Grounded theory

Una Dirks
Table of contents

The Grounded Theory (GT) approach is primarily conceived of as a methodology and/or a set of specific methods for discovering a grounded, i.e. data-driven, theory with regard to structure- and action-bound dimensions of the phenomenon under study. Due to the reconstructive and constructive methods applied in the research process, GT generally is identified as a qualitative approach, although it also has been applied for quantitative research purposes. GT was developed by the US American sociologists Anselm Strauss and Barney Glaser as a result of their collaborative research with Jeanne Quint Benoliel on dying hospital patients (Glaser & Strauss 1965, 1967).

Full-text access is restricted to subscribers. Log in to obtain additional credentials. For subscription information see Subscription & Price.

References

Arbeitsgruppe Bielefelder Soziologen
(eds) 1973 Alltagswissen, Interaktion und gesellschaftliche Wirklichkeit. Reinbek bei Hamburg: Rowohlt.Google Scholar
Archer, Margaret S.
2003 Structure, Agency and the Internal Conversation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Baumann, Zygmunt.
2005 “Afterthought. On writing sociology.” In The Sage Handbook of Qualitative Research, (3rd edn), ed. by Norman K. Denzin and Yvonna S. Lincoln, 1089–1098. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Becker, Howard S.
1998 Tricks of the Trade. How to Think about Your Research while You are Doing It. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Björkman, Beyza.
2013 English as an Academic Lingua Franca. An Investigation of Form and Communicative Effectiveness. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Bowers, Barbara and Lenny Schatzman
2009 Theory and Practice of Dimensional Analysis: Linking Everyday Understanding to Research Methodology. Walnut Creek, CA: Left Press.Google Scholar
Breuer, Franz, Günter Mey and Katja Mruck
2011 “Subjektivität und Selbst-/Reflexivität in der Grounded-Theory-Methodologie.” In Grounded Theory Reader (2nd edn), ed. by Günter Mey and Katja Mruck, 427–448. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Bryant, Antony.
2009 “Grounded Theory and pragmatism: The curious case of Anselm Strauss.” Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung/Forum: Qualitative Social Research 10(3) [113 paragraphs], Art. 15. http://​nbn​-resolving​.de​/urn:nbn:de:0114​-fqs090325 (access 08/11/2013)Google Scholar
Bryant, Antony and Kathy Charmaz
2007 “Introduction. Grounded Theory research: Methods and practices.” In The Sage Handbook of Grounded Theory, ed. by Antony Bryant and Kathy Charmaz, 1–28. London: Sage. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Bulmer, Martin.
1984 The Chicago School of Sociology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Burck, Charlotte.
2005 Multilingual Living. Language and Subjectivity. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Carey, James.
1975 Sociology and Public Affairs. The Chicago School. Beverly Hills: Sage.Google Scholar
Charmaz, Kathy.
2006a Constructing Grounded Theory. A Practical Guide through Qualitative Analysis. London: Sage.Google Scholar
2006b “Special: An Interview with Kathy Charmaz: On constructing Grounded Theory by Antony J. Puddephat.” Qualitative Sociology Review II(3). http://​www​.qualitativesociologyreview​.org​/ENG​/Volume5​/QSR​_2​_3​_Interview​.pdf (retrieved 08/11/2013)Google Scholar
2007 “Grounded Theory in historical perspective: An epistemological account.” In The Sage Handbook of Grounded Theory, ed. by Antony Bryant and Kathy Charmaz, 31–57. London: Sage. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2011 “Grounded Theory methods in social justice research.” In The Sage Handbook of Qualitative Research (4th edn), ed. by Norman K. Denzin and Yvonna S. Lincoln, 359–380. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Chase, Susan E.
