Subject index

• acquisition 11, 53, 90, 92, 146, 316, 335, 337, 346, 363

• adaption 17–18, 269

• adjective 8, 20, 22, 27, 53, 59–60, 62, 68–71, 73–81, 157, 172–173, 176, 259–260, 269–271, 282, 300, 326, 331, 353, 357–358, 360, 362, 365

• adpositional phrase 150, 156, 165–166, 178

• adverbial clause 109, 279–280

• adverbial subordinator 150, 168, 176–178, 277

• affricate106

• agreement 22–23, 26, 28, 270, 282, 301–303, 305, 326, 346, 357

• Aktionsart 183, 185, 187–191, 193–194, 196, 198, 200–201, 203, 207, 209–211

• alphabet 64, 66, 120

• alternation 191–193, 199, 210–211, 289, 301, 303–304, 307

• apparent-time hypothesis 143–144, 155, 160, 177

• aspect 2, 6, 9, 183–184, 186–194, 197–199, 201–202, 204, 207, 210–212, 325, 327, 329, 355, 358

• asyndetic277

• bilingualism 6, 17, 35, 36–37, 54, 63–64, 86–87, 108, 122, 144–146, 155, 159, 177, 202, 218, 251–253, 268, 275, 289–290, 292, 294–295, 306, 308, 318, 320 ; See also multilingualism

• boarding school 3, 185, 292, 293, 323, 341

• borrowing 1, 8–10, 15–19, 27–30, 45, 59–60, 62–63, 66–68, 70–71, 77–80, 85, 91, 98–103, 105–107, 111–112, 114, 119–120, 122–124, 127–129, 133–134, 136, 138–139, 183–184, 186–187, 190, 202–203, 207–212, 221–222, 225, 247, 251–252, 259–262, 266–269, 271–273, 275–279, 282, 320, 346, 352 ; See also lexical borrowing

• calque 65, 123, 126–127, 206, 208, 211, 236, 247, 249, 251–252, 261, 266, 272, 278, 280, 282

• case marking 108, 191, 193, 198, 271

• Caucasus 7, 22, 37–38, 259, 268, 375

• causal relation55

• clause combining 111, 277–278

• code-mixing 1, 6, 99, 112–113, 303, 316

• code-switching 10, 17–18, 27, 98, 107, 112–113, 147, 218, 260, 275, 289–290, 295–298, 309, 316

• complement clause 109, 110, 278

• complementizer 10, 110, 150, 168, 177–178, 217, 219, 224–227, 232, 236–239, 242, 244, 247–249, 251–252, 254–255, 276–279, 295

• complex clause 98, 259–260, 277, 282

• conjunction 85, 104–105, 109–112, 114, 127–128, 168–169, 218, 222, 236, 252, 259–260, 275–278, 282, 294, 304, 306, 324, 332

• consonant 15, 18, 25, 27, 75, 106–107, 125–126, 131, 266, 352
  • consonant cluster 18, 106, 125, 352

• constituent order 9, 144, 279

• contact-induced change 5, 7, 9, 119–121, 139, 259–260, 283

• content loanword104

• convergence 8, 35, 44–45, 53, 125

• coordination 104–105, 111–112, 277

• copula 150, 163–164, 176, 178, 356, 358, 363

• corpus 15, 18, 71, 85, 87–88, 99, 104, 106, 108–109, 112, 114, 185, 193, 224, 226, 228–231, 233, 238, 247–248, 251, 278, 281, 292, 349–351

• creole 315–316, 356

• demographic information369

• dialect 9, 16, 22, 36, 40–41, 62, 64–65, 68, 72, 79, 86, 90, 95, 99, 113, 122–124, 130–134, 136–139, 147, 152, 158–160, 185, 201, 223, 233, 247, 268, 270, 289, 291, 301, 303, 316, 320, 340, 348, 355, 369, 373

• diglossia 218, 316

• direct insertion 261, 263, 267–269

• discourse 7–8, 61, 70, 78–79, 85, 98, 112, 143–144, 149, 153, 155, 157, 159, 176, 219, 224, 226–227, 230, 233–234, 237, 241, 246, 249–250, 252–254, 275–276, 289, 294, 298–300, 302, 304, 306–308, 326
  • discourse marker 275, 299, 307, 326
  • discourse particle 252–253, 275–276, 299–300, 306
  • discourse structure 8, 85, 98, 112

