SubjectsLinguistics / Japanese linguistics
Journal
ISSN 2665-9336 | E‑ISSN 2665‑9344
The Boundary between Grammar and Lexicon: Evidence from Japanese verb morphology
Brent de Chene
All linguists recognize that competence in a natural language involves knowledge of a lexicon or dictionary; most assume that it also involves knowledge of a grammatical system. Just where the boundary between the lexicon and the grammar lies, however, is a question on which there is little… read more[Current Issues in Linguistic Theory, 368] 2025. xvii, 267 pp.
Proper Names
Edited by Chia-Jung Pan and Yang Huang
Special issue of Asian Languages and Linguistics 6:1 (2025) v, 252 pp.
Using Tonal Data to Recover Japanese Language History
Elisabeth M. de Boer
This book challenges several assumptions commonly encountered in Japanese dialectology: that the pitch-accent analysis of modern Tōkyō Japanese is an appropriate basis for describing the suprasegmental phonology of other dialects and earlier stages of Japanese; that the Kyōto-type dialects have… read more
Ethnolinguistic contact across the Indo-Myanmar-Southwestern China mountains
Edited by Alexander R. Coupe, Randy J. LaPolla and Hideo Sawada
Special issue of Asian Languages and Linguistics 4:2 (2023) v, 218 pp.
Classifiers
Edited by Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald
Special issue of Asian Languages and Linguistics 3:2 (2022) v, 227 pp.
The Language of Food in Japanese: Cognitive perspectives and beyond
Edited by Kiyoko Toratani
Many studies on the language of food examine English or adopt discourse analysis. This volume makes a fresh attempt to analyze Japanese, focusing on non-discursive units. It offers state-of-the-art data-oriented studies, including methods of analysis in line with Cognitive Linguistics. It… read more[Converging Evidence in Language and Communication Research, 25] 2022. x, 347 pp.
Japanese Mood and Modality in Systemic Functional Linguistics: Theory and Application
Edited by Ken-Ichi Kadooka
This book is a cross-linguistic and interdisciplinary exploration of modality within systemic functional linguistics (SFL). Drawing upon the broad SFL notion of modality that refers to the intermediate degrees between the positive and negative poles, the individual papers probe into the modality… read more[Not in series, 234] 2021. v, 179 pp.
Metroethnicity, Naming and Mocknolect: New horizons in Japanese sociolinguistics
John C. Maher
Language is a social space, an aesthetic, a form of play and communication, a geographical reference, a jouissance, a producer of numerous social and personal identities. This book takes up salient issues of sociolinguistics with a specific focus on Japan: language and gender (the married name… read more[IMPACT: Studies in Language, Culture and Society, 49] 2021. xiii, 239 pp.
The Mysterious Address Term anata 'you' in Japanese
Yoko Yonezawa
The use of the second person singular pronoun anata ‘you’ in modern Japanese has long been regarded as mysterious and problematic, generating contradictory nuances such as polite, impolite, intimate, and distancing. Treated as a troublesome pronoun, scholars have searched for a semantically loaded… read more[Topics in Address Research, 4] 2021. xv, 208 pp.
Bonding through Context: Language and interactional alignment in Japanese situated discourse
Edited by Risako Ide and Kaori Hata
This book examines the linguistic and interactional mechanisms through which people bond or feel bonded with one another by analyzing situated discourse in Japanese contexts. The term “bonding” points to the sense of co-presence, belonging, and alignment with others as well as with the space of… read more[Pragmatics & Beyond New Series, 314] 2020. vii, 291 pp.
Diachrony of Personal Pronouns in Japanese: A functional and cross-linguistic perspective
Osamu Ishiyama
Personal pronouns in Japanese form a heterogeneous category. This book investigates their historical development from a functional perspective. It shows that while nouns give rise to personal pronouns through semanticization of pragmatic inferences, the use of non-nominal forms such as… read more[Current Issues in Linguistic Theory, 344] 2019. ix, 173 pp.
Pragmatics of Japanese: Perspectives on grammar, interaction and culture
Edited by Mutsuko Endo Hudson, Yoshiko Matsumoto and Junko Mori
Bringing together the latest studies on Japanese pragmatics, this edited volume showcases the breadth of research conducted in this ever-expanding, interdisciplinary field, with the introductory chapter providing a useful summary of developments in the field in the past decades. The twelve chapters… read more[Pragmatics & Beyond New Series, 285] 2018. xv, 311 pp.