2005 “Narrative inquiry: Multiple lenses, approaches, voices.” In The Sage Handbook of Qualitative Research (3rd edn), ed. by Norman K. Denzin and Yvonna S. Lincoln, 651–679. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Clandinin, Jean and Michael Connelly
2004 Narrative Inquiry. New York: Jossey-Bass. DOI logo  BoPGoogle Scholar
Clarke, Adele E. and Carrie Friese
2007 “Grounded theorizing using situational analysis.” In Sage Handbook of Grounded Theory, ed. by Antony Bryant and Kathy Charmaz, 363–397. London: Sage.DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Coleman James
1990 Foundations of Social Theory. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Connor, Ulla.
2011 Intercultural Rhetoric in the Writing Classroom. Ann Arbor, MI: The Michigan University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Corbin, Juliet and Anselm Strauss
2008 Basics of Qualitative Research (3rd edn). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Davidson, Christina.
2009 “Transcription: Imperatives for qualitative research.” International Journal of Qualitative Methods 8(2): 35–52. http://​ejournals​.library​.ualberta​.ca​/index​.php​/IJQM​/article​/view​/4205 (access 06/16/2014) DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Dey, Ian.
2007 “Grounding categories.” In The Sage Handbook of Grounded Theory, ed. by Antony Bryant and Kathy Charmaz, 168–901. London: Sage.DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Dirks, Una.
2000 Wie werden EnglischlehrerInnen professionell? Eine berufsbiographische Untersuchung in den neuen Bundesländern [How do English language teachers become professionals? An investigation of teachers’ biographies in East Germany]. Münster: Waxmann.Google Scholar
2010 Der Irak-Konflikt in den Medien. Eine sprach-, politik- und kommunikationswissenschaftliche Analyse [The Iraq conflict in the media. Analyses at the interface of linguistics, political and communication sciences]. Konstanz: uvk.Google Scholar
Dirks, Una, Wilfried Hansmann and Hendrik Baumbach
2013 “Item-Pools der administrierten Fälle” [Item pools of the administered cases]. In Pädagogisch-soziologische Diagnosekompetenz modellieren und analysieren. Eine formative Evaluation im Schnittfeld von Bildungs- und Professionsforschung [Modeling and analyzing pedagogical and sociological competencies of diagnostics. A formative evaluation at the interface of research on ‘Bildung’ and professionalism], ed. by Wilfried Hansmann, Una Dirks and Hendrik Baumbach, 159–190. Marburg: Tectum.Google Scholar
Dresing, Thorsten, Thorsten Pehl and Claudia Lombardo
2008 “Schnellere Transkription durch Spracherkennung?” [Speech recognition software – An improvement to the transcription process?] Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung/Forum: Qualitative Social Research 9(2) [35 Paragraphs], Art. 17. http://​nbn​-resolving​.de​/urn:nbn:de:0114​-fqs0802174 (access 08/11/2013)Google Scholar
Drew, Paul and John Heritage
(eds) 1992 Talk at Work: Interaction in Institutional Settings. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.  BoPGoogle Scholar
Esser, Hartmut
(1998) “Why are bridge hypotheses necessary?” In Rational Choice Theory and Large-Scale Data Analysis, ed. by Hans-Peter Blossfeld and Gerald Prein, 94–111. Boulder, CO: Westview.Google Scholar
Esser, Hartmut.
1999 Soziologie. Spezielle Grundlagen Bd.1. Situationslogik und Handeln [Sociology. Special foundations Vol.1. The logic of the situation and agency]. Frankfurt/M.: Campus.Google Scholar
2000 Soziologie. Spezielle Grundlagen, Bd. 2. Die Konstruktion der Gesellschaft [Sociology. Special foundations Vol.2. The construction of society]. Frankfurt/M.: Campus.Google Scholar
2001 Soziologie. Spezielle Grundlagen. Bd. 6: Sinn und Kultur [Sociology. Special foundations. Vol. 6: Meaning and culture]. Frankfurt/M.: Campus.Google Scholar
2002 “Was könnte man (heute) unter einer ‘Theorie mittlerer Reichweite’ verstehen?” [How could we understand the notion of a middle-range theory?] In Akteure – Mechanismen – Modelle [Actors – Mechanisms – Models], ed. by Renate Mayntz, 128–150. Frankfurt/M.: Campus.Google Scholar
Flick, Uwe.
2000 “Episodic interviewing.” In Qualitative Researching with Text, Image and Sound, ed. by Martin W. Bauer and George D. Gaskell, 75–92. London: Sage.Google Scholar
Franceschini, Rita and Johanna Miecnikowski
(eds) 2004 Leben mit mehreren Sprachen. Sprachbiographien / Vivre avec plusieurs langues. Biographies langagières. Bern: Lang.Google Scholar
Giddens, Anthony.
