Aux origines du Cercle linguistique de New York

Pierre-Yves Testenoire
Sorbonne Université

Le Cercle linguistique de New York est créé en 1943 dans le contexte de la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Cet article porte sur les débuts de cette société savante avant la parution du premier numéro de sa revue, Word. On reconstitue à partir de sources inédites les premières années du Cercle sous ses divers aspects : ses liens avec l’École libre des hautes études, ses règles de fonctionnement, ses activités scientifiques, la liste de ses membres… On étudie également les relations entre linguistes américains et Européens exilés au sein du Cercle. Les premières années du Cercle linguistique de New York sont un observatoire non seulement de la diffusion du structuralisme européen aux Etats-Unis, mais aussi de la connexion entre la linguistique européenne et américaine qui joue un rôle crucial pour la linguistique d’après-guerre.

Historique de la publication

Date received: 8 April 2024

Date accepted: 12 July 2024

Published online: 6 September 2024

Table des matières

Le Cercle linguistique de New York est le produit de l’émigration européenne aux États-Unis. Créé en octobre 1943, il change de nom en 1969 pour devenir l’International Linguistic Association toujours active aujourd’hui. La création du Cercle est liée à l’émigration intellectuelle aux États-Unis pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Il trouve son origine dans une institution originale dans le paysage académique américain : l’École libre des hautes études. Il s’agit d’un établissement d’enseignement supérieur de langue française, administré par des savants belges et français sur le sol américain, dont l’existence éphémère (1942–1946) tient aux circonstances de la guerre. Cette école est créée par un groupe de savants français et belges qui ont, pour la plupart, bénéficié de l’Emergency Program for European Scholars, le plan de sauvetage pour savants menacés par le nazisme mis en place par la fondation Rockefeller. À l’automne 1941, des professeurs ayant obtenu, grâce à ce plan, un poste à la New School for Social Research ont l’idée de créer un établissement de langue française à New York. L’École libre des hautes études voit le jour grâce au soutien financier de la fondation Rockefeller, du Comité national français et du gouvernement belge en exil à Londres. Elle ouvre ses portes, le 14 février 1942, dans une Annexe de la New School for Social Research située au 21 du 12 West Street à Manhattan.

Full-text access is restricted to subscribers. Log in to obtain additional credentials. For subscription information see Subscription & Price. Direct PDF access to this article can be purchased through our e-platform.

Bibliographie

Archives

Roman Jakobson Papers, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Institute Archives and Special Collections, MC 72