Involvement and Attitude in Japanese Discourse: Interactive markers
Naomi Ogi
This book addresses the long discussed issue of Japanese interactive markers (traditionally called sentence-final particles) in a new light, and provides the comprehensive linguistic documentation of the interactional functions of seven interactive markers: ne, na, yo, sa, wa, zo and ze. By… read more[Pragmatics & Beyond New Series, 272] 2017. xi, 232 pp.
Mapping Genres, Mapping Culture: Japanese texts in context
Edited by Elizabeth A. Thomson, Motoki Sano and Helen de Silva Joyce
The purpose of this book is to contribute to our understanding of genre and genre variation in the Japanese language in order to bring to consciousness the nature of Japanese culture and the presuppositions, norms and values found within Japanese society. This type of knowledge enables… read more[Pragmatics & Beyond New Series, 281] 2017. vi, 248 pp.
Putting Adpositions in Place: Sortal domains and modifier PPs in Japanese
Kaori Takamine
This monograph explores the grammar of modifier PPs in Japanese, concentrating on their word order. The study argues that (i) modifier PPs are hierarchically arranged and (ii) there is an interesting fine-grained correlation between different PP types and Modal/Aspect functors which indicates that… read more[Linguistik Aktuell/Linguistics Today, 240] 2017. xi, 255 pp.
Studies in Chinese and Japanese Language Acquisition: In honor of Stephen Crain
Edited by Mineharu Nakayama, Yi-ching Su and Aijun Huang
This book focuses on important methodological and theoretical issues in Chinese and Japanese L1 and L2 acquisition. All contributions discuss experiments using the Truth Value Judgment Task (TVJT), on three syntactic and semantic domains, binding, scope interaction, and wh- and logical expressions.… read more[Language Acquisition and Language Disorders, 60] 2017. vi, 286 pp.
A Cognitive Grammar of Japanese Clause Structure
Toshiyuki Kumashiro
This volume represents the first comprehensive work on Japanese clause structure conducted within the framework of Cognitive Grammar. The author proposes schematic conceptual structures for the major constructions in the language and defines Japanese case marking and grammatical relations in purely… read more[Human Cognitive Processing, 53] 2016. xxiii, 373 pp.
Fluid Orality in the Discourse of Japanese Popular Culture
Senko K. Maynard
This volume invites the reader into the world of pragmatic and discourse studies in Japanese popular culture. Through “character-speak”, the book analyzes quoted speech in light (graphic) novels, the effeminate onee kotoba in talk shows, narrative character in keetai (mobile phone) novels, floating… read more[Pragmatics & Beyond New Series, 263] 2016. xi, 344 pp.
Introduction to Healthcare for Japanese-speaking Interpreters and Translators
Ineke H.M. Crezee and Teruko Asano
This book is based on the very popular international publication (Crezee, 2013) and has been supplemented with Japanese glossaries. Just like the 2013 textbook, this practical resource will allow interpreters and translators to quickly read up on healthcare settings, familiarizing themselves with… read more[Not in series, 205] 2016. xxviii, 412 pp.
Sequential Voicing in Japanese: Papers from the NINJAL Rendaku Project
Edited by Timothy J. Vance and Mark Irwin
The papers in this tightly focused collection all report recent research on aspects of rendaku (‘sequential voicing’), the well-known morphophonemic phenomenon in Japanese that affects initial consonants of non-initial elements in complex words (mostly compounds). The papers include… read more[Studies in Language Companion Series, 176] 2016. ix, 279 pp.
Gender, Language and Ideology: A genealogy of Japanese women's language
Momoko Nakamura
The book examines women’s language as an ideological construct historically created by discourse. The aim is to demonstrate, by delineating a genealogy of Japanese women’s language, that, to deconstruct and denaturalize the relationships between gender and any language, and to account for why and… read more[Discourse Approaches to Politics, Society and Culture, 58] 2014. xv, 253 pp.
Usage-based Approaches to Japanese Grammar: Towards the understanding of human language
Edited by Kaori Kabata and Tsuyoshi Ono
This volume brings together papers that take usage-based approaches to study the nature of human language, with a focus on the grammar of Japanese. The 12 chapters provide a rich array of data and methodologies, with topics ranging from phonology, modality, and grammatical morphemes, to sentential… read more[Studies in Language Companion Series, 156] 2014. ix, 308 pp.
