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Urban Panamanian English
Catherine Laliberté
[Varieties of English Around the World G70] 2023
► pp. 223–225

Index

A

  • Aceto, Michael,1, 24, 34, 35–38, 39, 44, 51
  • acrolect,2, 35, 36–37, 39, 52–53, 105, 109, 120, 134, 148, 183, 193
  • adjacency (linguistic constraint),50, 133, 138, 139, 140, 149, 154, 158–59, 162, 163, 166, 169, 171, 172, 177, 178, 182, 185, 187, 190, 191
  • African Americans,12
  • African American Vernacular English (AAVE),46, 116–17, 133, 139; See also African American Vernacular English (AAVE), diasporic or early
  • African American Vernacular English (AAVE), diasporic or early,124, 133, 139, 141, 145, 150–51, 152; See also Samaná
  • Afro-Caribbean Fair,27, 65, 66, 86
  • ain't,120
  • Allsopp, Richard,1, 117, 123, 127, 129
  • Anguilla,139
  • Arias, Arnulfo,17–18, 56
  • aspect: markers in PCE,45–46
    • in Panamanian English,123, 131
    • as predictor of past marking,49, 131
    • as predictor of verbal -s,133, 139, 141, 149, 151–53

B

  • Bahamas,1, 47, 124, 139, 189
  • BajanSee Barbados: Barbadian Creole/English
  • balanced bilingualismSee language dominance
  • Barbados: migrants from,8, 9, 10, 12, 21, 34
    • Barbadian Creole/English,34, 38, 47, 51, 123, 127, 129, 191
  • basilect,36, 39, 51, 52, 120, 135, 190
  • Bastimentos Creole English (BCE) See under Panamanian Creole English (PCE)
  • Bay Islands English (Honduras),120, 123, 124, 126, 139
  • belong,173–74
  • BequiaSee St. Vincent and the Grenadines
  • biin (remote past),45–46
  • Bishop, Hezekiah Adolfo,44, 132, 134
  • Bishop Vazquez, Belsis B.,44, 47, 134
  • Bocas del Toro,7, 25, 31, 34–39, 44, 48, 127, 166; See also Panamanian Creole English (PCE): Bastimentos Creole English (BCE)
  • borrowing,42, 45, 111–12
  • born,117–19, 142
  • Britain, David,133, 135, 139–41, 145, 146–47, 191–92
  • Brown Cox, Sophia Helena,41, 43

C

  • calque (loan-translation),46, 47, 112, 118, 124, 125
  • Canal Zone: borders,9, 15
    • demographics,12, 14
    • language contact,15–16
    • nostalgia for,21, 82, 97
    • privilege,21
    • reversion,18–19, 20, 35, 54
    • segregation (See also segregation)
    • women in13–14; See also education: in the Canal Zone
  • Carcamo Rodriguez, Kimberly,50, 119, 120, 132, 149, 151
  • Cassidy, Frederic,127
  • categorical speakers,160, 182, 186–87
  • Cayman Islands,139
  • Cedergren, Henrietta,93, 94, 118, 155–56
  • census of 2010,23–25, 38
  • citizenship,18, 19, 26, 52, 194
  • Clarke, Sandra,142, 151, 152, 191–92
  • code-switching,40–41, 42, 47, 64, 84, 104, 110, 112–13
  • Cohen, Pedro I.,52, 190
  • Conniff, Michael L.,10, 11, 13, 18, 19, 51
  • consent,64, 106
  • constitution of 1941,17–18, 56
  • Corinealdi, Kaysha,4, 18, 56, 194
  • creole continuum: definition,36
    • in Bastimentos,37
    • in Panama City,52–53, 134, 136, 190, 194; See also acrolect; basilect; decreolization
  • Curtis, Ariana A.,4, 5, 20–21, 23–24, 26, 52–53, 94, 103

D

  • danger of death question,107
  • death toll,7, 13
  • decreolization,35–38, 134
  • diagrammatic iconicity,141
  • Dictionary of Panamanian English,47
  • di(d) (past marker),37, 42, 122
  • díke (quotative complementizer),46
  • discourse-pragmatic (functions, principles),135, 140, 192
  • don (completive),45
  • doz (habitual does),42, 45, 123, 191

E

  • East Anglian Subject Rule (EASR),140, 154, 155
  • education: in the Canal Zone,14, 15, 18, 21, 44
    • in Panama,28
    • language of,18, 30, 31, 79–80
    • language teaching,30, 39, 43–44, 47
    • as a linguistic variable,52, 92–94
    • racism in,18, 28, 55–56
  • emphatic yes,46
  • Espinoza C., Edgardo Amaurey,38–39

F

  • Fálquez, Manuel E.,41, 54
  • Feria AfroantillanaSee Afro-Caribbean Fair
  • flag riots of 1964,19, 107
  • Flores-Villalobos, Joan,14
  • French: -influenced features,40
    • canal construction period,8
    • -lexifier creole,4, 31–33, 193

G

  • Gaël-Moutou, Marie-Françoise,31, 32
  • Gal, Susan,54, 58–59, 61, 62, 64, 72, 75, 77, 78
  • gender (linguistic variable),52, 147–48, 149, 157, 160, 162, 166, 167, 171, 175–76, 178, 181, 182–83, 187, 189–90
  • gold rollSee silver roll
  • Greene, Julie,11, 13, 14
  • Guerrón Montero, Carla,21–22, 30, 35
  • gwainan,37
  • Gypsy (cryptolect),36–37

H

  • Hackert, Stephanie,49–50, 113, 117, 131, 189
  • Hay-Bunau-Varilla treaty,8, 19
  • Herzfeld, Anita,11, 24, 38, 75, 123
  • historical present,133, 141, 150, 153
  • Holm, John,24, 126
  • hypercorrection,120, 132, 133, 139, 141, 145, 176, 188–92, 194

