Index
A
Accommodation
70, 144–148, 158–159, 411, 418–419, 421, 423, 425–426
accommodation
70, 144–148, 158–159, 411, 418–419, 421, 423, 425–426
Accuracy
19, 27, 63–65, 102, 124–131, 142, 168, 227, 229, 233, 275, 278–281, 287, 297–298, 349, 359–360, 365–366, 369, 373, 383–385, 387, 395, 415, 419–420, 435–442, 444, 455
age of acquisition (AOA)
148, 164, 254, 259, 418
age of L2 acquisition (AOA)
205, 212, 215, 217
age of English acquisition
212, 215
alphabet
xi, 4–5, 7–9, 11, 20, 29, 52, 54, 56–58, 62, 67, 182–183, 313, 323, 346, 351–352, 392–394, 404, 411, 426, 430–431, 443
alphabetic
x–xi, 4, 7–8, 10, 26, 28, 30, 36, 46, 50–52, 66, 69–70, 73, 76, 79, 99–101, 106–110, 118, 137–138, 141–142, 145, 147–153, 155–156, 161–162, 171–172, 175, 183, 239, 269–274, 277, 290, 294, 296, 336, 345–352, 354, 356, 373, 376, 391–398, 405–406, 411–416, 418–421, 426, 429–432, 441–442, 448–449, 451, 453, 457
alphabetic language/s
10, 76, 79, 99–100, 106–110, 137–138, 141–142, 148, 149, 151–153, 270–271, 294, 346, 350–351, 354, 376, 391–392, 394, 396, 398, 405–406, 416, 448, 453
Altaic language family
336–337
Anglocentricity
15, 448–449
articulatory duration
203, 205–206, 214
ascenders
427–428, 430–433, 439, 441–443
assimilation
70, 144–146, 148, 158–159, 204, 332, 393, 398, 411, 416, 418–419, 421, 423, 425–426
B
baseline
82, 150, 165, 167, 224, 226–228, 234, 366–367, 384–385, 412, 415, 433–442
bilingual
ix, 3, 25–26, 35–46, 78, 80, 84, 86–89, 91–97, 115–116, 137, 139, 144, 147–148, 157, 163–164, 170, 172–174, 201, 205, 208–210, 212–216, 245–246, 266, 274, 286, 291, 294, 298, 308–311, 313–316, 331, 350–351, 394, 396–397, 418, 420, 422, 425, 451, 453
bilingual/s
17–19, 37, 44, 46–47, 73–74, 78–80, 83–85, 87–88, 90, 96, 137–139, 144–148, 153, 156–157, 163–166, 168, 170–175, 201–202, 205, 207–217, 246, 265, 274, 297, 315–316, 351, 378, 388, 396–397, 407, 417, 420, 424–425, 444
biliteracy
15, 42, 46, 97–98, 162, 310–311, 330, 391, 394, 396, 404, 410, 458
biscriptal or multiscriptal systems
451
body-coda segmentation
349, 378
body unit
376–377, 379, 381, 384–387
bound morphemes
74, 232, 243, 311
C
C-V complementarity
344, 387
Chinese
x–xii, 1, 3–4, 7–21, 23, 25–32, 34–47, 49–53, 55–56, 58–59, 61–71, 73–123, 125–153, 155–168, 170–173, 175, 180–182, 184, 186–187, 192–193, 195–198, 221, 225, 231, 238–239, 242–243, 253, 266, 269–275, 287, 289–291, 296–297, 300, 302, 308–313, 316–320, 322–323, 329, 331–332, 336–340, 343, 345–350, 352, 354, 356, 371, 388–389, 391–397, 399, 404–415, 417–420, 422–434, 436–445, 447–448, 450–453, 455–456, 458
Chinese as a second language (CSL)
121–122, 135–136
Chinese reading
59, 77–78, 85, 105, 109, 117, 119, 136–137, 139–143, 145, 147, 149–150, 153, 160, 243, 271, 413, 419
Chinese scripts
49–50, 56, 59, 62, 66, 68–69, 114, 118, 158, 318, 431
coarticulation
376, 379–380, 385, 388
cognates
73, 88, 95, 337, 457
cognitive-linguistic
99, 111, 114, 391, 402, 405
command hypothesis
11, 339
complexity,
see Japanese writing system
compound
10, 14, 17, 20, 27–28, 31–35, 37, 39–43, 46–47, 74–75, 78, 81–87, 90–92, 98, 101, 111, 117, 123–126, 134–135, 186, 190, 192–194, 196–198, 221–227, 229–232, 235–244, 297, 299–300, 308, 311, 324–326, 345, 356, 376, 393, 395, 417–418, 422, 425, 436
see also compound word
compound awareness
35, 39–40, 74, 78, 82–85, 90–91, 299, 308
compounding morphology
396, 405
compound morphology
300, 395, 396, 405
compound word
