The Mirroring Project (Lindgren et al., 2003; Meyers, 2013, 2014) is a pedagogical option helping those who speak in a second language to improve their intelligibility in a holistic, context-sensitive way. Longitudinal, video-recorded evidence shows how the suprasegmental phonology of one adult English L2 learner, an international teaching assistant in a U.S. university, changes over time, as she “mirrors” the speech of an English speaker she herself has selected as a model. Importantly, it is the learner’s suprasegmentals and nonverbal communication movements which were the focus of instruction, and which noticeably improved due to the Mirroring Project. These findings can be accounted for using the Douglas Fir Group’s (2016) transdisciplinary framework, and Baktin’s constructs of double voicing and semantic language play (Cook, 2000; Tarone, 2000; Broner & Tarone, 2001).
Article outline
Introduction
Review of relevant research on L2 pronunciation
Phonology in speaking a L2: Impact of empathy, accommodation, identity, and emotion
Suprasegmental phonology: Intelligibility in spoken L2 discourse
Pedagogy on pronunciation to improve intelligibility
Abercrombie, D. (1968). Paralanguage. International Journal of Language and Communication Disorders, 3, 55–59.
Anderson-Hsieh, J. (1992). Using electronic visual feedback to teach suprasegmentals. System, 20(1), 51–62.
Anderson-Hsieh, J., Johnson, R., & Koehler, K. (1992). The relationship between native speaker judgments of nonnative pronunciation and deviance in segmentals, prosody and syllable structure. Language Learning, 42, 529–555.
Bakhtin, M. M. (1929/1984). Problems in Dostoevsky’s poetics. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
Bakhtin, M. M. (1981). The dialogic imagination: Four essays by M. M. Bakhtin, M. Holquist (Ed.), trans. C. Emerson & M. Holquist. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.
Barr, P. (1990). The role of discourse intonation in lecture comprehension. In M. Hewings (Ed.), Papers in discourse intonation (pp. 5–21). Birmingham, UK: University of Birmingham, English Language Research.
Beebe, L. (1980). Sociolinguistic variation and style shifting in second language acquisition. Language Learning, 30, 433–447.
Beebe, L., & Giles, H. (1984). Speech-accommodation theories: A discussion in terms of second-language acquisition. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 46, 5–32.
Boersma, P., & Weenink, D. (2017). PRAAT: Doing phonetics by computer. Retrieved from <[URL]> (6 January 2017).
Bolinger, D. (1964). Around the edge of language: Intonation. Harvard Educational Review, 34, 282–296.
Brazil, D. (1997). The communicative value of intonation in English. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Broner, M., & Tarone, E. (2001). Is it fun? Language play in a fifth grade Spanish immersion classroom, Modern Language Journal, 85, 363–379.
Brown, G. (1977). Listening to spoken English. London: Longman.
Brown, G., & Yule, G. (1983). Discourse analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Celce-Murcia, M., Brinton, D., & Goodwin, J. (2010). Teaching pronunciation: A course book and reference guide (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Dittman A. T. (1974). The body movement-speech rhythm relationship as a cue to speech encoding. In S. Weitz (Ed.), Nonverbal communication (pp. 169–181). New York: Oxford University Press.
Douglas Fir Group (Dwight Atkinson, Heidi Byrnes, Meredith Doran, Patricia Duff, Joan Kelly Hall, Karen Johnson, James Lantolf, Diane Larsen-Freeman, Bonny Norton, John Schumann, Merrill Swain, & Elaine Tarone). (2016). A transdisciplinary framework for SLA in a multilingual world. Modern Language Journal, 100(Supplement 2016), 19–47.
Fry, D. (1958). Experiments on the perception of stress. Language and Speech, 1, 126–152.
Fudge, E. C. (1984). English word stress. Sydney: George Allen & Unwin.