Writing and Literacy in Chinese, Korean and Japanese: Revised edition
Insup Taylor and M. Martin Taylor
The book describes how the three East Asian writing systems-Chinese, Korean, and Japanese- originated, developed, and are used today. Uniquely, this book: (1) examines the three East Asian scripts (and English) together in relation to each other, and (2) discusses how these scripts are, and… read more[Studies in Written Language and Literacy, 14] 2014. xix, 487 pp.
Japanese: Revised edition
Shoichi Iwasaki
Japanese ranks as the ninth most widely spoken language of the world with more than 127 million speakers in the island state of Japan. Its genetic relation has been a topic of heated discussion, but Altaic and Austronesian languages appear to have contributed to the early formation of this language. read more[London Oriental and African Language Library, 17] 2013. xxi, 383 pp.
A Cognitive Linguistic Analysis of the English Imperative: With special reference to Japanese imperatives
Hidemitsu Takahashi
This volume offers the first comprehensive description of English imperatives made from a Cognitive Linguistic perspective. It proposes a new way of explaining the meaning and function of the imperative independently of illocutionary act classifications, which allows for quantifying the strength of… read more[Human Cognitive Processing, 35] 2012. xvii, 242 pp.
Conversational Storytelling among Japanese Women: Conversational circumstances, social circumstances and tellability of stories
Mariko Karatsu
This book presents research findings on the overall process of storytelling as a social event in Japanese everyday conversations focusing on the relationship between a story and surrounding talks, the social and cultural aspects of the participants, and the tellability of conversational stories.… read more[Studies in Narrative, 16] 2012. ix, 225 pp.
The Passive in Japanese: A cartographic minimalist approach
Tomoko Ishizuka
This book describes and analyzes the passive voice system in Japanese within the framework of generative grammar. By unifying different types of passives conventionally distinguished within the literature, the book advances a simple minimalist account where various passive characteristics emerge… read more[Linguistik Aktuell/Linguistics Today, 192] 2012. xv, 249 pp.
The Japanese Sentence-Final Particles in Talk-in-Interaction
Hideki Saigo
The Japanese sentence-final particles, ne, yo and yone have proved notoriously difficult to explain and are especially challenging for second language users. This book investigates the role of the particles in talk-in-interaction with the aim of providing a comprehensive understanding that accounts… read more[Pragmatics & Beyond New Series, 205] 2011. xiv, 281 pp.
Loanwords in Japanese
Mark Irwin
Loanwords in Japanese is the first monograph in a Western language to offer a systematic and coherent overview of the vast number of words borrowed into Japanese since the mid-16th century. Its publication is timely given the fact that the loanword stratum’s recent exponential growth has given rise… read more[Studies in Language Companion Series, 125] 2011. xix, 276 pp.
Referring Expressions in English and Japanese: Patterns of use in dialogue processing
Etsuko Yoshida
It is a major challenge for linguists to explore the relations between referential choice and the discourse structure in dialogues, because, unlike written modes of discourse, dialogue as an interactional mode of discourse needs careful treatment for linguistic analysis. This book investigates how… read more[Pragmatics & Beyond New Series, 208] 2011. xviii, 206 pp.
Soliloquy in Japanese and English
Yoko Hasegawa
Language is recognized as an instrument of communication and thought. Under the shadow of prevailing investigation of language as a communicative means, its function as a tool for thinking has long been neglected in empirical research, vis-à-vis philosophical discussions. Language manifests itself… read more[Pragmatics & Beyond New Series, 202] 2010. ix, 230 pp.
Storytelling across Japanese Conversational Genre
Edited by Polly E. Szatrowski
This book investigates how Japanese participants accommodate to and make use of genre-specific characteristics to make stories tellable, create interpersonal involvement, negotiate responsibility, and show their personal selves. The analyses of storytelling in casual conversation, animation… read more[Studies in Narrative, 13] 2010. vi, 313 pp.
Modality in Japanese: The layered structure of the clause and hierarchies of functional categories
Heiko Narrog
Hierarchical clause structure is an important feature of most theories of grammar. While it has been an indispensable part of formal syntactic theories, functional theories have more recently discovered for themselves a ‘layered structure of the clause’. A major focus of the current discussion on… read more[Studies in Language Companion Series, 109] 2009. xxii, 277 pp.
