Article published In:
BabelVol. 35:4 (1989) ► pp.193–218
Translation and mass-communication
Film and T.V. translation as evidence of cultural dynamics
Tout bien considéré, on ne peut que s'étonner de la disproportion entre l'importance évidente du phénomène de la traduction dans les mass-media audio-visuels (importance qui peut être définie en termes à la fois quantitatifs et qualitatifs) d'une part, et l'attention minimale que la science de la traduction y a accordée d'autre part. Bien qu'il y ait bon nombre de publications à ce sujet, la majorité d'entre elles sont d'orientation purement technique; en outre, leur teneur est souvent préscriptive plutôt que descriptive.
En passant, cet article traite des causes de cette disproportion remarquable, mais avant tout nous avons l'intention d'indiquer de quelle façon la lacune pourrait être comblée. Le modèle que nous proposons est basé sur des schèmes de recherche dont l'utilité a amplement été établie dans le domaine de la traduction littéraire. En suivant Gideon Toury, nous présumons qu'il faut distinguer plusieurs niveaux de relations traductionnelles. Ainsi, la pratique de la traduction dans le domaine du film et de la télévision à l'intérieur d'une situation socioculturelle donnée (niveau de la performance) repose sur des choix faits parmi un ensemble d'alternatives assez vaste (niveau de la compétence); cette sélection est gouvernée par le niveau intermédiaire des normes. Les chercheurs de la traduction audiovisuelle devront se rendre compte de ces distinctions. Parmi leurs tâches les plus immédiates, nous comptons:
- l'élaboratio n d'un modèle de compétence, c'est-à-dire, d'une théorie de la traduction audiovisuelle qui soit exempte de toute immixtion normative et qui soit fondée sur des disciplines diverses (sémiotique du film, théorie de la traduction, etc.); notre article essaye de jeter les bases d'une telle théorie;
- l'analyse systématique et impartiale de la réalité historique des traductions afin de découvrir les mécanismes normatifs qui ont orienté les stratégies des traducteurs; à ce dessein, nous proposons un inventaire comprenant ces paramètres dont la pertinence nous semble fort probable.
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