Focus in Generative Grammar
Author
The topic of this book is the notion of ‘focus’ and its linguistic characterization. The main thesis is that focus has a uniform grammatical identification only as a syntactic element with – in English at least – a certain systematic phonological interpretation and – presumably universally – a range of semantic interpretations. In broad respects, the framework within this investigation is conducted is that of Chomsky & Lasnik (1977) and the subsequent Government and Binding framework. After considering defining the location of prominence in a focused phrase in terms of constituent structure, the author argues that an argument structure approach to the focus phrase/prominence relation is more promising. This is then exemplified in analyses of cleft focus and constructional focus.
[Studies in Generative Linguistic Analysis, 4] 1986. ix, 221 pp.
Publishing status: Available | Original publisher:E. Story-Scientia
© John Benjamins Publishing Company
Table of Contents
-
Preface | p. vii
-
Dedication | p. ix
-
Introduction | p. 1
-
Chapter 1: Accent and Focus | p. 5
-
1.1. The NSR and the NSR'
-
1.2. The NSR”
-
1.3. Prominence
-
Chapter 2: The Interpretation of Focus | p. 37
-
2.1. The Presupposition Analysis
-
2.2. c-construable
-
2.3. Narrow Focus, Contrast, and Default Accent
-
Chapter 3: The Representation of Focus | p. 79
-
3.1. Focus and Argument Structure
-
3.2. The Structure of Discourse
-
Chapter 4: Constructional Focus | p. 109
-
4.1. The Constructional Focus Principle
-
4.2. The Constructional Focus Position
-
Chapter 5: Cleft Focus | p. 127
-
5.1. The Interpretation of Clefts
-
5.2. The Structure of Clefts
-
5.3. Cleft Focus Constructions and Parametric Variation
-
Appendix — On Overt wh Phrases in English Cleft Clauses
-
Chapter 6: Summary | p. 171
-
Footnotes | p. 179
-
Cited by
Cited by 157 other publications
Amaechi, Mary & Doreen Georgi
2019. Quirks of subject (non-)extraction in Igbo. Glossa: a journal of general linguistics 4:1 
Amaechi, Mary & Doreen Georgi
2021. On optional wh-/focus fronting in Igbo: A SYN-SEM-PHON interaction. Zeitschrift für Sprachwissenschaft 39:3 ► pp. 299 ff.
Andreeva, Bistra, William John Barry & Jacques Koreman
2017. Local and Global Cues in the Prosodic Realization of Broad and Narrow Focus in Bulgarian. Phonetica 73:3-4 ► pp. 256 ff.
Aravind, Athulya, Martin Hackl & Ken Wexler
2018. Syntactic and Pragmatic Factors in Children’s Comprehension of Cleft Constructions. Language Acquisition 25:3 ► pp. 284 ff.
Assmann, Muriel, Daniel Büring, Izabela Jordanoska & Max Prüller
2023. Towards a theory of morphosyntactic focus marking. Natural Language & Linguistic Theory 41:4 ► pp. 1349 ff.
Bader, Markus
2000. On Reanalyis: Evidence from German. In German Sentence Processing [Studies in Theoretical Psycholinguistics, 24], ► pp. 187 ff.
Ball, Catherine N.
1994. Relative pronouns in it-clefts: The last seven centuries. Language Variation and Change 6:2 ► pp. 179 ff.
Ball, Catherine N.
1996. A diachronic study of relative markers in spoken and written English. Language Variation and Change 8:2 ► pp. 227 ff.
Bell, Melanie J. & Ingo Plag
2013. Informativity and analogy in English compound stress. Word Structure 6:2 ► pp. 129 ff.
Bertrand, Nicolas & Richard Faure
2022. Wh‐InterrogativesIn Ancient Greek Disentangling Focus‐ AndWh‐Movement*. Studia Linguistica 76:3 ► pp. 735 ff.
Biezma, María
2014. Multiple Focus Strategies in Pro‐Drop Languages: Evidence from Ellipsis in Spanish. Syntax 17:2 ► pp. 91 ff.
Borise, Lena
2021. Focus projection need not be based on pitch accents: evidence from Georgian. Glossa: a journal of general linguistics 6:1
Breen, Mara, Evelina Fedorenko, Michael Wagner & Edward Gibson
2010. Acoustic correlates of information structure. Language and Cognitive Processes 25:7-9 ► pp. 1044 ff.
Brown, Jason & Karsten Koch
2016. Focus and Change in Polynesian Languages*. Australian Journal of Linguistics 36:3 ► pp. 304 ff.
Büring, Daniel
2009. Towards a typology of focus realization. In Information Structure, ► pp. 177 ff.
Büring, Daniel
2019. Topless and Salient—Convertibles in the Theory of Focus. In The Semantics of Plurals, Focus, Degrees, and Times, ► pp. 137 ff.