31, 35, 37, 134, 192, 221–224, 227, 229, 231–232, 237–240, 297, 308, 324
192
see also word-formation principles
see also Japanese lemma-unit model (JLUM)
native-Japanese compound words
221–222, 231–240
Sino-Japanese compound words
221–222, 225–231
two-kanji compound words
222–240
see Japanese compound word processing
conceptual modification
89
connectionist model
194, 449, 453, 456
;
see also Japanese lemma-unit model (JLUM)
193
consonantal
7, 52, 343, 370, 398, 453
consonant clusters
29, 76, 202–205, 209, 211
consonants
7, 29, 38, 52, 104, 187, 202–205, 209, 211, 296, 335–337, 341–344, 347–348, 356–357, 365, 370, 373, 375–376, 379–380, 384–390, 392, 411, 430–431, 443–444
constraints
3, 155, 201–202, 209, 294, 296, 309, 336, 351, 373, 376, 379, 381, 385, 388, 454
context
4, 15, 50, 53, 55, 73, 85, 94, 111, 124–126, 128, 136–137, 183, 221, 240, 243, 245–248, 254, 261–264, 269, 288, 297, 300, 310, 313, 315, 326, 328, 331–332, 343, 345, 353, 422, 436, 457
cooperation hypothesis
339
cross-language transfer
3, 14, 18, 36, 39, 41, 43–44, 73, 79–80, 84–85, 89–91, 93, 98, 201–205, 207–208, 213–217, 308, 397, 404–405, 407–408, 447–448, 451–452, 454
cross-linguistic
ix, 1, 3, 14, 17, 19–20, 25, 39–40, 43–44, 68–69, 84–85, 87–88, 90, 92, 94, 117, 135, 138–140, 143, 152–153, 157, 195, 197, 242, 245–248, 252–253, 271–272, 286, 293–294, 298–299, 304, 306–307, 309, 351–354, 357, 371, 378, 388–389, 407, 414, 421, 424–425, 429–430, 440, 442, 444, 449, 453–454, 458
cross-linguistic influence/s
201–205, 207–208, 213–217
D
decoding
2, 43, 71, 87, 149, 153, 156, 159, 268, 278, 289, 298–299, 360, 378, 404, 408, 415, 429, 447
decomposition
32, 42, 46, 195, 295, 297, 309, 355, 417, 422, 425
deep orthography
172, 269, 346, 354, 356, 392, 449
derivational awareness
83, 299
descenders
427–428, 430–433, 439, 441–443
developmental dyslexia
45, 71, 96, 98, 100, 116–117, 119–120, 142–144, 156–160, 162, 291, 352, 372, 408–410, 424
developmental studies
140, 153, 267, 273–276
difficulties
17, 31, 46, 92, 97, 99, 110–117, 120, 160, 226, 275, 287, 310–311, 410, 414, 440
distributed characteristic of bilingual development
87
doublets
341, 344, 356, 380, 396, 433, 439, 442
dual-reading system
186, 194
dual-reading system
181, 186–187, 223, 231
;
see also native-Japanese (NJ)
see also Sino-Japanese (SJ)
dual-route model
138–139, 146, 414–415, 418, 449
E
early bilingual/s
148, 205, 208, 212, 215, 394
English
ix–xii, 3–5, 7–8, 12–14, 17–19, 25–27, 29–30, 34–47, 50–51, 54, 58, 66–67, 70, 73–74, 76, 78–81, 83–98, 102–103, 107, 111, 115–119, 121, 125–153, 155–158, 162–168, 170–173, 175, 184, 188, 197–199, 201–205, 207–216, 238, 245–247, 249–274, 276–278, 281, 285–291, 293, 295–301, 306, 308–311, 321, 323–329, 332, 344–349, 351–359, 363–371, 374–378, 380, 382, 386, 388–399, 401–408, 410–414, 416–420, 422–445, 448–458
Event Related Potential (ERP)
97, 150, 153, 174, 380, 388, 412–413, 415–418, 422, 425
exposure to English
207–208, 212, 215–216, 261–264, 277, 286
F
featural
5, 11, 338, 341, 350
frequency
32–33, 46, 55, 60, 89, 103, 117, 126–128, 187, 189, 195–196, 224, 226, 232, 255–256, 264, 266, 271, 281, 297–298, 300–301, 308, 310–311, 348, 355, 359, 361, 365, 367, 371, 378–379, 382, 389, 396, 416–417, 425–427, 435–436, 443, 453–454
full integration stage
88
functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)
17, 137, 148, 151, 155, 156–157, 161, 163–166, 173–175, 380, 412, 414–415, 419, 421, 423–426, 444
furigana
