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Article In: Historiographia Linguistica: Online-First Articles

Interlinear translations for language teaching

The principles, practice, and results for the last five hundred years

 | Universidad Industrial de Santander
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Abstract
Interlinear translations (ITs) are a typographical arrangement in which texts in two languages written are interspersed on separate lines, with the words aligned so as to enable the reader to understand a foreign language by following the words on the line below. This article offers a detailed history of ITs as a language teaching method, starting from the earliest written records in the Middle Ages, making an examination of the philosophical precursors around the 1500s. In the subsequent analysis of the commercial development of IT methods during the nineteenth century, particular attention is paid to the principal publishers and to the rationale behind the method. The study concludes with a list of surviving ITs into recent decades, and with hypotheses concerning the reasons for their disappearance from the mainstream methods. This overview fills an important gap in the literature on the history of language teaching.
Résumé
Les traductions interlinéaires (TIs) sont une disposition typographique dans laquelle les textes de deux langues sont intercalés sur des lignes séparées, les mots étant alignés de façon à permettre au lecteur de comprendre une langue étrangère en suivant les mots de la ligne inférieure. Cet article propose une histoire détaillées des TIs en tant que méthode d’enseignement des langues, en commençant par les premiers témoignages de l’époque médiévale, et l’examen des précurseurs philosophiques vers 1500. Dans l’analyse qui suit du développement commercial des méthodes par TIs pendant les années 1800, nous accordons une attention particulière aux principaux éditeurs et à la motivation qui sous-tend l’adoption de la méthode. L’étude se conclut par une liste des TIs qui, dans les dernières décennies, ont survécu, et par des hypothèses sur les causes de leur disparition des méthodes standards. Ce panorama comble une importante lacune de la littérature consacrée à l’histoire de l’enseignement des langues.
Zusammenfassung
Interlineare Übersetzungen sind typografisch so angeordnet, dass Texte aus zwei Sprachen zeilenweise übereinandergesetzt werden, so dass man die Wörter einer Fremdsprache verstehen kann, indem man die Wörter der unteren Zeile liest. Der vorliegende Beitrag bietet eine detaillierte Geschichte der interlinearen Übersetzung als Methode des Sprachunterrichts. Zunächst wird auf die frühesten Belege interlinearer Übersetzungen aus dem Mittelalter sowie ihre philosophischen Vorläufer um 1500 eingegangen. Anschließend wird ihre kommerzielle Entwicklung im 19. Jahrhundert analysiert, wobei insbesondere auch die wichtigsten Verlage und die Beweggründe für die Anwendung dieser Methode thematisiert werden. Der Beitrag schließt mit einer Übersicht über die in den letzten Jahrzehnten noch erhaltenen interlinearen Übersetzungen nebst einigen Hypothesen zu den Ursachen dafür, dass sie aus den gängigen Sprachlehrmethoden verschwunden sind. Damit schließt der Beitrag eine Forschungslücke in der Literatur zur Geschichte des Sprachunterrichts.
Article outline
  • 1.Introduction
    • 1.1Research goals
    • 1.2Definition of an IT
    • 1.3Motivation for this work
  • 2.Factors contributing to the rise and spread of ITs through history
    • 2.1Earliest records of ITS
    • 2.2ITs in the middle ages
    • 2.3ITs in the renaissance
    • 2.4ITs in the modern era
  • 3.The commercial development of interlinear translations: The Hamiltonian system
  • 4.Factors contributing to the decline and disappearance of ITs
    • 4.1Methodological disputes for and against ITs
    • 4.2The legacy of James Hamilton
    • 4.3The Hamilton method or how to work an IT
    • 4.4Debates in the methodology of ITs
      • 4.4.1Word order in the L2
      • 4.4.2Variations in methodology
  • 5.Newer implementations of ITs
  • 6.Final remarks
  • Notes
  • Author queries
  • References
References (168)
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