Assembling works in a variety of genres, Rogers reconstructs an archive of cross-cultural exchanges to reveal the mutual constitution of two modernist movements — one in Britain, the other in Spain. Several sites of transnational collaboration form the core of Rogers's literary history: the relationship between T. S. Eliot's Criterion and José Ortega y Gasset's Revista de Occidente; the 1922 publication of Joyce's Ulysses and how its forward-thinking sentiments on race and nation resonated within Spain; the connections between fighting Spanish fascism and dismantling the English patriarchal system in Virginia Woolf's Three Guineas, especially as activated by the Argentine dissident Victoria Ocampo; and the international, anti-fascist poetic community formed by Stephen Spender, Manuel Altolaguirre, and others as they sought to establish Federico García Lorca as an apolitical Spanish-European poet. Mining novels, periodicals, biographies, translations, and poetry in English and in Spanish, this book reveals how writers created reformative alliances to reinvent post-Great War Europe not in the London-Paris-Berlin nexus, but in Madrid.