The essay is concerned with assertions of difference and resistance to dominant ideology in translation research. The author considers three twentieth-century Chinese essays on Chinese translation history. Hu Shi's The Translated Literature of Buddhism of 1928 championed translations into the vernacular at a time when neither translations nor literature in the vernacular (baihua) formed part of the canon. Qian Zhongshu's The Translations of Lin Shu (1964), with its emphasis on Lin Shu's creativity as a translator, challenged the prescriptive insistence on accuracy which was the orthodoxy of the day. Luo Xinzhang's A System of its Own - Our Country's Translation Theories (1983) emphasizes the uniqueness of the Chinese translation tradition and is thus an exercise in identity construction, markedly different from that propagated by the state at the time. In all these cases it is the agency of the translation researcher as a political subject which is at stake.