The pidginized Spanish learned by millions of Africans in Latin America had a profound but as yet underexplored impact on the formation of Spanish American dialects. Literary imitations from previous centuries are questionable, and few vestiges of actual Afro-Hispanic language remain. This paper reports on a unique Afro-American speech community in highland Bolivia, possibly the oldest surviving Afro-American variety of any language. The Afro-Yungueño dialect, now spoken in contact with regional Andean Spanish, differs systematically from any other Spanish dialect, and provides empirical evidence of the earliest stages of Afro-Hispanic language in the Americas. It also provides key evidence in the debate surrounding the possible creolization of Spanish and Portuguese in other Afro-American contexts.
2020. Linguistic Diversity and Plurality in Meso‐ and South America. In The International Encyclopedia of Linguistic Anthropology, ► pp. 1 ff.
Cozart, Dan
2019. Peruanidadand blackness in national and local perspectives: popular literature and racial science. Latin American and Caribbean Ethnic Studies 14:2 ► pp. 194 ff.
Niño-Murcia, Mercedes, Juan Carlos Godenzzi & Jason Rothman
2008. Spanish as a World Language: The Interplay of Globalized Localization and Localized Globalization. International Multilingual Research Journal 2:1-2 ► pp. 48 ff.
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