Proto-Japanese: Issues and Prospects
Edited by Bjarke Frellesvig and John Whitman
Proto-Japanese is the reconstructed language stage from which all later varieties of Japanese, including Ryukyuan, descend. It has been studied both as an end in itself (as the genetic code of the Japanese language) and as part of endeavors to clarify the genetic affiliation of Japanese. Based on… read more[Current Issues in Linguistic Theory, 294] 2008. vii, 229 pp.
Style Shifting in Japanese
Edited by Kimberly Jones and Tsuyoshi Ono
This innovative and interdisciplinary book on style shifting in Japanese brings together a wide range of perspectives and methodologies—including discourse analysis, sociolinguistics, cognitive linguistics, and functional linguistics—to look at a variety of types of style shifting in both spoken… read more[Pragmatics & Beyond New Series, 180] 2008. vii, 335 pp.
Silence in Intercultural Communication
:Perceptions and performance
Ikuko Nakane
How and why is silence used interculturally? Approaching the phenomenon of silence from multiple perspectives, this book shows how silence is used, perceived and at times misinterpreted in intercultural communication. Using a model of key aspects of silence in communication – linguistic, cognitive… read more[Pragmatics & Beyond New Series, 166] 2007. xii, 240 pp.
Grammar in Use across Time and Space: Deconstructing the Japanese ‘dative subject’ construction
Misumi Sadler
This monograph contains the first systematic investigation of the Japanese ‘dative subject’ construction across time and space. It demonstrates that, in order to capture what speakers/writers know about how to put an utterance or a clause together, it is necessary to pay attention to what they do… read more[Studies in Discourse and Grammar, 20] 2007. xiv, 212 pp.
Linguistic Creativity in Japanese Discourse: Exploring the multiplicity of self, perspective, and voice
Senko K. Maynard
Using theoretical concepts of self, perspective, and voice as an interpretive guide, and based on the Place of Negotiation theory, this volume explores the phenomenon of linguistic creativity in Japanese discourse, i.e., the use of language in specific ways for foregrounding personalized expressive… read more[Pragmatics & Beyond New Series, 159] 2007. xvi, 356 pp.
Locality and Information Structure: A cartographic approach to Japanese
Yoshio Endo
This monograph presents a systematic exploration of Japanese syntax within the cartographic approach, paying special attention to the locality effects induced by discourse-based features such as topic and focus. Although the main focus is on Japanese syntax, implications of the analyses developed… read more[Linguistik Aktuell/Linguistics Today, 116] 2007. x, 235 pp.
Agency and Impersonality: Their Linguistic and Cultural Manifestations
Mutsumi Yamamoto
In this monograph the author probes the fundamental nature of the concept of agency and its importance to human language and cognition. Whereas previous studies focused on grammatical manifestations this original work addresses such issues as the strong relationship between agency and… read more[Studies in Language Companion Series, 78] 2006. x, 152 pp.
Emotive Communication in Japanese
Edited by Satoko Suzuki
It has become well recognized that affective dimensions of language constitute an integral part of the linguistic system. Japanese provides a prime example of the significance of emotivity as it has grammaticalized a wide variety of expressions to communicate affective information. The collected… read more[Pragmatics & Beyond New Series, 151] 2006. x, 234 pp.
Readings in Second Language Pedagogy and Second Language Acquisition: In Japanese Context
Edited by Asako Yoshitomi, Tae Umino and Masashi Negishi
The selected contributions of this volume focus on various issues related to second language pedagogy and second language acquisition in the Japanese context. Part I covers such topics as discourse pragmatics and cross-cultural pragmatics in language teaching; the instruction of conversation… read more[Usage-Based Linguistic Informatics, 4] 2006. vi, 274 pp.
Negotiation of Contingent Talk: The Japanese interactional particles ne and sa
Emi Morita
Observing naturally occurring talk-in-interaction in Japanese, this book examines how Japanese speakers segment their talk into relevant interactional units and use particles such as ne and sa to accomplish local pragmatic work. The study provides a conversation analytic, action-oriented account… read more[Pragmatics & Beyond New Series, 137] 2005. xvi, 240 pp.