• domain 1, 4, 6–8, 19, 24, 47–51, 52, 66, 94–96, 98, 109, 114, 121, 126, 131–132, 134, 136, 146–147, 183–184, 203–204, 207–209, 211, 221, 226, 230–231, 251–253, 260, 272, 275, 292, 323, 369, 377–378

• dominant language 1, 10, 61, 72, 124, 139, 218, 303, 306

• donor language 52, 54, 122, 202, 211, 260, 262, 283

• ECLING corpus15

• education 4, 16, 36, 64, 91–92, 146–149, 159, 266, 283, 292–294, 306, 323, 350, 378

• elicitation 44–45, 47, 88, 202, 206, 280

• EL island 297–298

• embedded language 61, 88, 218, 295

• endangerment 87, 91, 109, 291, 369, 376

• epenthetic vowel106

• established borrowing 99, 101

• euphemism 134–135, 229

• evaluation 157–159, 162, 166–167, 169–173, 175, 226, 245

• existential sentence 162, 176

• Feature pool theory 5, 10–11, 315–316, 340

• Federal language law3

• FL See fused lect

• focus particle104

• foreigner talk 11, 345, 349–350, 356, 358–359, 362–363

• free choice pronoun129

• frequency 6, 10, 85, 101, 105, 109, 114, 174, 185, 187, 224–225, 252, 266, 276, 289, 306–307, 365

• function word 19–20, 104, 127, 219

• functional loanword 104–105

• fused lect 307–308

• gender 6–8, 15–16, 18, 22–31, 69, 103, 129, 187, 222, 254, 270, 282, 289, 293, 301–303, 305, 325, 337, 347, 352–354, 357
  • gender assignment 6–8, 15–16, 18, 24–25, 27–30
  • gender system 16, 22–23, 187, 282

• grammaticalization 129, 184, 190, 308, 352, 356, 358

• head-final 9, 143–145, 152–153, 156–160, 162–163, 166, 170, 172–173, 175–176, 178

• head-initial 5, 9, 143–144, 151, 153–160, 162, 164, 166, 169–170, 172–177

• hesitation marker104

• hiatus 130–131

• historical sociolinguistics85

• idiolect 122–123, 126, 130, 131, 136, 316, 329

• ideologies 8, 59–60, 62, 64, 80–81, 95

• imperfective 183–185, 188–192, 196, 198–202, 204–205, 207–212, 263, 341

• indefinite 158, 192, 254, 259–260, 272–274, 282, 293
  • indefinite pronoun 259–260, 272–274, 282

• indirect insertion 261, 264, 266–268, 283

• inquorate gender 25–27

• innovation 9, 28, 131, 138, 202, 346, 363, 358

• insertion 10, 27, 218, 261, 263–264, 266–269, 275, 277, 282–283, 289–290, 296–297, 299, 303–308

• interethnic communication 53–54, 90, 340, 345, 347–349, 357, 359–360, 362, 364

• interference 35, 72–73, 79, 91, 109, 190, 202, 205, 211, 283, 300, 320

• inter-language336

• internet 147, 223, 235, 292–293, 361

• interview 5, 40, 43, 77, 85–87, 90, 95, 289, 294, 303, 317, 328, 340, 350, 365, 373

• kinship terms 121, 136

• language alternation307

• language attrition 99, 103, 109, 114

• language change 8, 10, 59–60, 109, 123, 184, 238, 307

• language ideology 8, 59–62, 64, 80–81

• language laws 2–4

• language mixing 307–308

• language policy 1–2, 4, 59, 61–62, 80–81

• language purism 59, 61–62, 67, 79–80, 211

• language shift 2, 7, 9, 211, 283, 293, 307, 315, 318–319, 321

• lateral106

• lexical borrowing 7, 15–17, 114, 120, 124, 138

• lexical convergence 8, 35, 45, 53

• lexicon 1, 7–8, 17–21, 25, 35, 46, 49, 79, 85, 98–99, 107, 114, 120, 123, 133, 135, 138, 192, 199, 222, 304, 324, 333, 337

• light verb 197, 261–263, 268–269, 283, 300

• lingua franca 4, 37, 38, 94, 96, 120, 323

• linguistic area 35, 52

• LM See language mixing

• loan 8, 15, 17–19, 21–22, 26, 29, 36, 38, 45–54, 65, 75–76, 79, 99, 106, 119, 122–123, 126, 129, 131, 134–135, 137–138, 203, 205, 207, 247, 249, 251–252, 259–260, 262, 264, 266, 268–269, 271, 278
  • loan translation 119, 122–123, 126, 131, 134–135, 137–138, 207, 266