1984 The Constitution of Society: Outline of the Theory of Structuration. Cambridge: Polity.Google Scholar
Glaser, Barney G.
1978 Theoretical Sensitivity. Mill Valley, CA: Sociology Press.Google Scholar
1992 Emergence vs. Forcing: Basics of Grounded Theory Analysis. Mill Valley, CA: Sociology Press.Google Scholar
1995 Grounded Theory 1984–1994 (2 Volumes). Mill Valley, CA: Sociology Press.Google Scholar
1998 Doing Grounded Theory: Issues and Discussions. Mill Valley, CA: Sociology Press.Google Scholar
Glaser, Barney.
2007 “Forty years after discovery: Grounded Theory worldwide.” [Barney Glaser in Conversation with Massimiliano Tarozzi] The Grounded Theory Review. Special Issue, 21–41.Google Scholar
2013a Getting Out of the Data: Grounded Theory Conceptualization. Mill Valley: Sociology Press.Google Scholar
2013b “Staying open. The use of theoretical codes in GT.” The Grounded Theory Review 12(1): 3–8. http://​groundedtheoryreview​.com​/wp​-content​/uploads​/2013​/06​/Vol12Issue1​_GlaserTheoreticalCodes​.pdf (access 13/08/2013)Google Scholar
Glaser, Barney, with the assistance of Judith Holton
(2004) “Remodeling Grounded Theory.” Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung/Forum Qualitative Social Research, 5(2) [80 paragraphs], Art. 4. http://​nbn​-resolving​.de​/um:nbn:de:0114​-fqs040245 (access 13/08/2013)Google Scholar
Glaser, Barney and Anselm Strauss
1965 Awareness of Dying. Chicago: Aldine Publishing Company.Google Scholar
Glaser, Barney G. and Anselm L. Strauss
1967 The Discovery of Grounded Theory. Strategies for Qualitative Research. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Goffman, Erving.
1974 Frame Analysis. An Essay on the Organization of Experience. New York: Harper & Row.  BoPGoogle Scholar
Goldthorpe, John.
2000 On Sociology: Numbers, Narratives and the Integration of Research and Theory. Oxford, UK: OUP.Google Scholar
Greshoff, Rainer and Uwe Schimank
2013 “Die integrative Sozialtheorie von Hartmut Esser” [Hartmut Esser’s intergrative social theory]. In Pädagogisch-soziologische Diagnosekompetenz modellieren und analysieren. Eine formative Evaluation im Schnittfeld von Bildungs- und Professionsforschung [Modeling and analyzing pedagogical and sociological competencies of diagnostics. A formative evaluation at the interface of research on ‘Bildung’ and professionalism], ed. by Wilfried Hansmann, Una Dirks & Hendrik Baumbach, 73–100. Marburg: Tectum.Google Scholar
Hammersley, Martyn.
2010 “A historical and comparative note on the relationship between analytic induction and grounded theorising.” Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung/Forum: Qualitative Social Research 11(2), [22 Paragraphs], Art. 4. http://​nbn​-resolving​.de​/urn:nbn:de:0114​-fqs100243 (access 08/11/2013)Google Scholar
Hildenbrand, Bruno.
2007 “Mediating structure and interaction in Grounded Theory.” In The Sage Handbook of Grounded Theory, ed. by Antony Bryant and Kathy Charmaz, 539–564. London: Sage. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Huberman, Michael A. and Matthew B. Miles
1999 “Data management and analysis methods.” In Collecting and Interpreting Qualitative Materials, ed. by Norman K. Denzin and Yvonna S. Lincoln, 179–210. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Jefferson, Gail.
2004 “Glossary of transcript symbols with an introduction.” In Conversation Analysis: Studies from the First Generation, ed. by Gene H. Lerner, 13–23. Philadelphia: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Kaplan, Robert B.
1966 “Cultural thought patterns in inter-cultural education.” Language Learning: A Journal of Applied Linguistics 16: 1–20. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2005 “Contrastive rhetoric.” Handbook of Research in Second Language Teaching and Learning, ed. by Eli Hinkel, 375–392. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Kelle, Udo.
