Article In: Interpreting: Online-First Articles
“l thought it would mostly be bureaucratic stuff, not a banana and a condom”
An interview study on interpreted sex worker consultations
This content is being prepared for publication; it may be subject to changes.
Abstract
This article reports on an original interview study with 12 professional interpreters who provide interpreting for
sex workers at public service institutions, mostly remotely. These consultation appointments focus on health issues and
registration requirements and are mandatory under the German Prostitute Protection Act. Our study investigates the challenges
interpreters perceive when interpreting in a setting in which private and taboo topics become official subjects of conversation.
Our results suggest that, despite the taboo context, interpreters do not find working in such consultations particularly
problematic. The challenges mentioned relate to terminology and technical jargon, besides the specifics of remote interpreting,
such as the lack of visual information in the case of audio interpreting. The study participants also stressed the need for
cultural sensitivity, accompanied sometimes by a shift towards utilitarian decision-making, particularly in those languages in
which sex work is perceived as a more noticeable social taboo. Some situations, such as perceived intersectional vulnerabilities
or suspicions of forced prostitution, trigger stronger emotional discomfort among interpreters, raising the question whether
interpreters have adequate coping strategies at their disposal.
Article outline
- 1.Introduction
- 2.Theoretical background
- 2.1Sexuality and language
- 2.2Translation of sexuality-related content
- 2.3Interpreting sexuality-related content
- 3.Methodology
- 3.1Contextual background
- 3.2Data and analysis
- 4.Findings and discussion
- 4.1The situational context
- 4.1.1Interlocutors
- 4.1.2Organisation and structure of encounters
- 4.2Talking about sex-related topics
- 4.3Interpreters’ emotional discomfort and coping strategies
- 4.1The situational context
- 5.Conclusion
- Notes
References
References (49)
Acosta Vicente, C. (2024). ‘You
are a woman, so you understand what I mean.’ Public service interpreters’ self-perceptions of the (in)significance of their
gender. Interpreting 26 (1), 114–143.
Allan, K. & Burridge, K. (2006). Forbidden
words. Taboo and the censoring of
language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Baldo, M. (2021). Queer
feminisms and the translation of sexual health. In Ş. Susam-Saraeva & E. Spišiaková (Eds.), The
Routledge handbook of translation and health. London/New York: Routledge, 314–330.
Bartłomiejczyk, M. (2016). Face
threats in interpreting. A pragmatic study of plenary debates in the European
Parliament. Katowice: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego.
Becker, D. (2023). Integrating
critical approaches into language teacher education. In C. Ludwig & T. Summer (Eds.), Taboos
and controversial issues in foreign language education: Critical language pedagogy in theory, research and
practice. London/New York: Routledge, 31–39.
BMFSFJ (Bundesministerium für Bildung, Familie, Senioren, Frauen und
Jugend) (2020). Leitfaden zur gesundheitlichen Beratung nach § 10 des
Prostituiertenschutzgesetzes (ProstSchG). [URL] (accessed 10 03 2026).
Braun, S. & Taylor, J. L. (2012). AVIDICUS
comparative studies — Part I: Traditional interpreting and remote interpreting in police
interviews. In S. Braun & J. L. Taylor (Eds.), Videoconference
and remote interpreting in criminal
proceedings. Cambridge: Intersentia, 99–117.
Brock, A. (2017). Zum
Tabu in britischen TV-comedies. In G. Lehmann-Carli, B. Johannsmeyer, K.-D. Johannsmeyer & M. Schult (Eds.), Zerreißproben:
Trauma — Tabu — EmpathieHürden. Berlin: Frank & Timme, 293–306.
Butler, C. (2008). Speaking
the unspeakable: Female interpreters’ response to working with women who have been raped in
war. Clinical Psychology
Forum 192, 22–26.
Chiaro, D. (2007). Not
in front of the children? An analysis of sex on screen in Italy. Linguistica
Antverpiensa 6 (Special
Issue), 255–276.
Corpas Pastor, G. & Gaber, M. (2020). Remote
interpreting in public service settings: Technology, perceptions and practice. SKASE Journal of
Translation and
Interpretation 13 (2), 58–78.
Crespo-Fernandez, E. (2018). Taboos
in speaking of sex and sexuality. In K. Allan (Ed.), The
Oxford handbook of taboo words and
language. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 41–60.
Del Pozo-Triviño, M. I. & Fernandes del Pozo, M. D. (2018). What
public-service agents think interpreters should know to work with gender violence victims. The ‘Speak out for support’
(SOS-VICS)
project. Sendebar 29, 9–33.
DESTATIS (Statistisches
Bundesamt) (2025). Pressemitteilung Nr. 240 vom 3. Juli
2025. [URL] (accessed 10 03 2026).
(2026). Prostitutiertenschutz. Können Angaben zum Geschlecht der
Prostituierten gemacht werden? [URL] (accessed 25 06 2026).
Dewaele, J.-M. (2018). Linguistic
taboos in a second or foreign language. In K. Allan (Ed.), The
Oxford handbook of taboo words and
language. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 218–232.
Hale, S., Martschuk, N., Goodman-Delahunty, J., Taibi, M. & Xu, H. (2020). Interpreting
profanity in police
interviews. Multilingua 39 (4), 369–393.
Held, V. (2006). The
ethics of care: Personal, political, and
global. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Hunt Gómez, C. I. (2023). Insults,
offensive language and taboo words in court interpreting in Spain: A corpus study of interpreted renditions by higher
education students. Translation &
Interpreting 15 (2), 125–141.
