Ulus kavramı açıklanması çok zor bir kavramdır. Geller bu kavramı açıklamak için biri kültüre ve diğeri gönüllülük esasına dayalı (2006: 6–7) iki yaklaşım önermişse de her ikisini de tatmin edici bulmaz ve ulusların sadece ulusçuluk çağı bağlamında (2006: 54) tanımlanabileceğini belirtir. Modern ulus kavramı, Avrupa'da yakın zamanda oluşturulmuş olabilir ama ulusları tanımlamada veya yaratmada dilin oynadığı kilit rolün köklü bir tarihi vardır. Benzer şekilde, çeviribilim [Translation Studies] de modern bir bilim dalıdır ama çevirinin [translation] imparatorlukların inşasındaki rolü hiç de yeni değildir (Robinson 1997: 9). Mısırlılar, Yunanlılar, Romalılar, Araplar, Çinliler, Osmanlılar ve birçok devlet, imparatorluklarını önce fetih sonra da ticaret yoluyla genişletirken uluslarını da çeviri yoluyla yücelttiler (bkz. Bilim Çevirisi) [Scientific translation].

Kaynakça

Anderson, Benedict

2006/1983 Imagined Communities. Reflections on the Origins and Spread of Nationalim. London/New York: Verso.

Arrojo, Rosemary

2002/1999 “Interpretative as possessive love. Hélène Cixous, Clarice Lispector and the ambivalence of fidelity.” In Post-colonial Translation. Theory and Practice, Susan Bassnett & Harish Trivedi (eds), 141–161. London: Routledge.

Burke, Peter

2007 “Cultures of translation in early modern Europe.” In Cultural Translation in Early Modern Europe, Peter Burke & R. Po-chia Hsia (eds), 7–38. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. TSB

Cheyfitz, Eric

1997 The Poetics of Imperialism. Translation and Colonization from the Tempest to Tarzan. Amsterdam: University of Pennsylvania Press. TSB

Corbett, John

1999 Written in the Language of the Scottish Nation. A History of Literary Translation into Scots. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters. TSB

Cronin, Michael

1996 Translating Ireland: Translation, Languages, Cultures. Cork: Cork University Press. TSB

Fabian, Johannes

1986 Language and Colonial Power: The Appropriation of Swahili in the Former Belgian Congo 1880–1938. Berkeley: University of California Press. BoP

Greenblatt, Stephen

1991 Marvellous Possessions. The Wonder of the New World. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Hardt, Michael & Negri, Antonio

2000 Empire. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Heller, Ernest

2006/1983 Nations and Nationalism. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.

Kothari, Rita & Wakabayashi, Judy

2009 “Introduction.” In Decentering Translation Studies. India and Beyond, Rita Kothari & Judy Wakabayashi (eds), 1–15. Amsterdam: John Benjamins TSB.

Lezra, Jacques

2005 “Nationum Origo.” In Nation, Language, and the Ethics of Translation, Sandra Bermann & Michael Wood (eds), 203–228. Princeton: Princeton University Press. TSB

Lung, Rachel

2011 Interpreters in Early Imperial China. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. TSB

Nama, Charles Atangana

2009 “A history of translation and interpretation in the littoral province of Cameroon.” In Perspectives on Translation and Interpretation in Cameroon, Emmanuel H. Chia & Joseph C. Suh (eds), 47–56. Bamenda, CMR: Langaa.

Rafael, Vicente

1993 Contracting Colonialism: Translation and Christian Conversion in Tagalog -Society under Early Spanish Rule. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. TSB

Robinson, Douglas

1997 Translation and Empire. Manchester: St. Jerome. TSB

Tageldin, Shaden M.

2011 Disarming Words: Empire and the Seductions of Translation in Egypt. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. TSB

Tymoczko, Maria

2007 Enlarging Translation, Empowering Translators. Manchester: St. Jerome. TSB

Venuti, Lawrence

1998 The Scandals of Translation. London: Routledge. BoP

Weissbort, Daniel, & Eysteinsson, Astradur

2006 Translation Theory and Practice: A Historical Reader. Oxford: Oxford University Press. TSB