1997 Empirisch begründete Theoriebildung: Zur Logik und Methodologie interpretativer Sozialforschung. [An empirical foundation of theory construction: The logic and methodology of interpretative social research] Weinheim: Deutscher Studienverlag.Google Scholar
2003 “Entdeckung und Entwicklung kausaler Hypothesen in der qualitativen Sozialforschung.” [Discovery and development of causal hypotheses in qualitative social research] Zentralblatt für Didaktik der Mathematik/International Reviews on Mathematical Education 35(6): 232–246. http://​www​.fiz​-karlsruhe​.de​/fiz​/publications​/zdm​/zdms1​.html (access 01/16/2009) DOI logo
2004 “Computer-assisted qualitative data analysis.” In Qualitative Research Practice, ed. by Clive Seale, Giampetro Gobo, Jaber F. Gubrium and David Silverman, 473–489. London: Sage.DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2007 “The development of categories: Different approaches in Grounded Theory.” The Sage Handbook of Grounded Theory, ed. by Antony Bryant and Kathy Charmaz, 191–213. London: Sage. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2014 “Theorization from data.” In The Sage Handbook of Qualitative Data Analysis, ed. by Uwe Flick, 554–569. London: Sage. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Keller, Rainer.
2011 “The sociological of knowledge approach to discourse (SKAD).” Human Studies 34(1): 43–65. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Kincheloe, Joe L. and Peter McLaren
2005 “Rethinking critical theory and qualitative research.” In The Sage Handbook of Qualitative Research (3rd edn), ed. by Norman K. Denzin and Yvonna S. Lincoln, 303–343. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Kosnick, Kira.
2007 Migrant Media: Turkish Broadcasting and Multicultural Politics in Berlin. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Kroneberg, Clemens and Frank Kalter
2012 “Rational choice theory and empirical research: Methodological and theoretical contributions in Europe.” Annual Review of Sociology 38: 73–92. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Laudan, Larry.
1977 Progress and its Problems. Towards a Theory of Scientific Growth. London and Henley: Routledge & Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Lee, Raymond M. and Nigel Fielding
1996 “Qualitative data analysis: Representations of a technologoy: A comment on Coffey, Holbrook and Atkinson.” Sociological Research Online 1(4). http://​www​.socresonline​.org​.uk​/1​/4​/lf​.html (access 08/17/2013) DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Levi-Strauss, Claude.
1966 The Savage Mind. Chicago: Chicago University Press.Google Scholar
Locke, Karen.
1996 “Rewriting the discovery of Grounded Theory after 25 years?” Journal of Management Inquiry 5(3): 239–245. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Malinowski, Bronislaw.
1922 Argonauts of the Western Pacific. An Account of Native Enterprise and Adventure in the Archipelagoes of Melanesian New Guinea. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Mannheim, Karl.
1985 [1936] Ideology and Utopia: An Introduction to the Sociology of Knowledge. [Translated from the German by Louis Wirth and Edward Shils] San Diego, CA: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.Google Scholar
McNamara, Tim.
2012 “Poststructuralism and its challenges for applied linguistics.” Applied Linguistics 33(5): 473–482. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Merton, Robert K.
1949 Social Theory and Social Structure. New York: The Free Press.Google Scholar
Mey, Günter and Katja Mruck
2011 “Grounded-Theory-Methodologie: Entwicklung, Stand, Perspektiven.” [The methodology of Grounded Theory: Its development, state of the art, and future perspectives] In Grounded Theory Reader (2nd edn), ed. by Günter Mey and Katja Mruck, 11–48. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Miller, Elizabeth R.
2011 “Indeterminacy and interview research: Co-constructing ambiguity and clarity in interviews with an adult immigrant learner of English.” Applied Linguistics 32(1): 43–59. DOI logo  BoPGoogle Scholar
Mishler, Elliot G.
1995 “Models of narrative analysis: A typology.” Journal of Narrative and Life History 5: 87–123. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Morse, Janice M.
2007 “Sampling in Grounded Theory.” In The Sage Handbook of Grounded Theory, ed. by Antony Bryant and Kathy Charmaz, 229–244. London: Sage. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Morse, Janice M., Phyllis Noerager Stern, Juliet Corbin, Barbara Bowers, Kathy Charmaz and Adele E. Clarke
2009 Developing Grounded Theory. The Second Generation. Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast Press.Google Scholar
Mruck, Katja and Günter Mey
2007 “Grounded Theory and reflexivity.” In The Sage Handbook of Grounded Theory, ed. by Antony Bryant and Kathy Charmaz, 515–531. London: Sage.Google Scholar
Olson, Mitchell M.
