, 72–73, 90–91, 107, 109–110, 121, 124, 144–145, 148, 151, 163, 199, 221

• Cross-linguistic influence (CLI) / L1-transfer12, 14, 22–23, 27, 65–66, 76, 89–92, 192, 196, 198–202, 215–216, 221–226, 234, 235–238

• Declination56, 57, 63, 77, 141, 165, 202

• Demarcating language70, 90

• Difference in Distance (DID) score118, 171–175, 202, 219

• Discourse intonation45, 49, 82

• Disentrainment83, 171

• Disfluencies/disfluency71, 139, 201

• Dissimilation26, 55

• Divergence83See prosodic entrainment

• Downstepped tone57, 106, 108, 129, 133, 197, 230

• Edge tone(s)43, 55, 58, 61–62, 65, 108, 114, 134–138, 175, 192, 193–195, 197, 200, 208, 217, 219, 221, 225, 232–233, 237See boundary tones

• Emphasis8, 110, 121, 181, 191

• English as a Foreign Language (EFL)4–10, 37–38, 196See ELT

• English as a Second Language (ESL)4

• English Language Teaching (ELT)3–10, 14, 224–236

• Error analysis17, 19

• Exercise hypothesis29

• Expanded-range rise115, 141–142

• F0 level29, 67–68, 77–82, 89–90, 106–107, 115, 117, 122, 163–164, 168–175, 183–193, 197, 202, 219, 226

• F0 range8, 18, 38, 42, 45–54, 59, 75–82, 89–91, 114–115, 117–118, 122, 128, 135–136, 162–175, 182–192, 194, 196–197, 200, 202–205, 208, 221–228, 231–232, 236–237

• F0 resetting68, 72–74, 91, 106

• F0 span29, 77, 79, 81–82, 91–92, 115, 117, 122, 163–168, 171, 183–193, 202–204, 217, 219, 221, 226

• Finality110, 136, 181, 196–197, 222, 230

• Floor-holdingSee continuation

• Fluenceme(s)33, 86–87

• Fluency27, 30, 33–34, 36, 67, 70, 74–76, 124, 144–162, 182, 197–200, 215, 217–223, 225, 233–237

• Focus11, 23, 60, 71, 79, 89, 110

• Foreigner-directed speech/ foreigner-talk8–9, 199, 216, 221, 237–238

• Fossilization20–21, 36, 81, 221, 234–235

• Frequency/distributional dimension23, 65–66, 74, 89–91, 217, 222, 237

• Fundamental frequency (f0)11, 90–92, 117–118, 122, 124, 127See pitch

• Glottalization67, 72–73

• Grouping language70, 91

• Guiraud-Index125, 147, 149, 183, 197, 219

• Handing over of turn109See finality

• Head-prominence language60

• Hertz (Hz)77, 115, 163–164

• High Rising Terminals (HRTs)see also uptalk 57–58, 85, 88–89, 175–193, 214–216

• Insecurity/uncertainty18, 58, 65, 80, 85, 88, 110, 178, 180–181, 190, 195, 203, 207–216, 233, 236–237

• Intensity59–60, 82, 110

• Interlanguage15, 17–22, 27, 37, 217–224

• Interlanguage hypothesis/phonology17–22See interlanguage

• Intermediate phrase43, 66–76, 104–111, 113–114, 116, 140, 144–162, 198–202

• International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)104

• International Prosodic Alphabet (IPrA)104

• Intonation10–11See prosody

• Intonation language16, 56, 84

• Intonation phrase12, 43, 66–76, 90–91, 104–106, 112–114, 116, 125, 139–140, 144–162, 198–202

• Intonation/prosodic unit (IU)10, 59, 66–76, 90–92, 116, 125, 144–162, 165, 198–202

• Intonation(al) dimension(s)23–27, 55, 66, 89, 217–224

• Intonational/prosodic phrasing11, 23, 45–54, 66–76, 90–92, 104–106, 116, 139–140, 144–162, 198–202, 217, 222, 225–226, 228, 231–232, 235–237

• L2 Intonation Learning Theory (LILt)15, 23–27, 217–224, 236

• Language change14–15, 205–206, 229–230

• Lengthening10, 67, 71–73, 75, 91, 106, 110, 116, 121, 125, 144–145, 198–201, 219, 221, 223, 226, 235

• Lexical complexity33

• Lexical diversity125, 147–149, 219, 223See TTR/Guiraud-index

• Linear Decline Hypothesis (LDH)29–30

• Lingua franca core7, 9, 227, 230

• Listing109, 115, 119, 179–181, 209

• Long term distributional (LTD) measures77

• Maintenance8, 83, 171See prosodic entrainment

• Markedness Differential Hypothesis (MDH)19

• Mean Length of Run (MLR)75

• Nuclear Tone Theory46–54

• Nucleus/nuclear accent29, 60, 64–66, 71–72, 81, 230

• Onset115, 118–119, 181, 183–184, 186–187

• Overuse20, 65

• Pause(s)30, 67–73, 75, 79, 87–88, 91, 95, 106, 121, 123–125, 139–140, 144–148, 178–180, 198–200, 204, 209, 223, 226, 233, 235