18, 184, 313–314, 323–331
G
gestalt processing
19, 427, 432, 440
grain sizes
354, 373, 431, 453
grain size theory
71, 79, 91, 98, 108, 120, 162, 291, 352, 354–355, 372
GraphCom
16, 49–50, 53, 55–60, 65–66, 68
graph complexity
49, 53, 55, 57–58, 63–68
grapheme-phoneme-morpheme mappings
295
grapheme-phoneme conversion
171–173, 348
grapheme-phoneme correspondence
3, 52, 106, 110, 143, 160, 346, 348, 427
graphotactic
5, 386, 443, 454
H
Hangul
ix, 4–5, 7–8, 10–11, 18, 335–336, 338–351, 353, 356–358, 363, 368–371, 373–376, 378–379, 381–382, 385–387, 389, 391–407, 411–418, 423–425, 431, 440–442, 448, 451, 455, 458
Hanja
ix–xi, 11, 18, 391–394, 396–399, 401–407, 412–416, 418, 423–425, 451
Hebrew
7, 52, 56, 58, 62–64, 66, 296, 309, 396, 408
hiragana
8, 10, 52, 172, 180, 182–184, 187–188, 192, 202, 216, 222, 239, 269, 313–314, 318–319, 322–323, 325, 332
homographs
75, 82, 111, 193, 239, 422
homophone
29–31, 82–83, 94, 107, 143, 191, 216, 243, 393
homophones
13, 29–31, 35, 75, 82, 111, 187, 198, 241, 290, 319, 346, 389, 393, 396, 400
I
immediate (serial) recall
201, 205–208, 210, 213–214
incidental vocabulary acquisition
124, 308
interference
3, 14, 30–31, 36, 93, 173–174, 191–192, 198, 205, 214–215, 243, 353, 367–368, 429, 433, 441, 443–444
intraword
43, 272, 289, 433, 439, 441–442
intrusive vowel/s
203–204
J
Japanese
ix–xii, 1, 3–4, 7–21, 45, 50, 52, 55–56, 58, 66, 71, 109, 119, 125, 132–133, 138, 147, 150, 157, 172, 177, 179–190, 192–199, 201–205, 207–217, 221–223, 225, 227, 231, 233, 237–247, 250–251, 253–254, 261–262, 264–269, 271–272, 275–276, 278–279, 285–288, 290, 299–302, 306, 313–314, 316–329, 331–332, 336–338, 345, 347, 352, 356, 371, 386, 388–389, 409, 420–421, 424–425, 429, 444, 447–448, 450–451, 453, 455–456, 458
Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS)
183–186, 196
Japanese lemma-unit model
17, 193, 221, 225, 238–240
;
see also lemma unit
Japanese native speakers
201–205, 207, 209, 213–215
Japanese writing system
179–199, 222, 239
complexity of,
179–180, 190
historical development
180–182
multi-script,
182, 183, 190
jōyō kanji
182, 185–187, 189, 195, 197, 232, 242
K
kana
ix, 4, 8–10, 50, 58, 138, 161, 181–182, 184, 187–192, 195, 197–199, 202, 216, 269, 271, 278, 289, 313, 316, 318–319, 323, 329–330, 421, 429, 451, 455
kana scripts
hiragana
181–184, 187–188
katakana
182–184, 187–189
syllabographic kana
181–184
kanji
ix–xi, 4, 7–10, 12–13, 17–18, 20, 50, 52, 55–56, 58, 66, 69, 71, 138, 150, 161, 180–199, 221–227, 231–232, 236–244, 269, 271–272, 287, 289–290, 310, 313–314, 316–323, 326–330, 332, 345, 429, 445, 451, 453
see also jōyō kanji
185–187, 189
phonetic compound kanji
186
katakana
4, 10, 52, 58, 182–184, 187–189, 191–192, 196, 202, 216, 239, 269, 313–314, 318–319, 321–325, 328, 332
King Sejong
11, 338–341, 348–350, 352, 356
Korean
ix–xii, 1, 3–5, 7–16, 18–21, 36, 40, 45–46, 52, 66, 94, 119, 132–133, 145, 147, 157, 162, 180, 197–198, 216, 242, 253, 270–272, 290, 311, 317, 333, 335–341, 343–353, 356–361, 363–371, 373–376, 378–381, 384–428, 430–434, 436–445, 447–448, 450–453, 455–456, 458
Korean
ix–xii, 1, 3–5, 7–16, 18–21, 36, 40, 45–46, 52, 66, 94, 119, 132–133, 145, 147, 157, 162, 180, 197–198, 216, 242, 253, 270–272, 290, 311, 317, 333, 335–341, 343–353, 356–361, 363–371, 373–376, 378–381, 384–428, 430–434, 436–445, 447–448, 450–453, 455–456, 458
Korean
