The metalinguistic development of the term ‘periphrasis’ in the western grammatical tradition from Antiquity to the Enlightenment

Beatrice Grieco and Edoardo Nardi
Sapienza Università di Roma | Università degli Studi di Palermo

In 1993, Hoffmann published a study on the historical development of the term ‘periphrasis’ in grammars, which originally indicated a figure of speech, used for stylistic and rhetorical purposes. To date, Hoffmann’s article remains the only contribution to the question. In this paper, we further investigate the history of the morphosyntactic category of ‘periphrasis’, with special attention to practical grammars, which are not discussed by Hoffmann. The analysis of grammars dating from Antiquity to the Enlightenment confirms Hoffmann’s findings with additional data, and sheds new light on the metalinguistic development of the morphosyntactic category of ‘periphrasis’ over the centuries. From the late 15th to the 18th century, grammars, especially practical, of many European and non-European languages attest a notable terminological richness to indicate analytic constructions, understood as morphosyntactic categories (comparative and superlative, compound tenses). These grammars feature not only periphrasis and circumlocutio, which are already found in the earlier tradition, but also the verb related to the latter, circumloquor, circumscribo, and language-specific expressions, such as rodeo in Spanish and Portuguese, and tour in French. Despite the development and persistence of the grammatical connotation of periphrasis and analogous terms, ‘periphrasis’ also retains its original rhetorical usage throughout the Modern Age.

Publication history

Date received: 4 January 2025

Date accepted: 5 April 2025

Published online: 16 May 2025

Table of contents

Today, the word ‘periphrasis’ (from Greek περίφρασις ‘circumlocution’) has two main meanings — or, rather, nuances — which bear different connotations (Haspelmath 2000: 654–655). In a loose, non-technical sense, ‘periphrasis’ refers to a multi-word expression used in place of a single word or a shorter phrase. Besides, periphrasis is also counted among the canonical literary rhetorical figures (Lausberg 1963 [1949]: 69), consisting in a roundabout expression used for poetic or rhetorical purposes. However, it can be difficult to make a clear-cut distinction between these two usages.

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