Carlson, Katy, Michael Walsh Dickey, Lyn Frazier & Charles Clifton
2009. Information structure expectations in sentence comprehension. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 62:1 ► pp. 114 ff.
Cat, Cécile De
2005. French subject clitics are not agreement markers. Lingua 115:9 ► pp. 1195 ff.
Cheung, Candice Chi-Hang
2014. Wh-fronting and the left periphery in Mandarin. Journal of East Asian Linguistics 23:4 ► pp. 393 ff.
Cheung, Lawrence Yam-Leung
2009. Dislocation focus construction in Chinese. Journal of East Asian Linguistics 18:3 ► pp. 197 ff.
Cohan, Jocelyn
2001. Consider the Alternatives: Focus in Contrast and Context. In Modeling and Using Context [Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 2116], ► pp. 102 ff.
Cruz, Adriana & Óscar Loureda
2019. Chapter 7. Processing patterns of focusing in Spanish. In Empirical Studies of the Construction of Discourse [Pragmatics & Beyond New Series, 305], ► pp. 195 ff.
CULICOVER, PETER W. & SUSANNE WINKLER
2008. English focus inversion. Journal of Linguistics 44:3 ► pp. 625 ff.
Davidse, Kristin, Ngum Meyuhnsi Njende & Gerard O’Grady
2023. Prosodic Patterns in the Four Existential Constructions with Relative Clause. In Specificational and Presentational There-Clefts, ► pp. 135 ff.
Delin, Judy
1995. Presupposition and shared knowledge in it-clefts. Language and Cognitive Processes 10:2 ► pp. 97 ff.
Dikken, Marcel Den
2006. Either-Float and the Syntax of Co-or-dination. Natural Language & Linguistic Theory 24:3 ► pp. 689 ff.
Donaldson, Bryan
2011. Nativelike right-dislocation in near-native French. Second Language Research 27:3 ► pp. 361 ff.
Donaldson, Bryan
2012. Syntax and Discourse in Near‐Native French: Clefts and Focus. Language Learning 62:3 ► pp. 902 ff.
Ebert, Cornelia & Stefan Hinterwimmer
2009. The interpretation of topical indefinites as direct and indirect aboutness topics. In Information Structure, ► pp. 89 ff.
Endo, Yoshido & Liliane Haegeman
2019. Adverbial clauses and adverbial concord. Glossa: a journal of general linguistics 4:1
Erteschik-Shir, Nomi
1991. M. S. Rochemont & P. W. Culicover, English focus constructions and the theory of grammar. (Cambridge Studies in Linguistics 52.) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990. Pp. vii + 210.. Journal of Linguistics 27:2 ► pp. 525 ff.
Fanselow, Gisbert & Denisa Lenertová
2011. Left peripheral focus: mismatches between syntax and information structure. Natural Language & Linguistic Theory 29:1 ► pp. 169 ff.
Faure, Richard & Katerina Palasis
2021. Exclusivity! Wh-fronting is not optional wh-movement in Colloquial French. Natural Language & Linguistic Theory 39:1 ► pp. 57 ff.
Feng, Shengli
1996. Prosodically constrained syntactic changes in Early Archaic Chinese. Journal of East Asian Linguistics 5:4 ► pp. 323 ff.
Feng, Shengli
2003. Prosodically constrained postverbal PPs in Mandarin Chinese. Linguistics 41:6
Feng, Shengli
Ferreira, Fernanda
2007. Prosody and performance in language production. Language and Cognitive Processes 22:8 ► pp. 1151 ff.
Fiedler, Ines, Katharina Hartmann, Brigitte Reineke, Anne Schwarz & Malte Zimmermann
2009. Subject focus in West African languages. In Information Structure, ► pp. 234 ff.
Forcadell, Montserrat & Jaume Llopis
Fujimori, Atsushi, Noriko Yamane, Noriko Yoshimura, Mineharu Nakayama, Brian Teaman & Kiyoko Yoneyama
2022. Development of L2 prosody. In Generative SLA in the Age of Minimalism [Language Acquisition and Language Disorders, 67], ► pp. 137 ff.
