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Journal mutations
Part of
Multimodal Argumentation and Rhetoric in Media Genres
Edited by Assimakis Tseronis and Charles Forceville
[
Argumentation in Context
14] 2017
► pp.
295
–
302
◄
previous
Subject index
A
abduction
see
reasoning processes
acceptability
see
ARS criteria
advertisements / advertising
7, 10, 12, 27, 33–36, 38, 43, 53, 191
Corsica ad
33
Crédit Agricole ad
35–36
Daisy-ad
221
fear ads
221, 224n
movie trailers
14, 190–194, 211
newsads
220
political
14, 220–221, 228
TV
17, 88
aesthetic dimension / function (of images)
14, 32, 62, 170, 193, 218, 222
allusion
83, 94–96, 106
argument by
103
see also
analogy
to fables and fairy tales
95, 143
to Pinocchio
93, 95–96, 102, 106 ;
see also
editorial cartoons
analogy
33, 83, 124, 145–147, 151, 153, 174 ;
see also
comparison; disanalogy
argument by/ from
13, 92–93, 112, 114, 122–123
locus from
199
antithesis
10, 14, 42, 167–168, 173–174, 176–177, 180–182, 184
see also
contrast; figures
between sequences
172–174
between shots
175–177
within the shot
177–181
visual
179
visual vs multimodal
168, 180
appeal to fear
221, 228, 232
appeal to pity
28–29
Phryne, story of
29–31
appearance, argument from
13, 112, 125–126
argument
9, 119
see also
visual argument
and arguing (broad/ narrow sense)
82–83, 98
and argumentation
3, 113n
as a cognitive category
6, 139
as interaction
3, 55, 57, 219, 241 ;
see also
argumentation
as reasons in support of a claim/standpoint
3, 9, 82, 140, 147, 184
as speech act
84
see also
argumentation
process/product/procedure distinction
3, 5–6, 75, 165–166, 219
argument assessment
see
evaluation
argument diagrams
see
visualization of argumentation
argument of moral unbearability
70
argument / argumentation scheme(s)
11, 13, 70–71, 92–93, 102–103, 112–115, 199, 210, 235, 255
see also
critical questions; locus; topos
adapted for visual reasoning
122–126, 132–133
as tools for evaluation
92, 113–115
argumentation
3, 5, 54, 139–140, 192, 219, 245–246
see also
multimodal argumentation
and persuasion
26, 32, 43
and rhetoric
54
see also
rhetorical perspective
arguing as justifying and as positioning oneself
241
embodied dimension of
241–242
indicators/ markers of
10, 83–84
studies (perspective)
2–3, 41, 82, 166, 190, 218, 222
argumentation by example
73
argumentation from consequence
34, 114, 221
argumentation structure
9, 70, 85–86, 113, 123, 125, 192, 198
see also
reconstruction
and turn-taking
240, 249 ;
see also
segmentation
argumentative function / relevance (of visuals)
9–10, 16–17, 169–170, 184, 197, 208
see also
rhetorical effect(s)
direct vs indirect
169, 184
argumentative meaning
13, 83, 139–141 ;
see also
interpretation
argumentative move(s)
14, 138n, 246, 249, 251
argumentative reconstruction
see
reconstruction
argumentative situation
84–85, 169–170, 241n ;
see also
context; rhetorical situation
Argumentum Model of Topics (AMT)
199–200, 209
ARS criteria
see also
evaluation
acceptability
91–92, 113–114
relevance
124, 219
sufficiency
219, 227, 233–234
art (history)
1, 61n
ART approach to argument
13, 82–85, 91–93
artificial intelligence
5
assertion
4, 83, 139
see also
content
attribution of commitments
8, 11, 17
audience
4, 8, 10, 12, 17, 56, 59, 91, 107, 169, 171, 174, 181, 193, 219–221, 236, 251
adherence of
27–28, 31, 55
communion with
27, 31
research
see
empirical research