• Peak88–89, 91, 119, 183, 185, 187–188

• Perceptual Assimilation Model (PAM)/ Perceptual Assimilation Model for L2 speakers (PAM-L2)22–26

• Phonetic corpora16–17

• Phonetic interpolation42–43

• Phonological awareness112

• Phrase accent(s)43, 55, 62, 68, 92, 106–109, 115, 117, 122, 132–133, 195See edge tones

• Pitch11, 76See f0

• Pitch accent(s)12, 18, 23, 43, 54–56, 60–66, 68, 72, 74, 81, 90–92, 106–109, 114, 116–117, 122, 128–131, 135–142, 166–171, 193, 197–198, 219, 221, 223, 226

• Pitch Dynamism Quotient (PDQ)77, 81

• Pitch excursion87–88, 118, 209

• Pitch movement38, 41, 68, 90See tones/tunes

• Pitch- or word-accent language56

• Pitch range76See f0 range

• Pitch/rise slope78, 88, 118, 187–191, 205, 209, 219–220

• Praat102, 104, 107, 231

• Prominence11, 42, 60, 74, 76, 89, 104, 144, 215, 227See stressed syllables

• Prosodic breaksSee intonational phrasing

• Prosodic drift36, 55, 204

• Prosodic entrainment8, 81–84, 135–136, 171–175, 192–193, 202, 219, 221, 228

• Prosodic exploration phase197, 237

• Prosodic marking of information structure10, 23, 54, 58, 60, 74, 86, 104, 144, 195

• Prosody11See intonation

• Pruned word/syllable counts95, 116, 153–158

• Quoted speech78, 110–112, 123, 136, 138, 165, 205, 223, 236

• Realizational Dimension23–24, 27, 65, 75, 89–91, 192, 194, 196, 213, 217–219, 222–223, 237

• Rhythm9, 31, 45–54, 58–60, 70–71, 75, 91, 95, 155, 201, 204, 224, 228, 231

• Rise span78, 127, 183, 186–187, 220

• Semantic/ functional dimension23–24, 27, 90–92, 205, 222

• Semitones (ST)77, 114–115, 164, 226

• Sensitive period /Critical Period Hypothesis (CPH)28–29

• Simple high rise115, 141

• Single system hypothesis29

• Speaking/speech rate30, 69, 75–76, 82, 90, 116, 139, 149, 215

• Spectral slope76

• Spectrogram102, 104, 106, 116, 123–125

• Speech Learning Model (SLM)22–27, 104

• Speech Learning Model - revised23–27

• Speech rhythmSee rhythm

• Speech run67, 75, 109

• Spontaneous speech35, 37, 67–71, 73–74, 76, 80, 85, 90, 95

• Stress patterns58–60, 72, 91, 230

• Stressed/accented/prominent syllables10, 43, 54, 59, 64, 68–69, 71–72, 76, 108–109, 113, 201

• Strict Layer Hypothesis (SLH)43

• Substitution55

• Suprasegmentals11, 23, 27, 31, 228See prosody

• Sustained rise115, 119, 188, 227, 233, 235

• Syllabic reduction71

• Syllables per minute (spm)76

• Syllables per second (syll/s)71, 116, 152–153, 159–162, 170, 199, 201See articulation rate

• Syllables60, 64, 67–68, 71–72, 75–76, 85–86, 106, 108–109, 154–162, 193, 199–201

• Systemic dimension/see also tone inventory 23, 63–66, 89–91, 205, 217

• Teacher-talk44, 221, 237–238

• Testing of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL)33

• Tonal alignment54, 57, 64–65, 230

• Tonal reduplication187, 214

• Tonality11, 74, 231See intonational phrasing

• Tone and Break Indices (ToBI)38, 42, 45–54, 56, 61–63, 104, 106–109, 116–117, 122
  • CZ-ToBI61–62
  • G-ToBI61–62, 107
  • MAE-ToBI61–62, 106–107
  • SP-ToBI61–62
  See tones

• Tone inventory23, 45–54, 61–66, 89, 106–107

• Tone language56

• Tone(s)11–12, 14, 45–54, 61–66, 84–85, 89–92, 106–107, 114, 117, 122, 129–138, 171–175, 192–193, 195–198

• Tonic syllables85See nucleus

• Tonicity11See accenting

• Topic20, 58, 63, 78–79, 82, 93–95, 102–103, 112, 119, 136, 138–139, 156–158, 165, 182, 213, 231

• Truncation64–65

• Try marker87

• Tune(s)/ intonation contour42–43, 45–57, 61–64, 72, 77, 84–87, 91, 107, 117–118, 122, 141–144, 164–171, 175–198

• Type-Token Ratio (TTR)33, 125, 147, 149, 152, 160–161, 201, 219

• Ultimate attainment21, 26, 29–31, 35–36, 81, 219

• Underuse20, 65

• Universal grammar17, 20

• Unpruned word counts95, 140, 153–154

• Upstepped tone57, 106, 108–109, 129, 133, 197

• Uptalk84–89, 115–116, 118–119, 122–123, 138, 175–194, 199, 205–217, 219–221, 225–228, 232–233, 236–238

• Vocabulary-growth hypothesis33

• Wave form104

• Whispered speech10, 67, 109–110

• Words per minute (wpm)71