Gender, Language and Culture: A study of Japanese television interview discourse
Lidia Tanaka
This book analyzes the relationship between gender, age and role in Japanese television interviews. It covers a wide range of topics on Japanese communication; cultural and gender variables are interwoven in the interpretation of the findings. The study shows how participants interact through… read more[Studies in Language Companion Series, 69] 2004. xvii, 229 pp.
Japanese Discourse Markers: Synchronic and diachronic discourse analysis
Noriko O. Onodera
This book is one of the pioneering historical pragmatic studies of Japanese. It closely illustrates the usage and contributions of some Japanese discourse markers, and reveals their developmental history. The section on Synchronic Analysis explores the previously uninvestigated functions of some… read more[Pragmatics & Beyond New Series, 132] 2004. xiv, 253 pp.
The Development of Prosodic Structure in Early Words: Continuity, divergence and change
Mitsuhiko Ota
This monograph addresses three basic questions regarding the development of word-internal prosodic structure: How much of the phonological structure of early words is regulated by the same constituents and principles that govern the organization of prosodic structure of mature grammar? Why do early… read more[Language Acquisition and Language Disorders, 34] 2003. xii, 224 pp.
Ellipsis and Reference Tracking in Japanese
Shigeko Nariyama
In many East Asian languages, despite the prevalent occurrence of implicit reference, reference management is largely achieved without recourse to familiar agreement features. For this reason, recovering ellipted reference has been a perplexing problem in the analysis of these languages.This book… read more[Studies in Language Companion Series, 66] 2003. xvi, 400 pp.
Joint Utterance Construction in Japanese Conversation
Makoto Hayashi
This book focuses on how participants in Japanese conversation negotiate and achieve joint courses of action within a single turn at talk. Using the methodology of Conversation Analysis as a central framework, this book describes in detail the structures and procedures used by Japanese speakers to… read more[Studies in Discourse and Grammar, 12] 2003. xii, 249 pp.
Invisible Work: Bilingualism, language choice and childrearing in intermarried families
Toshie Okita
There is growing recognition that context is important for bilingual language development, but understanding of that context remains underdeveloped. This innovative study, spanning the fields of bilingualism, ethnicity and family studies, shows how language use in intermarried families is deeply… read more[IMPACT: Studies in Language, Culture and Society, 12] 2002. x, 275 pp.
Japanese
Shoichi Iwasaki
Japanese ranks as the sixth language of the world with more than 125 million speakers in the island state of Japan. Its genetic relation has been a topic of heated discussion, but Altaic and Austronesian languages appear to have contributed to the early formation of this language. It has a long… read more[London Oriental and African Language Library, 5] 2002. xx, 360 pp.
Conversational Dominance and Gender: A study of Japanese speakers in first and second language contexts
Hiroko Itakura
This book investigates the notion of conversational dominance in depth, and seeks to establish a systematic method of analysing it. It also offers a new insight into the role of gender and the pragmatic transfer of conversational norms in the first and second language conversations among native… read more[Pragmatics & Beyond New Series, 89] 2001. xviii, 231 pp.
Evidentiality and Epistemological Stance: Narrative Retelling
Ilana Mushin
This book explores the discourse pragmatics of reportive evidentiality in Macedonian, Japanese and English through an empirical study of evidential strategies in narrative retelling. The patterns of evidential use (and non-use) found in these languages are attributed to contextual, cultural and… read more[Pragmatics & Beyond New Series, 87] 2001. xviii, 240 pp.
Japanese Term Extraction
Kyo Kageura and Teruo Koyama
The product of a workshop on Automatic Term Recognition (ATR), which focused on the conceptual aspects of ATR. read moreSpecial issue of Terminology 6:2 (2000)
The Light Verb Construction in Japanese: The role of the verbal noun
Tadao Miyamoto
This study deals with the so-called Light Verb Construction in Japanese, which consists of the verb “suru” do and an accusative (“o”) marked verbal noun (VN). There have been unresolved debates on the role of “suru”: whether “suru” in “VN-o suru” functions as a light or heavy verb. The previous… read more[Linguistik Aktuell/Linguistics Today, 29] 2000. xiv, 232 pp.
The Acquisition of Japanese as a Second Language
Edited by Kazue Kanno
This book marks the first-ever collection of papers in English on the acquisition of Japanese as a second language. Its overarching goal is to broaden and deepen the field of SLA research by focusing on Japanese rather than on more commonly studied European languages. Broad in scope and eclectic in… read more[Language Acquisition and Language Disorders, 20] 1999. xii, 180 pp.
