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Article In: NOWELE
Vol. 79:1 (2026) ► pp.–

Some dialectal derivatives of PGmc *ƀū̆wa- ‘dwelling, farm’

PGmc *ƀewwa- ‘grain’ and Old Norse byggva/byggja ‘inhabit’

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Abstract
This article charts the evolution of several problematic nouns, viz. Old Norse bygg ‘grain; barley’, Old English bēow ‘grain’ (?), and Old Frisian bē ‘crops’ (?), analyzing their common ancestor, the dialectal Proto-Germanic *ƀewwa- ‘grain’, as a vṛddhi-derivative from the nominal *ƀū̆wa- ‘dwelling; farm’. Old Saxon beo ‘harvest’ (or ‘field’), while usually added to this group, may or may not be directly related. Also an alternative phonological analysis of ON bygg is provided, arguing that during its evolution from *ƀewwa- it underwent not raising to *biggwa- (as commonly assumed), but was broken to *bioggwa-, and that its vowel y reflects secondary raising and monophthongization. Finally, a new historical analysis is presented for the Old Norse verb byggva/byggja ‘inhabit’, interpreting it as a j-denominative, built from PGmc *ƀū̆wa- ‘dwelling; farm’.
Article outline
  • 1.Proto-Germanic *ƀewwa-, its alternative reconstructions, dialectal reflexes, and related formations
  • 2.The reflexes of *ƀewwa- in Scandinavian
  • 3.The reflexes of *ƀewwa- in Old English
  • 4.The comparison of OE handful beowes and the legal term hærfest handful
  • 5.The reflexes of *ƀewwa- in Old Frisian
  • 6.The reflexes of *ƀewwa- in Old Saxon
  • 7.The semantic link between beo ‘harvest’ and brēd ‘broad’
  • 8.Could OS beo mean ‘field’?
  • 9.The derivation of OS bewod and an alternative historical interpretation of beo
  • 10.PGmc *ƀewwa- as a dialectal Proto-Germanic formation
  • 11.PGmc *ƀewwa- as a vṛddhi-derivative of PGmc *ƀū̆wa- ‘dwelling’
  • 12.The phonological evolution of ON bygg ‘grain; barley’: An overview of earlier interpretations
  • 13.Could *e be broken in the sequence *eC(C)w?
  • 14.Fluctuation of the vowels io ~ iu ~ y before labials and velars in Old Norse
  • 15.The phonology of the change io > iu > y
  • 16.The phonological evolution of the Old Norse preterites bioggu ‘live’ and hioggu ‘hew’
  • 17.The evolution of ON byggva ‘dwell’: A review of earlier analyses
  • 18.Can ON byggva reflect PGmc *ƀewwa-?
  • 19.ON byggva as a reflex of PIE *bhuH-éi̯e-
  • 20.ON byggva as a reflex of the j-denominative *ƀū̆w-ja- ‘dwell, inhabit’
  • Acknowledgments
  • Notes
  • Author queries
  • References
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