Sources imprimées

Amsterdamska, Olga
1987 School of Thought: The Development of Linguistics from Bopp to Saussure. The Hague: Mouton. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Bloch, Bernard & L. Georg Trager
1942 Outline of Linguistic Analysis. Baltimore: Waverly Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Bulletin of Linguistic Circle of New York 1–4
(octobre-novembre 1943–mars-mai 1944).Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Cassirer, Ernst
1945 “Structuralism in Modern Linguistics”. Word 1/2.99–120. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Cowan, J. Milton
1991 “American Linguistics in Peace and at War”. First person Singular II: Autobiographies by North American Scholars in the Language Sciences ed. by K. K. Koerner, 67–82. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Čermák, Petr, Claudio Poeta & Jan Čermák
2012 Pražský lingvistický kroužek v dokumentech [Le Cercle linguistique de Prague en documents]. Prague: Academia.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Chaubet, François & Emmanuelle Loyer
2000 “L’École libre des hautes études de New York : exil et résistance intellectuelle (1942–1946)”. Revue Historique 616.939–972.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Chevalier, Jean-Claude & Pierre Encrevé
2006 Combats pour la linguistique, de Martinet à Kristeva. Lyon: ENS Éditions. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Dixon, R. M. W.
2007 “Roman Jakobson and the Two-dollar Bills”. Historiographia Linguistica 34:2–3.435–440. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Duranton-Crabol, Anne-Marie
2000 “Les intellectuels français en exil aux États-Unis pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale : aller et retour”. Matériaux pour l’histoire de notre temps 60.41–47. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Falk, Julia S.
1995 “Roman Jakobson and the History of Saussurean Concepts in North American Linguistics”. Historiographia Linguistica 22:3.335–367. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
1998 “The American Shift from Historical to Non-historical Linguistics: E. H. Sturtevant and the first Linguistic Institutes”. Language & Communication 18:2.171–180. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Falk, Julia S. & John E. Joseph
1994 “The Saleski Family and the Founding of the LSA Linguistic Institutes”. Historiographia Linguistica 21:1–2.137–156. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Fowkes, Robert A.
1994 “The International Linguistic Association: A subjective history”. Word 45:1.1–17. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Greenberg, Joseph H.
1994 “The Influence of WORD and the Linguistic Circle of New York on my Intellectual Development”. Word 45:1.19–25. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Goldsmith, John & Bernard Laks
2021 Aux origines des sciences humaines. Linguistique, philosophie, logique, psychologie (1840–1940). Paris: Gallimard.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Hall, Robert A.
1969 “Some Recent Developments in American Linguistics”. Neuphilologische Mitteilungen 70.192–227.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
1991 “165 Broadway — A Crucial Node in American Structural Linguistics”. Historiographia Linguistica 17:1.153–166. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Halle, Morris
1988 “The Bloomfield-Jakobson Correspondence, 1944–1946”. Language 64:4.737–754. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Harris, Zellig S.
1941 “Review of Grundzüge der Phonologie by N. S. Troubetzkoy (Prague: Travaux du Cercle linguistique de Prague VII, 1939)”. Language 17:4.345–349. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Hockett, Charles F.
1993 “George Leonard Trager”. Language 69:4.778–788.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Hymes, Dell & John Fought
1981 American Structuralism. The Hague / Paris / New York: Mouton. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Jakobson, Roman
1971 [1932] “La Scuola Linguistica di Praga”. Selected Writings II. Word and Language, 539–546. The Hague: Mouton.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
1971 [1939] “Les lois phoniques du langage enfantin et leur place dans la phonologie générale”. Selected Writings I. Phonological Studies, 317–327. The Hague: Mouton.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
1944a “Franz Boas’ Approach to Language”. International Journal of American Linguistics 10:4.188–195. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
1944b “Review of Introduction to Russian by George L. Trager (New Havev: Yale University, 1942)”. The Slavonic and East European Review 22:4.120–133. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
1948 “Russian Conjugation”. Word 4.155–167. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Jakobson, Roman & John Lotz
1949 “Notes on the French Phonemic Pattern”. Word 5:2.151–158. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Jakobson, Roman
1966 [1952] “Slavic Epic Verse. Studies in comparative metrics”. Selected Writings IV. Slavic Epic Studies, 416–563. The Hague: Mouton.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
1969 “Un exemple de termes migratoires et de modèles institutionnels : à propos du cinquantième anniversaire du Cercle linguistique de Moscou”. Tel Quel 38.23–31.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Jakobson, Roman & Claude Lévi-Strauss
2018 Correspondance. 1942–1982 ed. by Emmanuelle Loyer & Patrice Maniglier. Paris: Seuil.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Joos, Martin
1986 Notes on the Development of the Linguistic Society of America 1924 to 1950. Ithaca: Linguistic Society of America.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Joseph, John E.