ix–xii, 1, 3–5, 7–16, 18–21, 36, 40, 45–46, 52, 66, 94, 119, 132–133, 145, 147, 157, 162, 180, 197–198, 216, 242, 253, 270–272, 290, 311, 317, 333, 335–341, 343–353, 356–361, 363–371, 373–376, 378–381, 384–428, 430–434, 436–445, 447–448, 450–453, 455–456, 458
Korean language
10–11, 13, 335–336, 339, 352, 371, 381, 386, 389, 391–393, 396, 405, 412, 423, 458
Korean native words
393, 396
Korean vocabulary
10, 359, 396, 402
kundoku
180–182, 184, 186–187, 243, 316–317
kun-yomi,
see dual-reading system
L
L1
9, 14, 16–19, 35–39, 41, 46, 58–59, 61, 79, 88, 93, 97, 122, 128, 130–136, 138–139, 144–148, 151, 153–154, 157, 162–166, 168–172, 201–203, 205, 207, 209–210, 214–215, 217, 245–246, 248, 252–254, 256, 261–264, 267–269, 272–276, 278, 285–288, 290, 293–294, 298–308, 310, 312, 346–347, 349, 353–354, 357, 359–360, 363–364, 366–370, 388, 391–392, 394–396, 404–405, 411–412, 415, 417–424, 426–427, 429–430, 433–434, 436–438, 440–444, 448, 450–457
L2
14–19, 25, 35–39, 41, 43, 46, 79, 88, 93, 97, 122, 124, 127–129, 132–136, 138–139, 144–148, 153–154, 157, 162–166, 168–173, 201–202, 205, 207–210, 212–217, 245–248, 252–254, 261–268, 272–276, 286–290, 293–294, 298–312, 346–347, 349, 353–354, 357, 363–364, 366–370, 391–392, 394–398, 403–406, 411–412, 418–421, 423–424, 426–430, 432–433, 435–436, 440–444, 448–456
L2 use
207–208, 210, 212, 214–215, 436
language
ix–xii, 1–5, 7–14, 16–20, 25–26, 29, 31, 34–47, 49–52, 56–59, 61–62, 65–66, 70–71, 73–76, 79–80, 82, 84–100, 103, 106–107, 109, 111, 115–123, 126, 128, 130, 132–149, 152–166, 168–175, 180–186, 192, 194–199, 201–203, 205, 207–211, 213–217, 221–222, 231, 241–249, 251–253, 262, 264–270, 274–276, 279, 286–291, 293–294, 296–299, 302, 307–316, 318–319, 321, 324–325, 327, 329–332, 335–341, 343, 346–347, 349–353, 358, 361, 364–372, 375, 378, 380–381, 386, 389–398, 404–408, 410, 412, 418–426, 428–429, 433, 435–437, 440–441, 443–445, 447–458
language-is-speech perspective
2
language-universal
14, 137, 448, 450
language dominance
39, 43
language transfer
3, 14, 18, 36, 39, 41, 43–44, 73, 79–80, 84–85, 87, 89–93, 96, 98, 133, 308, 397, 404–405, 407–408, 447–448, 451–452, 454
late bilingual/s
148, 174, 205, 208, 212, 215, 420
left precentral gyrus (LPG)
163, 168–170
left-to-right processing
221, 223, 230, 232, 236–237
lexical compounding
xii, 74, 83, 94, 102, 108, 111, 117, 297, 310, 396, 405
lexical decision
32, 37, 55, 163, 165–166, 170, 175, 193, 223, 227, 272, 277, 373–374, 380–381, 385, 387, 416–417, 427–428, 430
lexical decision task
32, 55, 165–166, 170, 193, 223, 277, 373, 381, 416–417
lexical inferencing
299, 312
lexical pathway
138–140, 146, 414–415
lexical processing
16–17, 154, 163, 166, 168–171, 173, 221, 225, 231, 238, 352, 355, 372, 445
lexical stratum
182, 193, 224, 235, 236–237
linear format
353, 357–359, 361–362, 368–369, 375, 382
linguistic unit
4, 373, 378, 431
logographic
9, 21, 26, 36, 51, 69, 76, 100, 137–138, 153, 157, 171–172, 195, 269–270, 272–275, 287, 289, 313, 317, 346, 411, 414–415, 419–420
logographic writing system
100, 414–415
M
man’yōgana
182, 318, 320, 323
mental lexicon
30, 32–33, 38, 47, 86, 94, 97–98, 106, 174, 193–197, 222, 225, 231, 238–239, 241–243, 245–246, 253, 266, 268, 281, 311–312, 414, 428, 453
mental representation/s
17–18, 112, 201, 204–209, 213–216, 245, 253, 255–256, 259–261, 263–264, 355
metalinguistic
36, 73, 91, 93, 293–294, 296–297, 307–310, 346, 396, 408, 450
metalinguistic awareness
36, 91, 93, 293–294, 297, 307, 309–310, 408
middle occipital gyrus (MOG)