Gilbert, J. (2012). Clear Speech: Pronunciation and listening comprehension in American English (4th ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Gimson, A. C. (1980). An introduction to the pronunciation of English (3rd ed.). London: Edward Arnold.
Gorsuch, G. J. (2003). The educational cultures of international teaching assistants and U.S. universities. TESL-EJ, 7(3), 1–17.
Grant, L. (2017). Well said: Pronunciation for clear communication. Student book (4th ed.). Belmont, CA: Cengage Learning.
Guiora, A.Beit-Hallami, R., Brannon, R., Dull, C., & Scovel, T. (1972). The effects of experimentally induced changes in ego states on pronunciation ability in a second language: An exploratory study. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 13(5), 421ff.
Hahn, L. (2004). Primary stress and intelligibility: Research to motivate the teaching of suprasegmentals. TESOL Quarterly, 38, 201–223.
Kang, O. (2010). Relative salience of suprasegmental features on judgments of L2 comprehensibility and accentedness. System, 38(2), 301–315.
Kang, O., Rubin, D., & Pickering, L. (2010). Suprasegmental measures of accentedness and judgments of language learner proficiency in oral English. The Modern Language Journal, 9, 554–566.
Kannellow, V. (2009). The practice of pronunciation teaching in current ELT manuals and handbook: a review. Speak Out: IATEFL Pronunciation Special Interest Group Newsletter, 40, 1–5.
Key, M. R. (Ed.). (1980). The relationship of verbal and nonverbal communication. The Hague: Mouton.
Krahmer, E., & Swerts, M. (2007). The effects of visual beats on prosodic prominence: Acoustic analyses, auditory perception and visual perception. Journal of Memory and Language, 57, 396–414.
Lan, Y. (2011). The generation that’s remaking China. Ted Talks. Retrieved from <[URL]> (5 January, 2017).
Lehiste, I. (1976). Suprasegmentals. In N. J. Lass (Ed.), Contemporary issues in experimental phonetics (pp. 225–239). New York, NY: Academic Press.
Levis, J. M. (1999). Intonation in theory and practice, revisited. TESOL Quarterly, 33, 37–63.
Levis, J. M. (2005). Changing contexts and shifting paradigms in pronunciation teaching. TESOL Quarterly, 39, 369–377.
Levis, J. M., & Wichmann, A. (2015). English intonation –Form and meaning. In M. Reed & J. M Levis (Eds.), The handbook of English pronunciation (pp. 139–155). Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
Lindgren, J., Meyers, C.M., & Monk, M. (2003). Approaches to accent: The Mirroring Project. Paper presented at the annual conference of Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages (TESOL), Baltimore, MD.
McGregor, A., Zielinski, B., Meyers, C., & Reed, M. (2016). An exploration of teaching intonation using a TED Talk. In J. Levis, H. Le., I. Lucic, E. Simpson, & S. Vo (Eds.), Proceedings of the 7th Annual Conference of Pronunciation in Second Language Learning and Teaching (PSLLT) (pp. 143–159). Ames, IA: Iowa State University.
Major, R. (2001). Foreign accent: The ontogeny and phylogeny of second language phonology. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Mathis, T., & Yule, G. (1994). Zero quotatives. Discourse Processes, 18, 63–76.
Meyers, C. (2013). Mirroring project update: Intelligible accented speakers as pronunciation models. TESOL Video News. Accessed at <[URL]> (9 September, 2016).
Meyers, C. (2014). Intelligible accented speakers as pronunciation models. In J. Levis & S. McCrocklin (Eds.), Proceedings of the 5th Annual Conference of Pronunciation in Second Language Learning and Teaching (PSLLT) (pp. 172–176). Ames, IA: Iowa State University.
Moreno, L. (2016). Channeling Charlie: Suprasegmental pronunciation in a second language learner’s performance of others’ voices. Unpublished MA Qualifying Paper. University of Minnesota. Available at the University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy: <[URL]>
Murphy, J. M. (2014). Intelligible, comprehensible, non-native models in ESL/EFL pronunciation teaching. System, 42, 258–269.