Féry, Caroline
2013. Focus as prosodic alignment. Natural Language & Linguistic Theory 31:3 ► pp. 683 ff.
Féry, Caroline
2020. Grammatical Reflexes of Information Structure in Germanic Languages. In The Cambridge Handbook of Germanic Linguistics, ► pp. 661 ff.
Féry, Caroline & Shinichiro Ishihara
2009. How focus and givenness shape prosody. In Information Structure, ► pp. 36 ff.
Geurts, Bart & Rob van der Sandt
2004. Interpreting focus. Theoretical Linguistics 30:1 ► pp. 1 ff.
Glatz, Daniel & Ralf Klabunde
2003. Focus as perspectivation. Linguistics 41:5
GONZÁLEZ, CAROLINA & LARA REGLERO
2024. Intonation correlates of canonical and non-canonical wh-in-situ questions in Spanish. Journal of Linguistics 60:1 ► pp. 29 ff.
Gotzner, Nicole
2017. Theoretical and Empirical Background. In Alternative Sets in Language Processing, ► pp. 11 ff.
Gotzner, Nicole
2019. The role of focus intonation in implicature computation: a comparison with only and also. Natural Language Semantics 27:3 ► pp. 189 ff.
Greif, Markus & Stavros Skopeteas
2021. Correction by Focus: Cleft Constructions and the Cross-Linguistic Variation in Phonological Form. Frontiers in Psychology 12
Guinjoan, Montserrat Forcadell
2014. The translation into Catalan of marked structures inKing Lear. Zeitschrift für romanische Philologie 130:4 ► pp. 956 ff.
Gupton, Timothy & Elizabeth Gielau
2021. Introduction. In East and West of The Pentacrest [Issues in Hispanic and Lusophone Linguistics, 33], ► pp. 1 ff.
Gussenhoven, Carlos
1991. The English Rhythm Rule as an accent deletion rule. Phonology 8:1 ► pp. 1 ff.
Harris, Alice C.
1992. Review of Faarlund (1990): Syntactic Change: Toward a Theory of Historical Syntax. Diachronica 9:2 ► pp. 287 ff.
Hartmann, Jutta M.
2013. Freezing in it-clefts. Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 58:3 ► pp. 487 ff.
Heggie, Lorie
1993. The range of null operators: Evidence from clefting. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 11:1 ► pp. 45 ff.
Herbeck, Peter
2018. Deriving Null, Strong and Emphatic Pronouns in Romance Pro-Drop Languages. In Pronouns in Embedded Contexts at the Syntax-Semantics Interface [Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy, 99], ► pp. 171 ff.
Hetland, Jorunn
1994. Verbprojektionen im Vorfeld — Ansatz zu einem deutsch-norwegischen Vergleich. In Was determiniert Wortstellungsvariation?, ► pp. 321 ff.
Hinterhölzl, Roland
2009. Information structure and unmarked word order in (Older) Germanic. In Information Structure, ► pp. 282 ff.
Honda, Masatoshi
2021. Chapter 3. The syntax and information-structural semantics of negative inversion in English and their implications for the theory of focus. In Current Issues in Syntactic Cartography [Linguistik Aktuell/Linguistics Today, 267], ► pp. 28 ff.
Hoof, Hanneke van
2003. The rise in the risefall contour: does it evoke a contrastive topic or a contrastive focus?. Linguistics 41:3
Hoot, Bradley
2017. Narrow presentational focus in heritage Spanish and the syntax‒discourse interface. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 7:1 ► pp. 63 ff.
Hoskins, S.
1996. Proceeding of Fourth International Conference on Spoken Language Processing. ICSLP '96, ► pp. 1632 ff.
Hróarsdóttir, þorbjörg
2009. Information structure and OV order. In Information Structure, ► pp. 258 ff.
Hsu, Yu-Yin & Claudia Felser
2019. Associations between focus constructions and levels of exhaustivity: An experimental investigation of Chinese. PLOS ONE 14:10 ► pp. e0223502 ff.
Hyman, Larry M. & Maria Polinsky
2009. Focus in Aghem. In Information Structure, ► pp. 206 ff.
Hörnig, Robin & Thomas Weskott
2009. 15 Given and new information in spatial statements. In Information Structure, ► pp. 354 ff.
INOUE, KAZUKO
2004. Conceptual and Methodological Bases of the Minimalist Program (N. Chomsky, On Nature and Language). ENGLISH LINGUISTICS 21:2 ► pp. 514 ff.
