Subject index
A
- Accent
22, 44–45, 114, 170
- rating
15, 19–21, 23, 69, 212
- Accentedness
1–3, 7–9, 13, 15–17, 21, 24, 26–29, 34–36, 45, 51–55, 58, 60–70, 77, 103–104, 106–108, 111–120, 125, 127–128, 131, 133, 135–139, 143–144, 146–147, 207–208, 210–213, 216, 220, 224
- Accuracy
13, 18, 54, 60, 104–105, 107, 118, 126, 138–139, 155–156, 173
- Adaptation
69, 156, 173–174, 188
- Adult Migrant English Programs (AMEP)
81–82, 91–94, 99
- Affective response
175–176
- Age
56, 59, 62–64, 68, 87, 179
- Akaike Information Criterion (AIC)
164, 194
- Anxiety
159, 168, 170–171, 174, 176
- Attitudes
2, 20, 148, 156, 208–209, 213, 222
- Awareness-raising instruction119
B
- Background noise
83, 200, 210
- Background questionnaire
55–57, 110, 130, 159
- British English
38, 41, 45, 159, 181, 191
C
- Canadian Language Benchmarks129
- Certificate of Spoken and Written English (CSWE)82
- Cognitive factor
210, 212
- Collaboration
168–171, 174
- Collaborativeness
159, 176
- Common European Framework of Reference (CEFR)
188–189, 200
- Communication
25, 36, 38, 40–41, 44, 46, 68, 76, 118, 170–171, 208
- Communication breakdown
172, 183–184, 186
- Communication skills
29, 105
- Communication success
36–37, 39
- Communicative effectiveness
39, 104–105
- Competent speaker
104–105
- Comprehensibility
- development
77, 80, 94–95
- judgment
1, 9, 15, 24, 133, 171
- rating
3, 12, 15, 19–20, 24, 26, 53–55, 60, 63, 77–82, 85, 95, 97–98, 136–137, 144, 154–155, 157–158, 161, 163–166, 170–175, 209
- Comprehensible
4, 15, 24, 34, 52, 61–62, 64–65, 68, 70, 80, 85–86, 89, 94–95, 97, 137, 146, 165, 168, 170, 210, 213–216, 218, 221
- Comprehension
9, 14, 18, 24, 27, 37, 154, 156, 173, 182, 211
- Consonant
37, 133–135, 137–138, 140, 144, 182
- Consonantal error
133–134
- Construct validity
126, 147
- Content words
14, 17, 134, 137, 139, 144, 146–147, 189
- Context
4, 33–35, 38–39, 42–44, 46, 52–53, 56, 69, 90–92, 96, 109, 117, 120, 157, 186–187, 190–191, 200, 207–208, 212, 216–218, 223–224
- Context manipulation
211–212, 220
- Contexts of English use
90–91, 96
- Contextual cues
186, 200–201
- Contextual support
186–187, 190, 196, 198, 200
- Continuous predictor
60, 62–64
- Contrasts
37, 67, 182, 184, 197–198, 220
- Convergence
8, 165, 171, 173–175, 194
- Conversation
79, 93, 117, 129, 156–158, 171, 174–175, 201
- Conversation partner
157–158, 162
- Conversational experience
174–175
- Correlate
9, 22–23, 25, 52, 54, 115, 118, 138, 144, 161, 198, 208, 211, 222–223
- Covariate
59, 61–65, 68–69, 161–162, 165
- Cronbach’s alpha (α)
85, 113, 134
D
- Delayed recall
132, 134–136
- Deletion
13, 58, 133, 135, 141
- Dependent variable
59, 162, 194, 215
- Different POS (part of speech)
187, 190, 192–194, 196–199
- Direct magnitude estimation (DME)154
- Discourse
8, 147, 155–157, 172, 174
- Discrete linguistic measure
126–127, 133
- Discriminatory
20, 37, 46
- Discriminatory behavior29
- Disfluency
135, 141, 147, 156
- Divergence
146, 165, 171, 175
- Downgrade
4, 8, 156, 210, 219–220, 222
- Drip-feed instruction
103–104, 107, 109, 116–117, 119–120
- Duration
10–11, 59, 106, 114, 129, 131–132, 134, 147
E
- Ecological validity
25, 183
- Effect size
109, 113, 115–116, 140, 147, 193
- ELF interaction
182, 186, 200
- English as a Lingua Franca (ELF)
45, 181
- English as a Second Language
10, 52, 76, 129
- English use
2, 43, 56, 59, 62–64, 76–78, 80–81, 83, 86–96, 98
- English Vocabulary Profile189
- ESL
10–11, 23, 30, 52–53, 66, 69–70, 76, 84, 107–110, 112, 120, 129–130
- Evaluation
45, 52, 54, 156, 159, 172, 194, 207–213, 215–216, 218, 221–224
- English Vocabulary Profile (EVP)
189–191
- Exact word match
14, 59, 187
- Experience
26, 41, 103–107, 109, 117, 120, 125, 127–128, 132, 136–137, 140–143, 155, 161, 169, 172–175, 208, 210, 216, 221–222, 224
- Experimental condition
190, 194, 198
- Exposure
45, 76–77, 95, 104–106, 128–131, 146, 148, 172, 188, 214, 218
- Extemporaneous
23, 25, 129, 134
- Extra-linguistic
186, 191
F
- Familiarity
19, 26, 38, 56, 59, 62–64, 68, 78–79, 112, 130, 143, 146, 169–170, 188, 192, 195
- Filled pause
141, 145, 147
- First language
76, 127, 188, 205
- Fixed effect