Iannone, E. (2021). Dolmetschen
im Gemeinwesen. Rahmenbedingungen und Praxis in Deutschland. In M. Kadrić & S. Pöllabauer (Eds.), Entwicklungslinien
des Dolmetschens im soziokulturellen Kontext. Translationskultur(en) im
DACH-Raum. Tübingen: Narr Francke Attempto, 223–247.
ICRCE (International Committee on the Rights of Sex Workers in
Europe) (2016). Surveilled. Exploited. Deported. Rights violations against migrant
sex workers in Europe and Central Asia. [URL] (accessed 25.6.2026).
Karpińska, P. & Olejniczak, J. (2019). Fifty
shades of translation: On the patterns in the English to Polish translation of erotica. Journal
of Education Culture and
Society 2, 219–232.
Kateregga, A., Bizimana, V. & Rusanganwa, J. A. (2024). Strategies
used by Rwanda’s simultaneous interpreters to render cultural-linguistic aspects in taboo
expressions. Journal of Linguistics and Language in
Education 18 (1), 81–96.
Kuckartz, U. & Rädiker, S. (2023). Qualitative
content analysis: Methods, practice and
software. London: Sage.
Marey-Castro, C. & Del Pozo-Triviño, M. (2020). Deconstruir
mitos y prejuicios para interpretar a mujeres migrantes en contextos de violencia de género o prostitución en
España. Mutatis
Mutandis 13 (1), 64–92.
Merkle, D. & Baer, B. J. (Eds.) (2026). The
Routledge handbook of translation and censorship. London/New York: Routledge.
Mouallem, S. (2015). Interpreting
taboo: Developing and evaluating strategies in the transfer of taboo language. The Eurasia
Proceedings of Educational & Social Sciences
(EPESS) 3, 48–56.
NSPW (Global Network of Sex Work
Projects) (2022). Briefing paper. Migration and sex work. [URL] (accessed 25.6.2026).
Orang’i, D. O. (2022). Translating
taboo words in health care texts from English into Swahili in Kenya. Southern African
Linguistics and Applied Language
Studies 40 (2), 200–211.
Pérez Quintero, M. J. & Toledano Buendía, C. (2001). The
transference of discourse values in Translation via Lexis: Obscene language as a case in
point. Revista Alicantina de Estudios
Ingleses 14, 177–196.
Pöllabauer, S. & Bartłomiejczyk, M. (forthcoming). No
escape? Interpreting trauma with a focus on interpreters’ emotional involvement, coping and self-care
strategies. In J. Purkarthofer, M. Oostendorp & B. Busch (Eds.), Routledge
handbook on language and trauma. London/New York: Routledge.
ProstSchG (2016). Gesetz zum Schutz
von in der Prostitution tätigen Personen. Prostituiertenschutzgesetz vom 21. Oktober 2016 (BGBl. I S. 2372), das zuletzt durch
Artikel 5 Absatz 1 des Gesetzes vom 9. März 2021 (BGBl. I S. 327) geändert worden ist. [URL] (accessed 10 03 2026).
Qi, L. (2021). Translating
sexuality in the context of Anglo-American censorship. The case of Jin Ping Me. Translation and
Interpreting
Studies 16 (3), 416–433.
Rohn, H. (2019). Was
bedeutet umfassende sexuelle Bildung? Graz: Frauengesundheitszentrum und Netzwerk Sexuelle Bildung
Steiermark. [URL] (accessed 10 03 2026).
Santaemilia, J. (2019). A
reflection on the translation of sex-related language in audio-visual texts: The Spanish version of J. K. Rowling’s
The casual
vacancy. Perspectives 27 (2), 252–264.
Seidl, E. (2023). Addressing
taboo topics in translator and interpreter training. In C. Ludwig & T. Summer (Eds.), Taboos
and controversial issues in foreign language education: Critical language pedagogy in theory, research and
practice. London/New York: Routledge, 237–246.
Stammetti, B., Smith, R., Loch, L., Chaiken, I., Mobley, R., Makeen, S. & Jelks, S. (2025). Sex
education in schools. The Georgetown Journal of Gender and the
Law 26 (2), 1009–1051.
Susam-Saraeva, Ş., Acosta Vicente, C., Carvalho Fonseca, L., García-Caro, O., Martínez-Pagán, B., Montero, F. & Yañez, G. (2023). Roundtable:
Feminist interpreting (studies) — the story so far. Translation
Studies 16 (1), 134–159.
Taibi, M. & El-Madkouri Maataoui, M. (2016). Interpreting
taboo: The Case of Arabic interpreters in Spanish public
services. In M. Taibi (Ed.), New
insights into Arabic translation and
interpreting. Bristol: Multilingual Matters, 69–90.
TAMPEP (Transnational AIDS/STI Prevention among Migrant Prostitutes in Europe
Project) (2009). Sex work in Europe: A mapping of the prostitution scene in 25
European countries. [URL] (accessed 25 06 2026).
(2010). TAMPEP national mapping reports. [URL] (accessed 25 06 2026).
Tipton, R. (2024). The
Routledge guide to teaching ethics in translation and interpreting education. London/New York: Routledge.
Tong, A., Sainsbury, P. & Craig, J. (2007). Consolidated
criteria for reporting qualitative research (Coreq): A 32-item checklist for interviews and focus
groups. International Journal for Quality in Health
Care 19 (6), 349–357.
Tribe, R. & Tunariu, A. (2009). Mind
your language: Working with interpreters in healthcare settings and therapeutic
encounters. Sexual and Relationship
Therapy 24 (1), 74–84.
Xavier, C. (2022). On
norms and taboo. An analysis of professional subtitling through data
triangulation. Target 34 (1), 67–97.