139–145, 150, 163, 168–172, 414–415
minimal unit
7, 13, 202, 344, 346–347, 354, 386, 430–431
monolingual/s
x, xii, 14, 17, 35, 40, 46, 73, 76, 83, 91, 96–97, 115–116, 139, 201, 205, 207–214, 216, 274, 291, 309–310, 350–351, 392, 395–396, 404
mora/morae
8, 10, 17, 187–188, 201–202, 207–209, 213–214, 216, 220
moraic
187, 208, 214, 216
morpheme-level awareness
81, 83
morphemic
4, 11, 15, 32, 34, 41, 45, 50, 198, 243, 295, 308, 418, 422, 429, 447
morphographic
9–10, 12, 181–182, 184, 190, 196, 222, 241, 354, 429–430
morphological activation
221
morphological awareness
17–18, 34, 41–46, 73–74, 77, 81–82, 84–85, 89–97, 99, 102, 107, 109, 114, 117–120, 270, 293–307, 309–312, 391, 395, 407–408, 449, 452, 455, 458
morphological decomposition
32, 46, 295, 297, 417, 422, 425
morphological information xi,
17, 102, 221, 223, 225, 231, 236–237, 242, 295–296, 301
head-morpheme
231, 236–237
left-to-right processing
223, 230, 236–237
lexical stratum
224, 235, 236–237
verb constituent
224–225, 238
morphological structure awareness
44, 81–83, 95, 158, 289, 408
morphology
20, 34, 38, 41–42, 46–47, 69–70, 92, 95, 97, 112, 119, 136, 160, 192, 196, 221, 241–243, 300, 308–311, 391, 393, 395–396, 405–406, 409, 450
morphosyllabic
26, 41, 66–67, 107, 111, 269, 296, 448, 451, 453
morphosyllabic language
107
N
native-Japanese (NJ)
181–182, 184–185, 192–193, 196, 201–205, 207, 209, 213–215, 221–224, 227, 231–232, 233, 242
;
see also dual-reading system
native English speakers
139, 145–147, 155, 201–202, 204–205, 209, 213, 364, 366–367, 369, 434
native Japanese speakers
201–205, 207, 209, 213–215, 421
neural activation
163, 170–171
neural mechanism
163, 411, 422, 424
Nneural specialization
17, 137–138, 140, 142–144, 148, 153–154, 157
non-alphabetic languages
106, 152, 391–392, 405–406
non-words/nonsense words
191, 201–209, 211, 213–216, 400
nonsense words
202, 204–205, 209
nonword choice task
278, 287
O
onset-rime awareness
74, 77–78, 90
Oonset-rime division
377–378
onsets
76–77, 352, 371, 377, 381
on-yomi,
see also native-Japanese (NJ)
see dual-reading system
orthographic
conventions
182, 185, 190
orthographic awareness
34, 99, 107, 114, 391, 396, 401, 404
orthographic depth
49, 69–70, 172, 269, 291, 309, 354, 410, 422
orthographic variation
ix, xi, 1–4, 6, 10, 16, 41, 45, 49–52, 56–58, 62, 65–70, 89, 101, 118, 179, 185, 194, 198–199, 239, 270, 346, 352, 354, 356, 392, 394–395, 408, 411–414, 416, 418–419, 421–422, 442, 444, 447, 449, 451, 453, 455
orthography/orthographies
x, xii, 1, 3–5, 8, 10, 18, 20–21, 34, 38, 40–42, 45–47, 51, 57–59, 62, 65–66, 69–70, 76, 79, 81–82, 91, 94, 97, 100–101, 103–104, 106, 113, 115, 119–120, 138–139, 141–142, 145–146, 148–153, 155–157, 159–160, 162, 165, 171–172, 192, 195, 197–198, 216, 221, 232, 237, 268–269, 271–272, 277, 281, 283–285, 288, 290, 296, 309–310, 332, 335–336, 345–347, 352, 354–357, 363, 389–392, 395, 399, 410–411, 413, 415–416, 418–419, 422, 425, 431, 444–445, 449–450, 452–455, 458
P
paradigmatic knowledge
86, 88–89
perceptual assimilation
204
perceptual differences
61
perimetric complexity
53–57, 65–66, 71
phoneme/s
xi, 3–4, 7–9, 11, 13, 25, 27, 30, 29, 36, 39, 44, 51–52, 57–58, 61, 66, 76–77, 79, 91, 95, 104–106, 108, 110, 138–139, 142, 143–144, 147, 149, 152, 160, 171–173, 201–202, 205–208, 210, 213–214, 269–270, 272, 295–296, 335–348, 351, 354, 356, 359, 361–362, 367, 373, 376–379, 386, 389, 392, 394, 397, 400–402, 411, 419, 421, 427, 431, 453, 457
phonemic