Ip, Martin Ho Kwan & Anne Cutler
2022. In Search of Salience: Focus Detection in the Speech of Different Talkers. Language and Speech 65:3 ► pp. 650 ff.
Ishihara, Shinichiro
2017. The Intonation of Wh- and Yes/No-Questions in Tokyo Japanese. In Contrastiveness in Information Structure, Alternatives and Scalar Implicatures [Studies in Natural Language and Linguistic Theory, 91], ► pp. 399 ff.
İşsever, Selçuk
2019. On the Ban on Postverbal wh Phrases in Turkish: A Syntactic Account. In Word Order in Turkish [Studies in Natural Language and Linguistic Theory, 97], ► pp. 67 ff.
JOHANSSON, MATS
2001. Clefts in contrast: a contrastive study of it clefts and wh clefts in English and Swedish texts and translations. Linguistics 39:3
Jokweni, Mbulelo W.
1996. Deriving phonological phrases in Xhosa. South African Journal of Linguistics 14:2 ► pp. 51 ff.
Kahnemuyipour, Arsalan
2001. On Wh-questions in Persian. Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 46:1-2 ► pp. 41 ff.
Kaiser, Elsi
2009. Investigating effects of structural and information‐structural factors on pronoun resolution. In Information Structure, ► pp. 332 ff.
Kaiser, Elsi
2011. Focusing on pronouns: Consequences of subjecthood, pronominalisation, and contrastive focus. Language and Cognitive Processes 26:10 ► pp. 1625 ff.
Kaiser, Elsi
2016. Discourse level processing. In Visually Situated Language Comprehension [Advances in Consciousness Research, 93], ► pp. 151 ff.
Kaiser, Elsi & Catherine Wang
2021. Packaging Information as Fact Versus Opinion: Consequences of the (Information-)Structural Position of Subjective Adjectives. Discourse Processes 58:7 ► pp. 617 ff.
Katzir, Roni
2024. On the roles of anaphoricity and questions in free focus. Natural Language Semantics 32:1 ► pp. 65 ff.
Kennedy, Becky
2005. Interpretive effects in multiple interrogation. Journal of Pragmatics 37:1 ► pp. 1 ff.
Kim, Dong Jin, Okgi Kim & Hanyong Park
2023. Prosodic realization of identification and contrastive focus in Korean multiple accusative constructions. Glossa: a journal of general linguistics 8:1
Kim, Min-Joo
2022. That’s a Curious Copular Construction You Have There!. Linguistic Inquiry 53:1 ► pp. 168 ff.
Kiss, Katalin É.
2009. Structural focus and exhaustivity. In Information Structure, ► pp. 64 ff.
KOBAYASHI, KEIICHIRO
1997. A MINIMALIST APPROACH TO PSEUDOCLEFTS IN ENGLISH. ENGLISH LINGUISTICS 14:0 ► pp. 1 ff.
Koch, Karsten A.
2011. A Phonetic Study of Intonation and Focus in Nłeʔkepmxcin (Thompson River Salish). In Prosodic Categories: Production, Perception and Comprehension [Studies in Natural Language and Linguistic Theory, ], ► pp. 111 ff.
Koch, Karsten A.
2013. Focus on head-final relatives. Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 58:2 ► pp. 191 ff.
Kratzer, Angelika
2004. Interpreting focus: Presupposed or expressive meanings? A comment on Geurts and van der Sandt. Theoretical Linguistics 30:1
Kratzer, Angelika & Elisabeth Selkirk
2020. Deconstructing information structure. Glossa: a journal of general linguistics 5:1
Kügler, Frank & Caroline Féry
2017. Postfocal Downstep in German. Language and Speech 60:2 ► pp. 260 ff.
Lai, Jackie Yan-Ki
2019. Parallel copying in dislocation copying: evidence from Cantonese. Journal of East Asian Linguistics 28:3 ► pp. 243 ff.
Lambova, Mariana
2001. On A-bar movements in Bulgarian and their interaction. The Linguistic Review 18:4
Leal, Tania, Emilie Destruel & Bradley Hoot
2019. The acquisition of Focus in L2 Spanish. Second Language Research 35:4 ► pp. 449 ff.
Lee, Tommy Tsz-Ming
2023. Last but not least: a comparative perspective on right dislocation in Alasha Mongolian. Journal of East Asian Linguistics 32:4 ► pp. 459 ff.
Liakin, Denis
2007. Les questions multiples : le débat continue. Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 52:3 ► pp. 279 ff.
Lin, Jo-Wang
1992. The syntax of zenmeyang ?how? and weishenme ?why? in Mandarin Chinese. Journal of East Asian Linguistics 1:3 ► pp. 293 ff.