rhetorical
57
third-party
243
Australopithecus africanus
116, 121
illustrations of
117–118
authority
appeal to (argument from expert opinion)
114
locus from
199
B
body posture
7, 14–15, 17, 61, 179, 230, 241, 246, 278–279, 281–282 ;
see also
gestures; semiotic resources
C
camera movement
184, 197, 204–205, 208, 225
see also
cinematography
close-up
176, 179, 181, 193, 231
reframing
178, 180
zoom (in/out)
176, 179, 180, 181, 204, 205
cartoon(s)
see
editorial cartoons
charisma
15, 264, 267, 286
Authoritarian-Threatening
270, 280, 285
Benevolent-Authoritarian
280
Calm-Benevolent
270, 285
Proactive-Attractive
270, 280, 283–284
external features of
269
internal features of
268–269
seeds of
270–271, 278, 281–285
charismatic leader
268, 273, 277
Bossi, Umberto
269–270
Gandhi, Mahatma
269
Mussolini, Benito
15, 264, 271, 281, 285
Obama, Barack
269, 277
cinéma vérité style
225–226 ;
see also
Direct Cinema
cinematography
13–14, 168, 170, 225, 230–231
see also
camera movement
frame
225–226
off-screen
179, 226, 231
claim
96–97, 169, 173, 176, 180, 233
see also
conclusion; premise(s); standpoint
implicit
92, 192, 232
classification
argument for classification from comparison of diagnostic features
125–126, 131
argument from verbal classification
249, 253–254
close-up
see
camera movement
cognitive perspectives
14, 16, 42, 142, 148, 165–167, 185, 253n
linguistics
1, 108, 166
psychology
3, 5
semiotics
13, 139
socio-cognitive model of mind
15, 266–267
communicative act(s)
see
speech act(s)
comparison
89–90, 114, 122, 124, 131, 156–157, 174
see also
analogy
contrastive/ contrastivist
112, 123
negative
157, 168, 179 ;
see also
disanalogy
conclusion
9, 82, 85, 88, 105, 113, 199 ;
see also
claim; premise(s); standpoint
content
see also
assertion; interpretation; reconstruction
(non-)propositional
4, 6–7, 8, 138
verbal
8, 178
visual
10, 133
verbalisation of visual
8–9, 88, 139, 185, 197, 203n, 208, 218, 235
context
7–8, 57–58, 83, 140–141, 159, 192–193, 219, 242, 254–255 ;
see also
argumentative situation; rhetorical situation
contradiction
140, 147, 145, 151–152, 153–154, 167, 173 ;
see also
incongruity
contrast
10, 123, 140, 148, 153, 158, 167–168, 172, 174–175, 181, 183, 231 ;
see also
antithesis
Conversation Analysis
15, 240, 244, 246
critical questions
11, 13, 92–93, 103, 114, 125–126, 132
see also
argument scheme(s); evaluation
answers to
128–130
critical theory
5
cross-cutting
see
editing
cultural studies
3
cutaway
see
editing
D
debate
about immigrants in Sweden
228–229, 235
archaeological
13, 112, 115
Islam
150–152
political
90–91, 265
public
15, 242–243, 249
deduction
see
reasoning processes
defeasibility
see
reasoning processes
dialectical perspective
3–4, 5, 75, 219
see also
Pragma-Dialectics
dialectical tier
11
difference of opinion
10, 82–83, 192, 241, 243
see also
argumentative situation
single non-mixed
192
Direct Cinema
14, 166, 170–171 ;
see also
cinéma vérité style
disagreement
see
difference of opinion
disanalogy (argument by)
123, 146–147, 151–153, 231 ;
see also
analogy
discourse world
see
narration
documentary (film)
13, 166, 169–171, 184–185, 224
and editing
175
documentary modes
170
TV and news documentaries
190, 224
domain
auxiliary
143, 145, 150–151, 153, 155, 160
conceptual
142–143, 151
mono-domain (cartoons)
143–144, 147, 158, 160
multi-domain (cartoons)
143, 145, 154, 160
source
152–153
topic
142