7–13, 15, 18, 34, 46, 69, 74, 76, 79–80, 90, 111, 149, 155–156, 182, 188, 190, 215–216, 272, 289, 296, 308, 311, 335, 338–339, 345–347, 349, 360, 368, 373–375, 378, 418–419, 421, 428, 431, 440–441
phonemic awareness
34, 69, 74, 76, 79–80, 90, 111, 149, 155–156, 289, 308
phonemic awareness
34, 69, 74, 76, 79–80, 90, 111, 149, 155–156, 289, 308
phonetic radical
xi, 28, 33, 75, 86, 101, 296
phonographic
10, 181, 269, 272, 289, 313, 317, 338
phonological assembly
139, 144, 171, 175
phonological assimilation
416
phonological awareness
xi, 17, 34, 42, 44–46, 73–80, 82, 87, 89–99, 101, 105, 107–109, 112, 114–120, 150, 155, 158, 160, 268–271, 289, 294, 307, 346–347, 351, 378, 389, 391, 394, 403, 407–408, 448–450, 453, 455, 458
phonological changes
393, 398, 416
phonological choice task
278
phonological complexity
206, 208, 269, 416
phonological representation/s
32, 47, 79, 142, 149, 154–155, 201, 206–207, 215–216, 238, 278, 314
phonological retrieval
171
phonological structure
17, 107–108, 153, 201–205, 207–209, 213–217
phonology
30, 34, 38, 41–42, 45–47, 52–53, 69–70, 74, 77, 81–82, 92, 94, 97, 104, 106, 117, 119–120, 138–139, 141–142, 145–147, 149–153, 156, 159–160, 162, 165, 172, 175, 187, 195, 198, 202, 205, 232, 237, 268, 271, 281, 283–285, 290, 309, 337, 346–347, 354, 391, 409, 411, 413–416, 418–419, 422–423, 450
phonotactic rules
201–202, 209, 453
Pinyin ix,
28–29, 40, 61, 74, 76, 104–105, 110, 112, 117, 132, 138, 151, 156, 271, 451
polysemy
35, 126, 245, 248–249, 265
pre-orthographic processing
172–173
prime condition
223–224, 226, 232
priming
17–18, 20, 32, 37, 193–194, 196–197, 221, 223, 225, 227–243, 355, 373–374, 380–381, 384–389, 417–418, 424–425, 428, 444–445
constituent-morpheme priming
221, 223, 227–240
priming effect
225, 227–231, 233–240
processing
ix, xii, 1, 4, 12–20, 25, 27, 30–33, 35–37, 39–47, 56, 60, 62–63, 66–67, 69–71, 78, 80, 88, 90–95, 100–102, 104–107, 109–110, 115, 117–122, 135, 139, 141–144, 146, 148–152, 154–159, 161, 163–175, 179–180, 190–192, 194–199, 221–222, 225, 230–232, 236–244, 265, 267–282, 284–288, 290, 296, 307–312, 335, 345–346, 348, 350–352, 354–355, 357–358, 360, 363, 368–372, 375, 379–381, 387–389, 391–393, 395, 397, 404, 406–410, 413–418, 420–427, 429, 432, 440–441, 443–445, 448–451, 453, 457–458
processing difficulties
110, 201–205, 204, 207, 213–214, 217
proficiency
30, 36–39, 43, 46, 86, 90–91, 97, 113, 122, 125–127, 129–130, 135, 137, 142, 144–145, 148, 155, 164, 166, 170–174, 208–210, 215, 252, 254–255, 259–264, 271, 275, 288, 293–294, 310, 366, 369, 391, 395, 404, 418, 420, 423, 435, 437, 440
pseudo-word/s
17, 163, 165–166, 167, 168, 170, 201–209, 211, 213–216, 301
pseudowords
38, 77, 80, 277–278, 311, 349, 355, 396, 416, 428–429
psycholinguistic grain size
71, 79, 91, 98, 108, 120, 162, 291, 352, 354, 372
R
radical/s
xi, 27–28, 32–35, 41, 43, 45–46, 59–60, 68, 71, 75, 86, 101–102, 106, 113, 115–117, 119, 185–186, 191, 296–297, 429
rapid automatized naming (RAN)
99, 105–106, 114, 118, 360, 372, 391–392, 395, 397–398, 400–405, 408, 434, 445, 450
reading subskills
118, 298, 306, 408
recall
17, 201, 205–208, 210–216, 374, 386
recursive path analysis
302, 306
region of interest (ROI) analysis
419
regression
174, 211, 280–282, 284–285, 363, 402–404, 439
rhyming judgment task
140–144, 415, 419–420
rimes
76–77, 270, 373, 377, 381, 385, 389–390
role of consonants
370, 380, 387–388
role of syllables
350–351, 354–355, 371, 374
