海陸客語聲調格局之形成過程探析

本文主要探討今日海陸客語七調格局的可能形成過程，本文將臺灣海陸腔客家話、中國潮惠地區海陸片客語、西婆羅洲硬話的聲調調值透過平山久雄「聲調環流說」進行分析，除了探究海陸客語內部調值差異的由來，也透過與龍華片客語的比較，擬測了海陸客語今日七個調類各自可能的演變過程。透過「聲調環流說」的分析，今日海陸客語陰平調的高降調勢可能曾經歷過高平調的階段；陽平調的高平、高升調勢可能經歷過中升、低升調的階段；陰上的中升、低升調勢則有可能經歷過低曲折調的階段；陽去的中平調亦可能經歷過曲折調的階段，早期與陰上相混，在語言接觸後才析出，並往中平調演變；陰去調的中降、低降調是在早期可能經歷過高降的階段；陰入與陽入較為複雜，今日各個海陸方言點的一致性較低，但均可透過環流的演變推導出早期的陰入低升、陽入純短高的調勢階段，而這些分析所構擬出的海陸客語「古調值」，與今日龍川、五華、揭西一帶的龍華片客語有極高的相似度，或許展現了龍華片客語與海陸客語的先後承繼關係。

This paper focuses on the possible formation process of the seven tonal patterns of today’s Hailu Hakka languages. The author analyses the tonal values of the Hailu Hakka languages of Taiwan, the Hailu Hakka languages of the Chao-Hui region of China, and the Ngang Boi 硬話 of West Borneo through the Tone Circulation Theory of Hisao Hirayama. In addition to exploring the origins of the differences in tonal values within the Hailu Hakka dialect, the possible evolutionary processes of each of the seven tonal groups in Hailu Hakka today are also examined by comparing them with the Hakka dialect of Longhua. The analysis through the Tone Circulation Theory suggests that the high-falling tones of Yin Ping 陰平 may have gone through a high-flat tone stage; the high-flat and high-rising tones of Yang Ping 陽平 may have gone through a medium-rising and low-rising tone stage; the medium-rising and lowrising tones of Yin Shang 陰上 may have gone through a falling-rising tone stage; and the medium-flat tones of Yang Qu 陽去 may have gone through a falling-rising tone stage as well, mixed with Yin Shang 陰上 in the early formation process, only to separate out after language contact and evolve into medium-flat tones. The tones of Yin Ru 陰入 and Yang Ru 陽入 are more complex. The consistency of the various dialect points in Hailu today is quite low, but all of them can be deduced through the evolution of the “Tone Circulation” from the early stages of low-rising tone in Yin Ru 陰入 and pure short-high tone in Yang Ru 陽入. These analyses have resulted in a high degree of similarity between the dialects of the Hailu Hakka and the Longchuan, Wuhua, and Jiexi areas, perhaps demonstrating a succession between the dialects of the Longchuan-Wuhua Hakka and the Hailu Hakka.