E
editing
13–14, 168, 170, 184, 191, 226, 231, 233
continuity vs evidentiary
175
cross-cutting
175, 182
cutaway
175–176, 183
match-on-action
175
scene – shot – sequence
14, 168, 182, 191, 201–203, 226
editorial cartoons
2, 7, 12–13, 53, 81–84, 92, 106–107, 138, 141–142, 145, 153, 159
see also under
domain
Clement, Tony (as Pinocchio)
94–95
Clinton, Hillary (as Pinocchio)
100
Conway, Kellyanne (as Pinocchio)
94
Harper, Stephen (as Pinocchio)
95–96
Iwo Jima inspired
154–157
Johnson, Lyndon (as Pinocchio)
105
Mcguinty, Dalton (as Pinocchio)
105
Muhammad
81
Nixon, Richard (as Pinocchio)
103–104
Obama, Barack (as Pinocchio)
105
Obama, Barack (in cartoon)
149
Pinocchio
19, 93, 98–103
Putin, Vladimir (as Pinocchio)
96–98
Wilders, Geert (in cartoon)
150–151
Xi Jinping (as Pinocchio)
100–101
effectiveness
see
rhetorical effect(s)
embodiment
see
body posture
emotion(s)
11, 32, 62, 220, 272, 277, 284
see also
pathos
emotional appeal
55
empirical research
audience/ reception
12, 17, 58, 75–76, 236
corpus analysis
17, 108, 211
enthymeme
86, 192–194, 196
and abduction
195–196
endoxical
199–200, 210
enthymematic argument
14, 191
enthymematic interpretation
190, 194, 198
enthymematic reasoning
194–196
multimodal
14, 193, 210
procedural
199–200
ethos
55, 91, 106, 219, 249, 263, 268
multimodal
254–255
European migrant crisis
12, 63–64
discussions in the media
71–73
in the social media
73–74
media coverage of
67–71
evaluation (of argumentation)
10–11, 13, 17, 75–76, 91, 102, 112–113, 148
see also
ARS criteria; critical questions; fallacies
visual criteria for
132
event schemes (scenarios)
148, 151, 154
eventuality (event representation)
197, 204–206
expertise
see
authority
F
facial expression(s)
15, 17, 60, 267, 278–280, 282
fallacies / fallaciousness
11, 91, 102, 106, 199n
see also
evaluation
ad hominem
93, 102–103, 106, 252, 255
false dilemma
235
of composition 199n
red herring
130
fear appeal(s)
see
appeal to fear
feminist studies
3
fiction and documentary films (titles)
Black Is, Black Ain’t
(Riggs)
169
Children at School
(Wright)
169
Gravity
(Cuarón)
201–202
High School
(Wiseman)
173
Hospital
(Wiseman)
173, 179, 181
Juvenile Court
(Wiseman)
174, 176, 180
Married Couple, A
(King)
169
Primate
(Wiseman)
173–174, 176
Titicut Follies
(Wiseman)
173, 175, 178
Zoo
(Wiseman)
182–183
figures
10, 12, 26–38, 166, 185, 267, 273
argumentative role of
26–27, 34, 169–170
argumentative vs ornamental role of
27–28, 32
as a mode of thought
41, 166–167
Groupe μ’s taxonomy
39
persuasive role of
28, 32–33
persuasive and argumentative role of
36–37, 44
verbal and visual
12, 37–38 ;
see also
transpositionists
visual
33, 36, 39, 43
antonomasia
38
chiasmus
10
hyperbole
109
irony
166, 265
metalepsis
36
prolepsis
36–37
rhythm
32
syllepsis
36
synecdoche
62
figures of presence
27–30
ekphrasis
28
energeia
28, 30, 31
hypotyposis
27–28, 30
film dialogue
see
sound
film form and style
14, 223, 227, 232–235
film frame
see
cinematography
film studies
1, 222
fly-on-the wall (documentary)
see
Direct Cinema
framing
12, 57, 106, 119, 225 ;
see also
interpretation
front cover / page
67–70, 88, 157
G
Gaza War
88–90
gaze (direction)
10, 14–15, 246n, 249–251, 253, 255, 267
see also
gestures, semiotic resources
sub-parameters of
267
genre
7–8, 12, 17, 224
see also
rhetorical genres
attribution
7, 205
Direct Cinema documentary
170, 184
editorial cartoons