role of vowels
370, 380, 388
Roman script
3–4, 370, 375, 380, 387, 428, 443, 453
Rōmaji
4, 9–10, 182, 184, 188–189
S
script/s
ix–xii, 3, 1–4, 5, 6–7, 9–10, 12, 14–20, 18–21, 25–27, 29, 35, 37, 40–41, 45, 47, 49–50, 56, 59, 61–63, 65, 67–69, 71, 86, 100–101, 102–104, 108–110, 118, 119, 137, 144, 158, 179–185, 187–190, 192, 194, 196–199, 202, 239–241, 242–243, 267, 269–270, 311, 313–314, 316–320, 322–323, 326, 330, 335, 338–341, 345–347, 349–350, 352, 353, 354, 356–359, 363–364, 369–370, 373–375, 378, 380–381, 386–387, 392, 397, 402, 403, 405, 408, 411–415, 416, 418, 425, 427–433, 440–444, 448, 450–451, 453, 456–457
script-specific
137, 448, 450, 456
second-language acquisition
394
segmental/s
7, 11, 31, 44, 335, 337–338, 340–341, 343–344, 346, 350, 358, 368, 370, 375, 377, 379, 380, 387, 430
semantic-phonetic compound characters
28, 75, 117
semantic decision task
164, 198, 290
semantic development
121–122, 127–128, 130–134
semantic distinction
121, 129, 134
semanticization
17, 121–122, 124–125, 134
semantic judgment task
142, 164–165, 170
semantic processing
17, 121–122, 142, 155, 158, 163–166, 168, 170–171, 173–175, 423, 448
semantic radical
xi, 28, 33–34, 75, 101–102, 117, 296
semantic representation
163–164, 314
semantic restructuring
122, 133–134
semantic transparency
32, 49, 84, 92, 123–124, 126, 134, 136, 193, 222, 231, 239–240, 242, 308, 311, 425
serial recall
201, 205–208, 210, 213–214
shallow orthography
346, 354–356, 363, 392, 449
silent word reading task
165
simple view of reading
87, 93, 447, 458
Sino-Japanese (SJ)
13, 181–182, 184–185, 192–193, 196–197, 221–225, 231–240, 242–243, 321–322, 324–329
;
see also dual-reading system
Sino-Japanese coinage
321, 322
Sino-Korean
10–11, 13, 337, 343, 393, 396, 405, 417
Sino-Korean words
10, 337, 393, 396, 405, 417
Sino-Tibetan language family
12, 25
spoken duration
203, 205–206, 214
spoken language
1–2, 9–11, 26, 29, 31, 34, 49–50, 65–66, 91, 106, 109, 111, 115, 346, 450, 455
stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA)
221, 224–237, 240, 387
stroke
9, 11, 26–27, 32, 42, 55, 68, 100–101, 117, 337, 341, 414, 425–426
Stroop
30–31, 192, 428, 445
sublexical pathway
140, 146
subunit priming effects
373
superior parietal lobule (SPL)
163, 168, 170–172, 415
superior temporal gyrus (STG)
140–142, 144–145, 149–152, 165
supplementary motor area (SMA)
165
supplementary motor area
165
suprasegmental phonology
77
syllabaries
9–10, 21, 52, 198, 202, 216
syllabary
5, 7, 9, 52, 54, 56, 58, 62, 349, 352, 378, 392, 411–412, 416, 426, 429, 431
syllabic
x, 4, 8, 10, 12–13, 18, 25, 29, 50–52, 69, 82, 100, 172, 269–270, 311, 335–336, 338–340, 342–345–347, 349–350, 352, 353, 355–356, 358–359, 361, 363–365, 367–371, 373–374, 376, 378–379, 382, 385–389, 392, 411, 421, 426, 428, 430–432, 440–441, 448, 451, 454
Syllabic Autonomy Saliency Hypothesis
353, 370
syllabic/syllable structure
18, 25, 29, 187, 201–202, 204, 209, 342–345, 358–359, 361, 363, 365, 368, 376, 379, 385–390, 392, 454
syllable/s
7–13, 25, 26, 28–32, 34, 38–39, 41, 44, 51–52, 57–59, 66, 74, 76–80, 82, 90, 95, 98, 100, 102, 105, 107–108, 138–139, 141–142, 147, 149, 172, 187, 198, 201–202, 204–210, 213–214, 269–270, 312, 322, 336, 337–338, 340, 342, 343–351, 353–358, 359, 361–365, 367–368, 370–371, 373–382, 385–390, 393–394, 397–398, 399–402, 405, 411, 416–417, 419, 421–422, 425, 430–432, 435–436, 441, 455
syllable awareness
34, 38, 74, 76–80, 108, 394