2007 “Using Grounded Action methodology for student intervention-driven succeeding: A Grounded Action study in adult education.” Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung/Forum Qualitative Social Research 9(1) [38 paragraphs], Art. 9. http://​nbn​-resolving​.de​/urn:nbn:de:0114​-fqs080193 (access 08/13/2013)Google Scholar
Park, Robert E.
1915 “The city: Suggestions for the investigation of human behavior in the city environment.” American Journal of Sociology 20: 577–612. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Pascale, Celine Marie.
2011 Carthographies of Knowledge: Exploring Qualitative Epistemologies. Los Angeles, CA: Sage. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Peirce, Charles Sanders.
1958a Collected Papers. Vols. 1-6. Edited by Charles Hartshorne and Paul Weiss. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
1958b Collected Papers. Vols. 7-8. Edited by Arthur W. Burks. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Polkinghorne, Donald E.
1988 Narrative Knowing and the Human Sciences. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.Google Scholar
Reichertz, Jo.
2007 “Abduction: The logic of discovery of Grounded Theory.” In The Sage Handbook of Grounded Theory, ed. by Antony Bryant and Kathy Charmaz, 214–228. London: Sage. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Reisigl, Martin and Ruth Wodak
2009 “The Discourse-Historical Approach (DHA).” In Methods for Critical Discourse Analysis (2nd edn), ed. by Ruth Wodak and Michael Meyer, 87–121. London: Sage.Google Scholar
Riemann, Gerhard.
2011 “Grounded Theorizing als Gespräch. [Grounded Theorizing while talking]” In Grounded Theory Reader (2nd edn), ed. by Günter Mey and Katja Mruck, 405–426. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag.Google Scholar
Romero-Trillo, Jesus
(ed.) 2013 Yearbook of Corpus Linguistics and Pragmatics. New Domains and Methodologies. Dordrecht: Springer. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Rosenthal, Gabriele.
1993 “Reconstruction of life stories. Principles of selection in generating stories for narrative biographical interviews.” The Narrative Study of Lives 1(1): 59–91.Google Scholar
Schmid, Michael.
2011 “The logic of mechanismic explanations in the social sciences.” In Analytical Sociology and Social Mechanisms, ed. by Pierre Demeulenaere, 136–153. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Schütz, Alfred.
1962 [1953] “Common-sense and scientific interpretation of the common world.” In Collected Papers Vol. I: The Problem of Social Reality, ed. by Maurice Natanson, 67–96. Den Hague: Nijhoff.DOI logoGoogle Scholar
1971 “Das Wählen zwischen Handlungsentwürfen.” [Choosing among projects of action] In Gesammelte Aufsätze, Bd. 1: Das Problem der sozialen Wirklichkeit [Collected papers, Vol. 1: The problem of social reality], 77–110. Den Haag: Martinus Nijhoff. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Schütze, Fritz.
2007 “Biography analysis on the empirical base of autobiographical narratives: How to analyse autobiographical narrative interviews – Part 1 + 2.” Biographical Counselling in Rehabilitative Vocational Training – Further Education Curriculum. Magdeburg: Universität Magdeburg. http://​www​.uni​-magdeburg​.de​/zsm​/projekt​/biographical​/1​/B2​.1​.pdf, http://​www​.uni​-magdeburg​.de​/zsm​/projekt​/biographical​/1​/B2​.2​.pdf (access 09/09/2013)Google Scholar
Selting, Margret et al.
2011 “A system for transcribing talk-in-interaction: GAT 2.” Translated and adapted for English by Elizabeth Couper-Kuhlen and Dagmar Barth-Weingarten. Gesprächsforschung 12: 1—51. http://​www​.gespraechsforschung​-ozs​.de​/heft2011​/px​-gat2​-englisch​.pdfGoogle Scholar
Simmons, Odis E. and Toni A. Gregory
2003 “Grounded Action: Achieving optimal and sustainable change”. Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research 4(3) [51 paragraphs] Art. 27. http://​nbn​-resolving​.de​/urn:nbn:de:0114​-fqs0303271 (access 08/10/2013)Google Scholar
Squire, Corinne
2004 “Narrative genres.” In Qualitative Research Practice, ed. by Clive Seale, Giampetro Gobo, Jaber F. Gubrium and David Silverman, 116–118. London: Sage.Google Scholar
Squire, Corinne.