82, 138, 140
movie trailers as prior epitext
191–192
political advertising
220
press photography
52–53
public debate
242–243
gestures
7, 10, 14–15, 17, 240, 267, 276, 279–280, 284
see also
body posture; semiotic resources
and metaphors
253n
as cues for speech segmentation
240, 246
claiming the floor
15, 247, 249
hand raising
249
in political communication
265
metaphoric grasping
15, 252–254
of precision (the ring)
265, 282–283
pointing
15, 246, 250–251
sub-parameters of
265, 267, 278
H
hypothesis-construction
see
inferences
I
image(s)
3–4, 39, 64, 143
see also
photographs; semiotic resources
diagrams
11
drawings
92, 116–117, 266
figures
11
function of
26–27, 31, 62, 70–71, 73, 106, 119
iconic
53, 64, 73, 143, 154
moving
9, 166, 189, 197, 217
paintings
29–30, 35–36, 61n, 92
static
9
incongruity (perspective by)
139–141, 147, 149, 151, 154, 156, 159 ;
see also
contradiction
induction
see
reasoning processes
inferences
57, 85–86, 88, 91, 98, 113–114
inference process
3, 14, 148, 166, 190–191, 195–198, 201, 205–206, 211
inferential rule (maxim)
199–200
relationship between claim/standpoint and reason/argument
84, 138, 140, 149n, 191, 220 ;
see also
argument scheme(s)
informal logic
5, 12, 43, 54, 82, 91–92, 130, 219
Interactional Linguistics
15, 17, 240, 245–246
interpretation
8–9, 12–13, 86, 140, 146, 152, 185, 193–194, 203–206, 222, 240, 254
see also
argumentative meaning; content; reconstruction
dynamic process of
196–197
erase test
145, 148, 150, 158
interpretative equilibrium
146–148, 153, 156, 160
intersemiotic relationships
4, 9, 16, 42, 168, 171, 182, 189–190
see also
multimodal texts
audio-visual
7, 14, 177, 191–194, 217n, 218
gestures, prosody and facial expressions
280
image-text relations
16–17, 40, 42
multimodal Gestalts
242
speech and gaze direction
241, 251
speech and gesture
241–242, 251, 253, 265
words and images
41, 59, 72, 76, 180
intonation
15, 193, 278
see also
prosody
falling
245, 249, 265
rising
249, 284
J
joint argument
see
multimodal argumentation
K
KC tables (Key Components)
see
visualization of argumentation
L
language
6–8, 38–39, 139
creative use of
271–274
language-oriented approach to argumentation
15, 54, 241
primacy of verbal
16, 39, 41–42, 167
sign
7
spoken
see
sound
written
5, 193n, 206
linguistics
1, 16, 38
and poetics
39
locus / loci
see also
argument scheme(s); topos
from (efficient) cause
199, 210
from genus to species
199
from parts to whole
199–200
logic of film discourse interpretation
196–198
logical perspective
3–4, 5, 75, 106, 219 ;
see also
informal logic
logos
55, 91, 219, 263, 268
M
magazine cover
see
front cover
magazines and newspapers (titles)
Charlie Hebdo
81
China Digital Times
100
Daily Mail
64
Daily Mail (MailOnline)
72
Daily Mirror
67
Der Strümer
109
Express Online
72
Guardian
68
Independent
69
Jyllands-Posten
81
Metro
(free press)
68
National
70
New Yorker
157
Sun
67
Telegraph
73
match-on-action
see
editing
meaning-making process
see
inferences; interpretation
media
1, 16, 59
genres
12, 184, 192
social (Twitter)
73–74, 208n
studies
1, 16
YouTube
17, 228
metaphor
1, 6, 10, 39, 166, 168, 273, 284
and metonymy
39, 167
visual
39, 41, 94, 143, 145
metonymy
10, 12, 33–34, 36–37, 39, 44, 83, 273 ;
see also
figures
mise-en-scène
14, 168, 224, 229–230
mode
see
semiotic resources
movie trailers
see
advertisements
multimodal analysis (of communication/ discourse/ interaction)