Lobo, Maria, Ana Lúcia Santos, Carla Soares-Jesel & Stéphanie Vaz
2019. Effects of syntactic structure on the comprehension of clefts. Glossa: a journal of general linguistics 4:1
LóPEZ, LUIS & SUSANNE WINKLER
2000. Focus and topic in VP-anaphora constructions. Linguistics 38:4
MARUTA, TADAO
1992. English Focus Constructions and the Theory of Grammar, by Michael S. Rochemont and Peter W. Culicover, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1990, vii+210 pp. ENGLISH LINGUISTICS 9:0 ► pp. 357 ff.
NIKOLAEVA, IRINA
2001. Secondary topic as a relation in information structure. Linguistics 39:1 ► pp. 1 ff.
Noonan, Máire B.
1997. Functional Architecture and Wh-Movement: Irish as a Case in Point. Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 42:1-2 ► pp. 111 ff.
Oda, Hiromune
2024. Large-scale pied-piping in the labeling theory and conditions on weak heads. The Linguistic Review 41:1 ► pp. 153 ff.
Olarrea, Antxon
2012. Word Order and Information Structure. In The Handbook of Hispanic Linguistics, ► pp. 603 ff.
Otero, Carlos P.
1996. Head Movement, Cliticization, Precompilation, and Word Insertion (Comments on Uriagereka’s Paper). In Current Issues in Comparative Grammar [Studies in Natural Language and Linguistic Theory, 35], ► pp. 296 ff.
Po-lun, Peppina Lee & Haihua Pan
2001. The Chinese negation marker bu and its association with focus. Linguistics 39:4
Puerma Bonilla, Javier
2018. La función informativa del sujeto en construcciones transitivas en la historia del español
. Revista de Historia de la Lengua Española :13 ► pp. 91 ff.
Reese, Brian & Nicholas Asher
2009. Biased questions, intonation, and discourse. In Information Structure, ► pp. 139 ff.
Reeve, Matthew & Glyn Hicks
2017. Adjunct Extraposition: Base Generation or Movement?. Syntax 20:3 ► pp. 215 ff.
Reis, Marga & Inger Rosengren
1992. What do Wh-imperatives tell us about Wh-movement?. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 10:1 ► pp. 79 ff.
Rochemont, Michael
1986. Review of Bosch (1983): Agreement and Anaphora: a study of the role of pronouns in syntax and discourse. Studies in Language 10:1 ► pp. 201 ff.
Rochemont, Michael S.
1986.
Paul Werth. Focus, Coherence, and Emphasis. London: Croom Helm. 1984. Pp. 293.. Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 31:2 ► pp. 189 ff.
Rooth, Mats
1992. A theory of focus interpretation. Natural Language Semantics 1:1 ► pp. 75 ff.
Rooth, Mats
2009. Second occurrence focus andRelativized Stress F. In Information Structure, ► pp. 15 ff.
Samek-Lodovici, Vieri
2005. Prosody–Syntax Interaction in the Expression of Focus. Natural Language & Linguistic Theory 23:3 ► pp. 687 ff.
Sato, Yosuke
2024. Partial Wh-Movement in Indonesian, Criterial Freezing, and Sub-Extraction. Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique ► pp. 1 ff.
Sawada, Osamu
2023. Scalarity of the Japanese initial mora-based minimizer: a compositional (lexically unspecified) minimizer and a non-compositional (lexically specified) minimizer. Natural Language Semantics 31:2-3 ► pp. 71 ff.
Schoenmakers, Gert-Jan
2020. Freedom in the Dutch middle-field: Deriving discourse structure at the syntax-pragmatics interface. Glossa: a journal of general linguistics 5:1
Sgall, Petr
SHIMA, ETSURO
2008. Two Types of Elliptical Constructions (S. Winkler, Ellipsis and Focus in Generative Grammar). ENGLISH LINGUISTICS 25:1 ► pp. 292 ff.
Skopeteas, Stavros & Gisbert Fanselow
2009. Effects of givenness and constraints on free word order. In Information Structure, ► pp. 307 ff.
Slioussar, Natalia
2014. What is and what is not problematic about the T-model. In Minimalism and Beyond [Language Faculty and Beyond, 11], ► pp. 350 ff.
Smith, Carlota S.
2003. Modes of Discourse,
Smyth, Ronald H.
1988. Contextual Motivation and Working Memory. Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 33:3 ► pp. 231 ff.
Soares, Eduardo Correa
2016. Yes-No Answers, Partial Pro-drop Languages and Machine Translation. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 231 ► pp. 135 ff.