• loanword 8, 15, 17, 19–22, 26, 28, 35–37, 44–47, 49–54, 76, 85, 98–100, 104–108, 114, 125, 136–137, 187, 297

• majority language38

• manner adverb 150, 166–167, 176

• markedness365

• Matrix Language Frame model 10, 289–290

• matter replication 129, 217, 223, 236

• metathesis106

• minority language 1–4, 7, 10, 41, 61, 145, 217, 259–260, 283, 290–291, 293, 298, 309

• ML 295–296, 298–308

• modal auxiliary 150, 156, 164–165, 178

• morphology 1, 7–8, 15, 63, 69–71, 73, 78–79, 108, 112, 184, 189, 196, 199, 260–261, 270–271, 293–294, 297, 324–325, 346–347, 349, 353, 355, 359, 365

• morphosyntax 138, 210, 275, 283, 290, 293

• multilingualism 35, 38, 41–42, 87, 119, 136, 148

• negation 254, 273, 341, 354–355

• negative borrowing 85, 99, 114

• non-finite 109–111, 197, 200, 261, 263, 277–279, 293–294, 325

• nonce borrowing 98–99, 101, 107, 112

• noun 6–8, 15–31, 45, 69–71, 75–77, 79, 108, 129, 137, 149, 151, 154, 156–157, 166–167, 169–171, 174, 176–177, 184, 264, 269–271, 275, 282, 293, 297–299, 302–303, 324, 328–329, 331, 333, 337–338, 352–355, 357, 359, 360, 362–363, 365

• noun class 15, 22–23 ; See also Gender

• numeral 22, 23, 154, 254, 271, 290, 297–299, 304, 306, 308

• official language 4, 62, 68, 80, 123, 145, 148, 291

• official recognition 2, 291

• official status 3, 67–68, 369, 377

• orthography 68, 291–292

• paratactic 277, 281, 332

• particle 104–105, 125, 127, 185, 189, 191–196, 198–199, 200–201, 203–209, 211–212, 217, 220, 222, 225, 227–237, 239–241, 244–246, 249–253, 254, 260, 265, 273–276, 278, 282, 297, 299–300, 306, 325, 335, 337, 354–355

• passive 68, 78, 212, 267, 325

• pattern borrowing 8–10, 119–120, 122–123, 127, 133, 138–139, 183, 190, 207–211, 259–260, 273, 276, 278–279

• pattern replication 10, 129, 217, 222, 232, 236–238, 241, 243–244, 247, 249–253

• perfective 183, 188–192, 194–196, 198–200, 202, 204–205, 207–212, 325, 327, 335, 358

• phonetics 1, 98, 100, 105, 125, 130, 138

• phonology 1, 6–8, 15–18, 25, 27–28, 30, 53, 85, 98–100, 105–108, 114, 120, 125–126, 131, 138, 212, 222, 224, 260, 269, 353, 355
  • phonological integration260

• phonotactic restriction 85, 107, 114

• pidgin 1–2, 5–7, 10–11, 90–92, 99, 265–267, 315–318, 322–338, 340–341, 345–349, 351–360, 362–365, 369, 371, 376, 378
  • pidgin grammar formation345

• plosive 15, 105–106

• positive borrowing 85, 99, 114

• possessive construction 103, 137–138

• postposition 74–75, 129, 156, 353

• posture verb 131, 133

• pragmatically marked 9, 143, 153, 177

• pragmatically unmarked155

• prefixation 184–185, 188

• prestige 38–39, 41, 53, 186, 211, 275, 318

• pronoun 23, 62, 111, 113, 129, 156, 170, 247, 259–260, 272–274, 279–282, 293, 301–303, 324, 326, 330, 337–338, 352–354, 357–360, 360, 362–363, 365