3–5, 9, 15–16, 165, 191, 196, 211, 241, 265
multimodal argumentation
5–6, 45, 57, 76, 106–107, 170–171, 190, 193n, 217–218
see also
visual argument; visual rhetoric
definition of
5
evaluation of
10–11
interpretation of
9–10, 17
joint argument
35
reconstruction of
8–9
vs monomodal
5–6
multimodal rhetoric
5–6, 41, 264, 286 ;
see also
visual rhetoric
multimodal texts / artefacts
2, 7, 13, 16, 18, 41, 57, 76, 191, 218
see also
advertisements; editorial cartoons; intersemiotic relationships
antiwar posters
42
(documentary) film
2, 167–168, 170
monuments and memorials
88, 266
movie trailers
193–194, 203–207
political posters
27
multimodality
see
intersemiotic relationships; multimodal analysis
N
narration / narrative
191, 197–198, 203, 206, 232
diegetic vs non-diegetic
203, 206–208, 223
and
mise-en-scène
229
and music
227, 232
implied author
152
narrative system
223
off-screen narrator
228
plot
223
story
201, 203, 223
normative perspective
3, 5, 113–114
compared to descriptive
3, 5
normative (non) revisionism
11
see also
evaluation
P
parallelism
167–168, 172–173, 175, 179, 182, 184
visual
117n
pathos
32, 55, 91, 219, 224, 263, 268, 272, 284 ;
see also
emotion(s)
persuasion / persuasiveness
12, 26, 37, 43, 91, 102, 170, 190, 219–220, 263, 265, 267
see also
rhetorical effect(s)
and argumentation
26, 32, 36, 43
and figures
28–30, 33
and images
42, 45, 114–115, 119
and rhetoric
54–55
photographs / photography
1–2, 52, 63, 74, 76, 84
see also
image(s)
9/11 photographs
63
Iwo Jima (photo)
63, 143, 154
Judge, Mychal (photo of)
61
Kurdi, Aylan (photo of)
64, 70–71, 73–74
press photography
12, 52–53, 67, 70, 73, 76
plot
see
narration
pointing gestures
see
gestures
political cartoon(s)
see
editorial cartoons
position
see
claim; conclusion; standpoint
postmodernism
3
Pragma-Dialectics
5, 13, 70, 82–84, 91, 192, 198, 240n
argumentative patterns
210
starting points
10
strategic maneuvering
37, 108
pragmatic perspective
14, 16, 194
see also
speech act(s)
relevance theory
6
maxim of relevance
140
premise(s)
9, 52, 70, 82–83, 91, 113–114, 199, 221
see also
claim; conclusion; standpoint
endoxical
193–194, 199–200, 210
endoxon
192–193
factual (datum)
199–200, 209, 211
implicit
14, 86, 103, 192–194
procedural
194, 199–200
propaganda
27, 73 ;
see also
persuasion
propositions
see
assertion; content
prosody
15, 249n, 253, 278–280, 282 ;
see also
intonation
public
see
audience
R
reasoning processes
3, 11, 194
see also
inferences
abduction, abductive
191, 195–196
deduction, deductive
91, 195
defeasible 54n,
132, 194–195
enthymematic
see
enthymeme
induction, inductive
91, 195
presumptive
54n
reconstruction (of argumentation)
8–10, 13, 85–86, 147, 149n, 159, 169, 194, 198–201, 208, 218, 233–234, 240n
see also
content; interpretation; visualization
analytical problems
112–115
transformations
198, 208n
relevance
see
ARS criteria
rhetorical effect(s)
2, 4, 9–10, 16–17, 28, 31, 37, 76, 91, 106, 183, 193, 199n, 218, 242, 267
see also
argumentative function; persuasion
effectiveness and reasonableness
37
rhetorical figures
see
figures
rhetorical genres
deliberative
55–56, 62, 70
epideictic
56, 62
forensic
55, 62
rhetorical perspective
3–5, 12–14, 32, 54–56, 91, 115, 219–220, 267
rhetoric and argumentation
25, 27–28, 32, 36, 54–55 ;
see also
persuasion
rhetorical analysis
4, 172
rhetorical argumentation
54–55, 219
rhetorical criticism