I

  • implicational scale,59, 72
  • insecurity (linguistic),47, 62, 68, 104, 176
  • interspeaker variation,135, 149, 157–58, 166, 177, 181
  • invasion of 1989 See under United States

J

  • Jamaica: migrants from,7, 8, 9, 10, 17, 34, 35
    • Jamaican Creole/English,1, 38, 47, 51, 127, 139, 191
  • Justavino, Nilsa Esther,33, 40–41

K

  • King de Ward, Rosalía Angelica,41, 46, 119, 124

L

  • labor strategy,10–11
  • Labov, William,90, 107–8
  • Lamy, Delano Sydney,2, 26, 47–49, 90
  • language dominance,41, 62–63, 68–69
  • language shift: language transmission,26, 54, 56–57, 88
    • linguistic nationalism,2, 17–18, 28–29, 51, 55, 88, 193
    • revitalization,88
  • LePage, Robert,82, 127
  • letters,12–13, 49–50, 119, 131, 132, 149, 151
  • Limonese Creole (Costa Rica),51, 59, 71, 72, 125, 148
  • lodges,26
  • loan-translationSee calque
  • Lowe de Goodin, Melva,17, 29, 55, 57, 102

M

  • McCullough, David,14, 15
  • mestizaje See under nationalism
  • mobility,3, 26, 59, 62, 73, 88, 147–48, 149, 190, 193
  • Modestin, Yvette,19, 21
  • Museo AfroantillanoSee West Indian Museum
  • Myles Spragg, Marva,41, 43

N

  • nationalism: and language2, 17, 29, 50–51, 55–56, 88, 193
    • mestizaje24, 50, 56
  • Newfoundland,142, 143, 146, 150, 152
  • newspapers,18, 26
  • Nicaragua Creole English,75, 123, 125–26
  • Northern Subject Rule (NSR),138–39, 140, 149, 154, 158, 162, 166, 169, 170, 172, 177, 180, 181, 182, 190–91

O

  • Oberwart (Felsőőr),54, 58–60, 71–73, 75, 77
  • Observer's Paradox,109

P

  • Panamá Bilingüe,30–31
  • Panama Canal ZoneSee Canal Zone
  • Panamanian Creole English (PCE): Bastimentos Creole English (BCE),34–38, 90
    • features,36, 38–39, 40, 42
    • in Panama City and Colón,40–49
    • in Puerto Armuelles,38–39
    • number of speakers,24–25
  • Parker, Matthew,14
  • Patrick, Peter L,90
  • phonological conditioning,49, 131, 132, 149, 150–51, 155, 158, 161, 162, 166, 168, 175, 179, 180, 181, 185
  • Pierre, Esteban,41, 43
  • Poplack, Shana,48, 49, 111, 138–39, 141, 145, 149, 150, 151–53, 164, 188–89

Q

  • quotative BE like,118–19

R

  • racism: and language,17–18, 28–29, 50–51, 56–57
    • climate essentialism,10
    see also segregation
  • railroad,7
  • recording equipment,106
  • Reid, Heidi,35, 37, 38, 39, 90
  • religion,6, 18, 26, 51, 75–78, 82, 83–87
  • Ritter, Irma,43
  • Rodríguez, Emigdio O.,90
  • Romaña, Kirk K.,43
  • Rupp, Laura,133, 135, 139–41, 145, 146–47, 191–92
  • Russell, Carlos E.,56–58

S

  • St. Vincent and the Grenadines,1, 117, 124, 139
  • SAMAAP (Society of Friends of the West Indian Museum of Panama),22, 27, 29, 65, 77, 102–3
  • Samaná,124, 139, 146, 188–90
  • Schreier, Daniel,150
  • se (complementizer),46
  • Sealy, Inés V.,107
  • segregation: gold roll and silver roll (see silver roll); in the Canal Zone,12, 15, 16, 18, 21
    • in education,18; See also racism
  • Senior, Olive,6, 7, 9, 12, 13, 14, 16
  • silver roll,11–13, 16, 31, 148
  • Small, Alicia,25, 43
  • Snow, Peter,31, 34, 35, 37, 38, 39
  • Society of Friends of the West Indian Museum of PanamaSee SAMAAP
  • socioeconomic status (linguistic variable),93–94, 147
  • Stephenson Watson, Sonja,56–57
  • subject type (linguistic constraint),50, 119, 121, 133, 137, 138, 139, 140, 149, 154–55, 158, 162, 166, 169, 171, 172, 177, 178, 182, 185, 187, 190, 191–92, 194

T

  • Tabouret-Keller, Andrée,82
  • Tagliamonte, Sali,107, 113, 124, 138–39, 141, 142, 144, 145, 149, 150, 151–53, 155, 164, 186, 188, 189
  • Last Buffalo, The,57–58
  • Thomas Brereton, Leticia,2, 26, 44–47, 114, 122, 125
  • Torrijos-Carter treaty,19
  • Trudgill, Peter,24–25

U

  • United Fruit Company,10, 11, 15, 35, 39
  • United States: anti-American sentiment,16, 19, 30
    • empire,2, 8, 11, 50
    • invasion of 1989,19–20, 95, 97, 107
    • West Indian Panamanian residents in,26, 29, 59, 67, 73, 86–87

V

  • vernacular verbs,142
  • voice onset time (VOT),47–49

W

  • West Indian Museum (Museo Afroantillano),21–23, 27
  • Westerman, George W.,35, 78
  • woz (past marker),37

Y

  • ya (completive),45
  • yuustu,45
Published online: 21 August 2023
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https://doi.org/10.1075/veaw.g70.index