Stevens, Jon S. & Gareth Roberts
2019. Noise, Economy, and the Emergence of Information Structure in a Laboratory Language. Cognitive Science 43:2
Szendröi, Kriszta
2006. Focus Movement (With Special Reference to Hungarian). In The Blackwell Companion to Syntax, ► pp. 272 ff.
Szendrői, Kriszta
2017. Focus Movement. In The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Syntax, Second Edition, ► pp. 1 ff.
Sæbø, Kjell Johan
2006. Focus interpretation in Thetic statements: Alternative Semantics and Optimality Theory Pragmatics. Journal of Logic, Language and Information 16:1 ► pp. 15 ff.
TAKAMI, KEN-ICHI
1987. ADJUNCTS AND THE INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF VP. ENGLISH LINGUISTICS 4:0 ► pp. 55 ff.
Tomioka, Satoshi
2009. Contrastive topics operate on speech acts. In Information Structure, ► pp. 115 ff.
Tonhauser, Judith
2015. Are ‘informative presuppositions’ presuppositions?. Language and Linguistics Compass 9:2 ► pp. 77 ff.
Tuller, Laurice
1992. The syntax of postverbal focus constructions in Chadic. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 10:2 ► pp. 303 ff.
Veselovská, Ludmila
2021. Wh-Questions,
Wagner, Michael
2020. Prosodic Focus. In The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Semantics, ► pp. 1 ff.
Watson, Duane G., Cassandra L. Jacobs & Andrés Buxó‐Lugo
2020. Prosody indexes both competence and performance. WIREs Cognitive Science 11:3
Winkler, Susanne & Edward Göbbel
2002. Focus, p-movement, and the nuclear-stress rule: a view from Germanic and Romance. Linguistics 40:6
Yip, Ka-Fai & Tommy Tsz-Ming Lee
2022. Modal movement licensed by focus. In New Explorations in Chinese Theoretical Syntax [Linguistik Aktuell/Linguistics Today, 272], ► pp. 165 ff.
Zhang, Huili, Haifeng Duan & Haihua Pan
ZHOU, PENG & STEPHEN CRAIN
2010. Focus identification in child Mandarin. Journal of Child Language 37:5 ► pp. 965 ff.
Zimmermann, Malte
2008. Contrastive focus and emphasis. Acta Linguistica Hungarica 55:3-4 ► pp. 347 ff.
Malte Zimmermann & Caroline Féry
2009. Introduction. In Information Structure, ► pp. 1 ff.
Malte Zimmermann & Caroline Féry
2009. Information Structure,
Zobl, Helmut
1989. Modularity in Adult L2 Acquisition. Language Learning 39:1 ► pp. 49 ff.
Zubizarreta, María Luisa & Jean‐Roger Vergnaud
2006. Phrasal Stress and Syntax. In The Blackwell Companion to Syntax, ► pp. 522 ff.
Zubizarreta, María Luisa & Jean‐Roger Vergnaud
2017. Phrasal Stress and Syntax. In The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Syntax, Second Edition, ► pp. 1 ff.
Özsoy, A. Sumru
2019. Derivation of Fronting in Turkish. In Word Order in Turkish [Studies in Natural Language and Linguistic Theory, 97], ► pp. 139 ff.
Živković, Ema & Nina Sudimac
2021. The effect of focus and the focus particle samo on the exclusion of contextual alternatives in Serbian. Poznan Studies in Contemporary Linguistics 57:2 ► pp. 299 ff.
[no author supplied]
2003. References. In Word Order and Scrambling, ► pp. 345 ff.
[no author supplied]
2006. Bibliography. In The Handbook of Pragmatics, ► pp. 742 ff.
[no author supplied]
2006. Consolidated References. In The Blackwell Companion to Syntax, ► pp. 439 ff.
[no author supplied]
2009. Abbreviations and symbols. In Information Structure, ► pp. xi ff.
[no author supplied]
2009. Copyright Page. In Information Structure, ► pp. iv ff.
[no author supplied]
2011. References. In The Handbook of Phonological Theory, ► pp. 779 ff.
[no author supplied]
[no author supplied]
[no author supplied]
[no author supplied]
[no author supplied]
[no author supplied]
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 16 april 2024. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.
Subjects
Linguistics
Main BIC Subject
CF: Linguistics
Main BISAC Subject
LAN009000: LANGUAGE ARTS & DISCIPLINES / Linguistics / General