2002 From Whitney to Chomsky. Essays in the history of American linguistics. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Koerner, E. F. K.
2002 Toward a History of American Linguistics. London: Routledge.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Lévi-Strauss, Claude
1945 “L’analyse structurale en linguistique et en anthropologie”. Word 1:2.1–21. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Loyer, Emmanuelle
2007 [2005] Paris à New York. Intellectuels et artistes français en exil (1940–1947). Paris: Hachette.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Martinet, André
1993 Mémoires d’un linguiste. Vivre les langues. Paris: Quai Voltaire.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
1994 “An early history of WORD. Volumes 1 to 25”. Word 45:1.27–37. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Meillet, Antoine
1933 “Review of Language by Leonard Bloomfield, (New York: Henry Holt, 1933)”. Bulletin de la Société de linguistique de Paris 34:2.1–2.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Muller, Henri F.
1945 “Word”. Word 1:1.3–4. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Murray, Stephen O.
1993 Theory Groups and the Study of Language in North America. A social history. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Newmeyer, Frederick J.
2022 American Linguistics in Transition. From Post-Bloomfieldian Structuralism to Generative Grammar. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Newmeyer, Frederick
à paraître. “The LSA and the LCNY: Colleagues or rivals — or both ?”. Language & History.
Orain, Olivier
2018 “Les écoles en sciences de l’homme : usages indigènes et catégories analytiques”. Revue d’histoire des sciences humaines 32.7–38. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Penzl, Herbert
1991 “Reminiscences of 165 Broadway, 1943–1945”. Historiographia Linguistica 18:1.247–260. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Pike, Kenneth L.
1994 “A Limited Perspective on WORD Seen in a Transitional Moment between Paradigms”. Word 45:1.39–43. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Porzio Gernia, Maria Luisa & Larissa Bonfante
2018 Giuliano Bonfante and Historical Linguistics, 1930–2000. Heidelberg: Winter.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Puech, Christian
2015 “La notion d’“école linguistique” : unité, singularité, pluralité”. Histoire Épistémologie Langage 37:2.5–15. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Read, Allen Walker
1991 “A Personal Journey through Linguistics”. First person Singular II: Autobiographies by North American Scholars in the Language Sciences ed. by K. K. Koerner, 275–282. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Rudy, Stephen
1990 Roman Jakobson. A complete bibliography of his writings, Berlin / New York: Mouton de Gruyter. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Rutkoff, Peter M. & William B. Scott
1983 “The French in New York: Resistance and structure”. Social Research 50:1.185–214.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Sauvageot, Aurélien
2020 Un linguiste dans son siècle. Mémoires, 1897–1954. Paris: L’Harmattan.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Sebeok, Thomas A.
1977 “Roman Jakobson’s Teaching in America”. Roman Jakobson: Echoes of his scholarship ed. by Daniel Armstrong & C H. van Schooneveld, 411–420. Lisse: Peter de Ridder.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Servos, John W.
1993 “Research Schools and their Histories”. Osiris 8.3–15. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Sommerfelt, Alf
1945 “Les questions linguistiques et la paix”. Word 1:1.5–18. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Součková, Milada
1977 “The Prague Linguistic Circle: A collage”. Sound, Sign and Meaning. Quinquagenary of the Prague Linguistic Circle ed. by Ladislav Matejka, 1–5. Ann Arbor: Michigan Slavic Contributions.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Sturtevant, E. H.
1940 “History of the Linguistic Institute”. LSA Bulletin 13.83–89.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Testenoire, Pierre-Yves
2015 “L’école de Genève vue de la Société de linguistique de Paris”. Histoire Épistémologie Langage 37:2.53–70. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
2022 “Jakobson & Co : la linguistique à l’École libre des hautes études”. La linguistique et ses formes historiques d’organisation et de production ed. by Didier Samain & Pierre-Yves Testenoire, 161–188. Paris. HEL Livres. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
2024 “Courses in General Linguistics by Roman Jakobson at the École Libre des Hautes Études”. History of Linguistics 2021 ed. by Savina Raynaud, Maria Paola Tenchini & Enrica Galazzi, 222–239. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Thomas, Margaret
2014 “Jakobson’s Circle”. History of Linguistics 2011 ed. by Vadim Kasevich, Yuri Kleiner & Patrick Sériot, 145–155. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Toman, Jindřich
1995 The Magic of a Common Language. Jakobson, Mathesius, Trubetzkoy, and the Prague Linguistic Circle. Cambridge, Mass. / London: The MIT Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Troubetzkoy, Nicolaï S.
2006 Correspondance avec Roman Jakobson et autres écrits dir. et trad. par Patrick Sériot & Margarita Schönenberger. Lausanne: Payot.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Zolberg, Aristide R. & Agnès Callamard
1998 “The Ecole Libre at the New School, 1941–1946”. Social Research 65:4.921–951.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
 
Mobile Menu Logo with link to supplementary files background Layer 1 prag Twitter_Logo_Blue