58
rhetorical qualities (of images)
10, 31, 218
see also
rhetorical effect(s)
condensation
10, 193
evidence (
evidentia
)
31n
expansion and compression
107
presence (
enargeia
)
28, 31, 218 ;
see also
figures of presence
thickness
193, 218
urgency
55, 57, 227
rhetorical situation
6, 12, 54, 57–59, 76, 222
see also
argumentative situation; context
elements of
57, 59, 61 ;
see also
audience
S
scenarios
see
event schemes
scene - shot – sequence
see
editing
science / scientific communication
7, 11
images in
113, 115
segmentation (of speech)
15, 239–240, 254
by the analyst
see
reconstruction
by the interactants
244, 249
film segmentation
222
semantics
8, 14, 148, 167
formal discourse semantics
196
semantic analysis
206, 267, 281
semantic content
197, 201, 206 ;
see also
eventuality
semiology
see
semiotics
semiotic artefacts
see
multimodal texts
semiotic resources
1–3, 5, 7, 13, 16, 18, 193, 206
see also
body posture; gaze; gestures; image(s); sound
affordances
9, 11, 17, 218
audio mode
7, 175, 197, 203, 206
combination of
see
intersemiotic relationships
definition of
4–5
layout
10, 16, 191, 193n
music
2, 17, 170, 203, 208, 227, 232
non-verbal modes
1, 6, 8, 11, 218
typography
16, 193n
verbal mode
6, 8, 167, 170, 239–240
visual composition
10, 60–61, 178, 193–194, 224
visual mode
5, 7, 16, 168
semiotics
1, 3, 38, 195
social
108
simile
see
metaphor
situational perspective
see
rhetorical situation
sound
1, 14, 16–17, 175, 181, 197, 226–227, 231–232
see also
semiotic resources
diegetic vs non-diegetic
203, 227, 231
effects
170
film dialogue
170, 175, 178–179, 203
voice quality
15, 193n, 269–270, 284, 285
voice-over
170, 176, 184, 191, 211, 228
voice-track
168, 197, 203
speech act(s) (account)
83–84, 97, 245, 274–278
visual/ pictorial
53, 83
speech segmentation
see
segmentation
standardizing (an argument)
see
reconstruction
standpoint
9, 83–84, 113
see also
claim; conclusion; premise(s)
evaluative
172, 182, 192, 208
inciting
70, 189
story
see
narration
sufficiency
see
ARS criteria
syllogism
see
enthymeme
Systemic Functional Grammar
1
T
talk-in-interaction
14, 241, 244
embodied dimension of
246
multimodal analysis of
241–242
multi-party (polylogue)
243
terrorist attacks 9/11
12, 58–59, 62, 154
topos / topoi
26, 29, 54, 70, 74, 199 ;
see also
argument scheme(s); locus
transpositionists and antitranspositionists (debate)
38–41
tropes
see
figures
turn-taking (machinery)
244
multi-unit turn (MUT)
244, 246
transition-relevance place (TRP)
244–246, 249, 253–254
turn-constructional unit (TCU)
244–246, 249, 254
types of argument
see
argument scheme(s)
V
Vietnam War
53n, 70, 105
viewer(s)
see
audience
visual argument
4–5, 36, 40–41, 43, 54, 83–84, 115, 119, 138
see also
multimodal argumentation
criticisms of
6, 8, 10–11, 12–13, 41, 43, 83, 132–133
taxonomies of
9, 42
visual flag
42, 107, 178n
visual pun
33, 36
visual refutation/ counter-argumentation
70–73, 94, 97, 169
vs verbal argument
6, 8, 40
visual rhetoric
2–3, 5, 54
see also
multimodal rhetoric
and figures
40
and verbal rhetoric
see
transpositionists
and visual argumentation
4, 25–26, 30, 33
pioneers of
37–40
visual (communication) studies
1, 16
visualization of argumentation
8, 17
see also
reconstruction
argument diagrams
13, 85–86, 91
KC tables
13, 85–86, 91
Y-shaped diagram
200, 209
visuals
see
image(s)
voice
see
sound
Z
zoom (in/out)
see
camera movement