syllable blocks
348, 357, 368, 376, 411, 419
syllabographic,
see kana scripts
syntagmatic knowledge
86, 88–89, 93
T
tone awareness
34, 38–39, 74, 76–80, 90, 105
tones
25, 28–29, 31, 38, 45, 74, 77, 80, 187, 393
top-down
139, 149, 344, 376, 382, 386, 427–428, 430–431, 441
traditional Chinese script
62, 412
transfer
ix, 3, 14, 18, 35–36, 38–39, 41, 43–46, 68, 73–74, 79–80, 84–85, 87–98, 133, 135–136, 162, 265–268, 306, 308, 311–312, 319, 351, 391, 394, 396–397, 404–408, 410, 429, 447–452, 454
translanguaging
18, 313–326, 328–332
translation
18, 20, 37, 46, 88, 93, 122, 128, 131–134, 164, 166–167, 173–174, 181, 183–184, 247–248, 251–252, 313–317, 321, 323–332, 427
transparent orthography
171, 395, 399
U
unbalanced bilinguals
163–164, 166, 168, 170–171, 173
underlying representation/s
17, 201, 204–209, 213–216
universal grammar of reading
448, 450, 458
universal phonological principle
77
universal rime bias
373, 381, 385
V
verb-object structures
81
visual representation of Hangul
356
visual skills
50, 61, 67, 69, 87, 93, 99, 104, 109, 114, 116–118, 158, 270–271, 289, 455
visuo-orthographic processing
150, 171–173
visuospatial attentional control
172
vocabulary breadth
85, 87–89, 300, 310
vowel epenthesis
202–205, 211, 214
vowels
7, 10, 29, 31, 52, 104, 187–188, 202–204, 296, 335–336, 340–344, 347, 356–357, 365, 370, 375–377, 379–380, 386–390, 392, 411, 430–431, 433, 436, 439, 442–444, 453
W
word-formation principle (WFP)
193, 221, 221–222, 224–238, 240
word association stage
88
word form analysis
293, 295
word formation
31, 34, 81, 91–92, 98, 107, 222, 242, 244, 297, 299
word length effect
205–207, 214
word meaning inference
18, 293, 295, 298–299, 301–307
word processing
compound word processing
192–194
kanji-kana comparison
191
single kanji processing
190–191
word reading
3, 14–15, 17–19, 35, 38–40, 44–45, 71, 73–74, 77–80, 82–90, 94, 96–97, 101–102, 105, 107–108, 117–118, 120, 137–138, 144, 149, 153, 155–157, 165, 174, 270, 273–274, 288, 290, 294–295, 297–299, 308, 310–311, 335, 338, 353–355, 358, 360, 366, 368–370, 372, 389, 391, 397–399, 402, 404–405, 407, 409, 414, 420, 423, 427, 437, 439–440, 447–448, 452–453, 455–458
word recognition
x, 12, 16, 18, 26, 31, 35, 37, 40–42, 44, 68, 95, 97, 111, 118, 149, 151, 156, 158–159, 162–163, 170–175, 190–191, 223, 225, 243, 267–268, 270, 272–277, 279–280, 285–286, 288–290, 295–296, 308–309, 346, 348, 351–352, 356–357, 364, 370–371, 373, 375–376, 385–388, 391, 394, 403–404, 406–409, 415, 425, 429, 432–433, 444–445, 447, 456, 458
word segmentation
295, 311, 354
working memory
3–5, 7, 9, 11, 16–21, 25–26, 28, 30–32, 34, 36, 39, 41, 43, 45–46, 49–52, 55–57, 63, 66, 68–69, 70–71, 73–77, 82, 89, 96–97, 100, 109, 113, 120, 139–145, 148, 152–154, 158, 162, 172–174, 179–180, 196–197, 199, 205–206, 213, 221–222, 225, 231, 237, 239–242, 268, 289, 296, 308–309, 311, 313, 316, 319, 335, 338–339, 346–347, 350, 356, 371, 377, 389, 391, 393–394, 397, 404, 410–412, 414–415, 419, 421, 423, 425–426, 444, 450, 458
writing system/s
ix, 1–7, 9, 11, 15, 19–21, 30, 40, 42, 44–46, 49–53, 55–58, 61–71, 73, 85, 88–89, 91, 93, 114–115, 117, 120, 155, 159, 179–180, 195–198, 241–242, 267–269, 271, 286, 288, 290, 298, 307, 311, 335, 340, 345, 352, 371, 388–389, 391–392, 394, 397, 404–406, 420, 425–426, 444, 448, 450, 456, 458
written language
1–2, 4–5, 20, 43–44, 50–51, 56–57, 93–94, 119, 149, 180–181, 194–197, 241–242, 310, 352, 396, 448, 450, 453, 455