The Japanese Mental Lexicon: Psycholinguistic Studies of Kana and Kanji processing
Joseph F. Kess and Tadao Miyamoto
This book surveys the psycholinguistic dimensions of lexical access to the mental lexicon in Japanese, and attempts to synthesize the diversity of Japanese psycholinguistic research into the nature of written word processing in Japanese. Ten chapters focus on the nature of such psycholinguistic… read more[Not in series, 95] 1999. x, 268 pp.
Negotiating Agreement and Disagreement in Japanese: Connective expressions and turn construction
Junko Mori
On the basis of the meticulous transcription/observation process of Conversation Analysis, this book observes recurrent patterns in sequences where Japanese speakers negotiate agreement and disagreement. It contributes to the growing body of research on interaction and grammar by examining how… read more[Studies in Discourse and Grammar, 8] 1999. xii, 240 pp.
Turn-Taking in Japanese Conversation: A Study in Grammar and Interaction
Hiroko Tanaka
This book explores the interpretation of grammar and turn-taking in Japanese talk-in-interaction from the perspective of conversation analysis. It pays special attention to the projectability patterns of turns in Japanese in comparison to English. Through qualitative and quantitative methods, it is… read more[Pragmatics & Beyond New Series, 56] 1999. xiv, 242 pp.
Noun-Modifying Constructions in Japanese: A frame semantic approach
Yoshiko Matsumoto
This study examines the clausal noun-modifying construction (NMC) in Japanese, a much-discussed construction that embraces what have usually been called relative clause and noun complement constructions. Drawing upon a broad range of naturally-occurring NMCs, including types that fall outside the… read more[Studies in Language Companion Series, 35] 1997. x, 211 pp.
Territory of Information
Akio Kamio
Most higher animals are said to be territorial, as a huge amount of work in ethology has made it clear. Human beings are no exceptions. They tend to occupy a certain space around them where they claim their own presence and exclude others quite naturally. If territory is so prevalent among higher… read more[Pragmatics & Beyond New Series, 48] 1997. xiv, 227 pp.
Numeral Classifier Systems: The Case of Japanese
Pamela A. Downing
Numeral Classifier Systems considers the functional significance of the Japanese numeral system, its conclusions based on a corpus of 500 uses of classifier constructions drawn from oral and written Japanese texts.Interestingly, although the Japanese system appears to conform at least superficially… read more[Studies in Discourse and Grammar, 4] 1996. xx, 336 pp.
Writing and Literacy in Chinese, Korean and Japanese
Insup Taylor and M. Martin Taylor
Chinese, Japanese, South (and North) Koreans in East Asia have a long, intertwined and distinguished cultural history and have achieved, or are in the process of achieving, spectacular economic success. Together, these three peoples make up one quarter of the world population.They use a variety of… read more[Studies in Written Language and Literacy, 3] 1995. xiii, 412 pp.
Discourse Modality: Subjectivity, Emotion and Voice in the Japanese Language
Senko K. Maynard
The emotional aspects of language have so far not received the attention they deserve. This study focuses on nonpropositional, i.e. expressive and interactional meanings of Japanese signs, with special emphasis on understanding their cognitive, psychological and social meanings. It shows how the… read more[Pragmatics & Beyond New Series, 24] 1993. x, 315 pp.
Subjectivity in Grammar and Discourse: Theoretical considerations and a case study of Japanese spoken discourse
Shoichi Iwasaki
This book investigates the notion of subjectivity from a pragmatic point of view. There have been attempts to reduce the notion of the speaker or subjectivity as a syntactic category, or to seek an explanation for it in semantic terms. However, in order to understand the vast range of subjectivity… read more[Studies in Discourse and Grammar, 2] 1993. xii, 152 pp.
Perspectives on Topicalization: The case of Japanese wa
Edited by John Hinds, Shoichi Iwasaki and Senko K. Maynard
Within the field of Japanese linguistics, few areas have generated as much controversy as the morpheme wa; traditionally described as a marker of old or contrasted information, its function as a discourse marker has also been studied. This work aims to deepen the understanding of wa through careful… read more[Typological Studies in Language, 14] 1987. xi, 307 pp.