2012 “Narratives and the gift of the future.” Narrative Works 2(1): 67—82.Google Scholar
Strauss, Anselm L.
1959 [1969] Mirrors and Masks. Mill Valley, CA: The Sociological Press.Google Scholar
1987 Qualitative Analysis for Social Scientists. New York: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
1990 Creating Sociological Awareness. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers.Google Scholar
2004 “Research is hard work, it’s always a bit suffering. Therefore, on the other side research should be fun.” An interview by Heiner Legewie and Barbara Schervier-Legewie. Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research (3), Art. 22. http://​urn:nbn:de:0114​-fqs0403222 (retrieved 08/11/2013)Google Scholar
Strauss, Anselm L. and Juliet Corbin
1990 Basics of Qualitative Research. Grounded Theory Procedures and Techniques. Newbury Park, Ca, London: Sage.Google Scholar
Strübing, Jörg.
2004 Grounded Theory. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2007 “Research as pragmatic problem-solving: The pragmatist roots of empirically-grounded theorizing.” In The Sage Handbook of Grounded Theory, ed. by Antony Bryant and Kathy Charmaz, 580–601. London: Sage. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Tedlock, Barbara.
1992 The Beautiful and the Dangerous: Encounters with the Zuni Indians. New York: Viking/Penguin Books.Google Scholar
Thornberg, Robert.
2012 “Informed Grounded Theory.” Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research 56(3): 243–59. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Titscher, Stefan, Michael Meyer, Ruth Wodak and Eva Vetter
2000 Methods of Text and Discourse Analysis. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.  BoPGoogle Scholar
Trahar, Sheila.
2009 “Beyond the story itself: Narrative inquiry and autoethnography in intercultural research in higher education”. Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 10(1) [41 paragraphs], Art. 30. http://​nbn​-resolving​.de​/urn:nbn:de:0114​-fqs0901308 (access 07/16/2013)Google Scholar
UK Data Archive
nd. Create and Manage Data. Formatting Your Data. University of Essex, UK. http://​data​-archive​.ac​.uk​/create​-manage​/format​/transcription (access 07/16/2013)
Urquhart, Cathy.
2013 Grounded Theory for Qualitative Research. London: Sage.DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Weber, Max.
1949 [1904] “Objectivity in social science and social policy.” In The Methodology of the Social Sciences, trans. and ed. by Edward A. Shils and Henry A. Finch, 49–112. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
1988a [1922] “Über einige Kategorien der verstehenden Soziologie.” [About some categories of interpretive sociology] In Gesammelte Aufsätze zur Wissenschaftslehre by Max Weber (7th edn), ed. by Johannes Winckelmann, 427–474. Tübingen: Mohr. [In English: Guenther Roth and Claus Wittich. 1978. Economy and Society: An Outline of Interpretive Sociology. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.]Google Scholar
1988b [1922] “Soziologische Grundbegriffe.” [Basic sociological terms] In Gesammelte Aufsätze zur Wissenschaftslehre by Max Weber (7th edn), ed. by Johannes Winckelmann, 541–581. Tübingen: Mohr. [In English: Guenther Roth and Claus Wittich. 1978. Economy and Society: An Outline of Interpretive Sociology. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.]Google Scholar
Wengraf, Tom.
2001 Qualitative Research Interviewing: Biographic Narrative and Semi-Structured Method. London: Sage. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Werlen, Erika.
1998 Sprache, Kommunikationskultur und Mentalität. Zur sozio- und kontaktlinguistischen Theoriebildung und Methodologie. Tübingen: Niemeyer.  BoPGoogle Scholar
Wiener, Carolyn.
2007 “Making teams work in conducting Grounded Theory.” In The Sage Handbook of Grounded Theory, ed. by Antony Bryant and Kathy Charmaz, 293–311. London: Sage.DOI logoGoogle Scholar