• purism 59, 61–62, 67, 79–81, 211

• quotation 89, 223, 230, 234–235, 246, 249–250, 276, 308

• quotative index 6, 10, 217, 219, 222, 225, 229, 232–233, 244, 251, 254

• regional language 1, 4, 22

• register 8, 17, 47, 64, 70–71, 78, 107, 268, 316, 340, 356, 359

• relational adjective 8, 59–60, 62, 68–71, 73, 77–78, 81

• relative clause 109, 150, 170–171, 176–177, 280–282

• replica grammaticalization129

• reported discourse 219, 224, 226–227, 230, 233–234, 237, 241, 254

• Republic of Tatarstan 63, 148, 159

• revitalization 61, 376, 378

• Russian Federation 11, 41, 62, 145, 148, 291, 306, 373, 375, 378

• Russian-based pidgin 91–92, 99, 316, 332

• russification 38, 66–67, 70, 80, 85, 87, 89, 91, 147, 185–186, 292, 322

• semantics 6, 8–9, 15–16, 19, 21, 23–25, 27–30, 47–49, 51–52, 70, 103, 122, 126–127, 132, 134, 138, 149, 158, 160, 184, 189, 191–192, 195, 199, 203, 211, 221, 229–230, 242–243, 261, 266, 271, 274, 279, 324, 333, 353, 363
  • semantic field 19, 21
  • semantic integration 15–16

• schooling 88, 93, 292

• Siberia 3, 7, 9, 62–63, 85–86, 89, 91, 119–120, 124, 138, 166, 186, 268, 292, 308, 322

• simple clause108

• simplification 11, 109, 346, 354, 364

• Slavicization 259, 283

• social network 147, 222, 259

• sociolinguistic 35, 38, 85, 369
  • sociolinguistic factors 130, 316
  • sociolinguistic interviews 40, 43, 85–87

• Soviet Union 1, 3, 7, 38, 42, 44, 59, 61, 64, 66–67, 77–81, 148, 186, 212, 291–292, 348

• spirant106

• Sprachbund 145, 190

• stabilized pidgin 11, 315

• standard language 61–62, 64–66, 68, 70–72, 76–77, 79–80, 94, 291, 323

• standard variety 8, 59, 63, 68, 72, 78, 81, 90, 95, 152, 227, 315

• standardization 59–60, 66, 68, 70–71, 292

• structural borrowing 63, 211, 259

• structural change 7, 10, 98, 183–184, 186, 209, 212

• style 9, 21, 70–71, 107, 185, 187–190, 197, 283, 319

• subordinate clause110

• subordination 85, 104, 109–111, 114, 218, 277–278, 280–281

• subordinator 129, 150, 168, 176–178, 222, 276–277, 279, 282

• superstrate language 351, 354

• (S)OV language 144, 152

• (S)VO language 144, 151

• Swadesh36

• syntax 1, 5, 8, 63, 70, 85, 98, 104, 108–109, 111, 114, 156–158, 173, 176, 178, 189, 194, 199, 203, 207, 211, 218, 224, 261, 276–278, 280, 282
  • syntactic change5

• target language 129, 202–203, 283, 316

• teaching 21, 63–64, 66–67, 91–92, 149, 240

• token frequency 101, 105

• transfer 3, 68, 122, 268

• typological change 9, 143–144, 153, 160, 176, 178

• Udmurt Republic 63, 67–68, 145, 148, 217

• USSR 1–3, 38, 64, 78–79, 282, 370, 374–375

• utterance modifiers 275, 306

• variation 6, 25, 75, 77–79, 138, 155, 222, 248, 297–298, 306, 315–317, 324–325, 330–331, 337, 340, 354, 357, 359, 363, 369, 376

• verb 11, 20, 22–23, 108–111, 113, 121, 126–129, 131–133, 136, 143, 149–150, 153–156, 161–163, 165–167, 175–176, 184–185, 188–209, 211, 220–221, 224–225, 227–229, 231–234, 236–239, 241–243, 245–246, 248–250, 259–270, 274–275, 277–280, 282–283, 293–294, 300–302, 306, 308, 324–327, 329–334, 337, 348–349, 353–357, 358–359, 363–365

• vernacular 8, 68, 78, 80–81, 218, 227, 233, 246, 250, 253

• vowel reduction 107–108

• WOLD 19, 21, 30, 43, 46, 49–51, 53, 275

• World Loanword Database See WOLD

• word order 9, 143–145, 149–158, 160, 169, 173–175, 177–178, 218, 299, 324, 331, 337

• wordlist 15, 35–37, 44, 54, 121

• written language 61, 64–65, 378

• written form 10, 64, 77, 217, 247

• Yenisei river 86, 91–92, 94