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Article In: Korean Linguistics
Vol. 22:1 (2026) ► pp.1–22

Revisiting yuluoxia 於羅瑕 and jianjizhi 鞬吉支

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Abstract
This article re-evaluated two pre-Old Korean appellations for Paekche kings, yuluoxia (於羅瑕) and jianjizhi (鞬吉支) from the Zhoushu 周書, and their proposed sound correspondences orikoke (オリコケ) and konikishi (コニキシ) from the Nihon shoki. As a conclusion, yuluo- (於羅) corresponded to a Paekchean loan in Western Old Japanese, derived from proto-Japonic *era- > WOJ [ira] ‘high esteem for man.’ -Xia (瑕) parallelled to -jia (加) in official titles from Koguryŏ and Puyŏ. Similarly, jian- (鞬) aligns with -kan- (干) for the pre-OK **kan ~ ɣan ‘king, lord’ in Silla aristocratic titles. -Zhi (支) meaning ‘sir, lord’ shares variants such as -ji (伎) ~ -qi (岐), linked to the pre-OK **ke > kje(j) > ki, and the phonograms jie- (皆) ∼ -xie (諧) ∼ -jie- (解), -ke (奚) for pre-OK **kej ∼ kəj. -Jizhi (吉支) is variant of -kilji (吉之) ~ -jishi (吉士) ~ -jishi (吉師) as pre-OK **ki.si meaning “sir, lord” originated in the appellation for jizi (箕子) in Puyŏ-type language.
Article outline
  • 1.Introduction
  • 2.Yuluoxia (於羅瑕) and Orikoke (オリコケ)
    • 2.1-Xia (瑕) originated in the Puyŏ-type official title
    • 2.2-Ke (ケ) is a Puyŏ-type aristocratic title
  • 3.Jianjizhi 鞬吉支 and konikishi (コニキシ)
    • 3.1-Zhi (支) has diverse usages
    • 3.2-Kishi (キシ) originated in the appellation for jizi (箕子)
  • 4.Conclusion
  • Notes
  • Abbreviations
  • Author queries
  • Primary sources and dictionaries
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