Pennington, M. (1988). Teaching pronunciation from the top down. University of Hawai’i Working Papers in ESL, 7(1), 203–227.
Pennycook, A. (1985). Actions speak louder than words: Paralanguage, communication and education. TESOL Quarterly, 19, 259–282.
Pickering, L. (2001). The role of tone choice in improving ITA communication in the classroom. TESOL Quarterly, 35(2), 233–255.
Pickering, L. (2004). The structure and function of intonation paragraphs in native and nonnative speaker instructional discourse. English for Specific Purposes, 23, 19–43.
Tannen, D. (1989). Talking voices: Repetition, dialogue, and imagery in conversational discourse. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Tarone, E. (1978). The phonology of interlanguage. In J. C. Richards (Ed.), Understanding second and foreign language learning (pp. l5–33). Rowley, MA: Newbury House.
Tarone, E. (1988). Variation in interlanguage. London: Edward Arnold.
Tarone, E. (2000). Getting serious about language play: Language play, interlanguage variation and second language acquisition. In B. Swierzbin, F. Morris, M. Anderson, C. Klee, & E. Tarone (Eds.), Social and cognitive factors in SLA: Proceedings of the 1999 Second Language Research Forum (pp. 31–54). Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Press.
Tarone, E. (2005). Speaking in a second language. In E. Hinkel (Ed.), Handbook of research in second language teaching and learning (pp. 485–502). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Tarone, E., & Swain, M. (1995). A sociolinguistic perspective on second-language use in immersion classrooms. Modern Language Journal, 79, 166–178.
Thomson, R., & Derwing, T. (2015). The effectiveness of L2 pronunciation instruction: A narrative review. Applied Linguistics, 36(3), 326–344.
Cited by (12)
Cited by 12 other publications
McAndrews, Mark
2023. The effects of prosody instruction on listening comprehension in an EAP classroom context. Language Teaching Research 27:6 ► pp. 1480 ff.
Corbett, John Blair
2022. The design of a blended learning course to develop conference presentation skills for postgraduate students in medicine. Letras► pp. 151 ff.
LaScotte, Darren K.
2022. L2 Voices and Materials as Tools in Pronunciation Pedagogy. In New Perspectives on Material Mediation in Language Learner Pedagogy [Educational Linguistics, 56], ► pp. 267 ff.
LASCOTTE, DARREN K. & ELAINE TARONE
2022. Channeling Voices to Improve L2 English Intelligibility. The Modern Language Journal 106:4 ► pp. 744 ff.
Sonsaat‐Hegelheimer, Sinem & Shannon McCrocklin
2022. Research‐informed Materials for Pronunciation Teaching. In Second Language Pronunciation, ► pp. 293 ff.
Hardison, Debra M & Martha C Pennington
2021. Multimodal Second-Language Communication: Research Findings and Pedagogical Implications. RELC Journal 52:1 ► pp. 62 ff.
LaScotte, Darren, Colleen Meyers & Elaine Tarone
2021. Voice and Mirroring in SLA: Top-Down Pedagogy for L2 Pronunciation Instruction. RELC Journal 52:1 ► pp. 144 ff.
Levis, John M
2021. Conversations with Experts – In Conversation with John Levis, Editor of Journal of Second Language Pronunciation. RELC Journal 52:1 ► pp. 206 ff.
Pennington, Martha C
2021. Teaching Pronunciation: The State of the Art 2021. RELC Journal 52:1 ► pp. 3 ff.
2020. Pronunciation Teaching Methods and Techniques. In The Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics, ► pp. 1 ff.
LaSCOTTE, DARREN & ELAINE TARONE
2019. Heteroglossia and Constructed Dialogue in SLA. The Modern Language Journal 103:S1 ► pp. 95 ff.
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 9 november 2024. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers.
Any errors therein should be reported to them.