60–64, 162, 165, 168, 195–196, 218
- Foreign Language learner (FL learner)
52–53, 56, 69–70
- Fluency
1, 3, 8, 27, 55, 77, 85, 104–107, 111–120, 125, 127–128, 130–131, 133, 135–140, 143–148, 155–156, 169–170, 209
- fluency measure
114–115, 128, 133, 156
- utterance fluency
114–117
- Foreign accent
8–10, 12, 15–16, 18, 21–25, 41, 45, 54, 106, 173, 182, 209
- Frequency
15, 17, 78, 128, 136, 139–140, 142–143, 145, 147–148, 157, 161, 170, 173, 181, 184
- Function word
14, 17–18, 134, 137, 139–140, 144
- Functional load (FL)
1, 3, 24–27, 37, 118, 134, 144, 184–185
G
- Generalizability
53, 211, 216–217
- Global features
- speech ratings
79, 127–128, 133, 136, 139, 148
- Grammatical
- error
13–14, 22–23, 51, 54–55, 58–59, 65, 67–68, 70
H
- Hesitation
57, 78, 111, 130–131, 135
I
- IELTS (International English Language Testing System)
79–80, 82, 97, 158, 161–162, 165, 168
- Individual variation
2, 76–78, 80–81, 86, 94, 98
- Instructional approach
2, 28
- Intelligibility
- principle
2, 33–39, 42, 44–46
- score
15, 18–20, 22, 24, 26, 28–29, 54, 59–60, 62, 209
- unintelligibility
14, 182–184, 200
- word intelligibility
187, 190–191, 200
- Intensive English
104–105, 107–108, 116
- Intensive instruction
104–107, 109, 116–117, 119–120
- Interaction
3, 29, 39, 42–44, 56, 77–79, 98, 127, 131, 153–154, 157, 159–161, 165, 167–168, 172–176, 182–183, 186, 195, 200, 208, 219–220
- Interactive alignment
173, 175
- Interactive task
3, 157–158, 175
- Interlocutor
45, 156–157, 171–175, 184
- Intermediate (-level)
2, 66, 80–82, 86–91, 94–95, 97–98, 184–185, 188, 219
- International
- intelligibility
3, 182–187, 198, 201
- Interrater reliability
19, 85, 113, 126
- Intervention
25–27, 76, 121–122
- Intonation
14, 20–23, 27, 55, 112, 135, 140, 155, 169
- Intraclass correlationSee Cronbach's alpha (α)
- Introspective report
127–128, 132, 134–136, 140, 145, 147–148
- IRIS
55, 57, 86–89, 93, 176
K
- Korean-accented English
214, 218
L
- L1
20, 38, 41, 45–46, 54, 76, 84, 127–129, 135–144, 146–147, 195, 205
- L2
- speech
3, 13, 20, 25–29, 37, 52, 62–63, 68–69, 84, 126–129, 133–134, 147–148, 161, 175, 221
- practice
105, 117, 119–120
- proficiency
104, 107, 109, 116–117, 119, 120, 143
- pronunciation
1–4, 26–27, 33–37, 45–46, 76, 125–129, 144–145, 147–148, 182
- Spanish
3, 52–53, 55–57, 59, 62–64, 66, 68, 70, 79, 156
- Language background
3, 55–56, 84, 91, 125, 157–158, 211, 214
- Language exposure
106, 129
- Language Instruction for Newcomers to Canada (LINC)129
- Language proficiency
112, 174
- Language use
55, 112, 117, 157
- Learning context
53, 104, 117, 120
- Likert
9, 12, 56, 111–113
- Lingua Franca Core(LFC)
3, 182–185, 187, 198, 201
- Linguistic context
155, 190
- Linguistic feature
39, 54–55, 105, 126–127, 145, 147
- Linguistic measure
127, 147–148, 155
- Linking
135, 140–142, 147
- Listener
- rating
11, 16, 27, 54, 77
- Listening proficiency
161, 164, 188–189, 200
- Log-likelihood ratio test194
- Loglinear analysis
136, 139–141, 147
- Long-term effect
104, 106–107, 116, 119, 175
- Longitudinal
2, 27, 76, 80–85, 94, 96–99, 106, 118, 120
- Low FL (Functional Load)26
M
- Materials
4, 45, 70, 176, 189, 212, 216
- Mean length of run (MLR)
114–117
- Mechanical Turk (MT)
56, 58, 70, 217
- Methodological choice
1, 70
- Minimal pair
184–190, 192–194, 196–199
- Mixed effects
28–29, 194, 214, 218
- Morphosyntactic error
13, 144, 155
- Mutual comprehensibility3
N
- Narrative task
79, 104, 110–112, 116, 120
- Native speaker
8, 15, 29, 35, 37–38, 41–46, 52–53, 83–84, 210
- Native speech
15, 20, 56, 59, 61, 210, 223
- Native-like
14–15, 21, 24, 35, 37, 41, 54
- Nativeness principle
2, 33–39, 42–43, 45–46
- Naturalistic L2 acquisition2
- Naturalistic pronunciation development28
- NNS listener
188–189, 200–201
- Noise
40, 96, 145, 210–211, 221
- non-MP word
186, 193–194, 197–199
- Nonnative
8, 12–13, 15, 18, 20–21, 23, 26–27, 36–38, 43–45
- North Wind and the Sun212
- Novice rater
3, 125, 127–128, 130–134, 137, 139–140, 143–145
O
- One-way listening task157
- Oral
- communication
4, 39–40, 118
- performance
105–106, 120, 129
- production
103–107, 109–113, 115–117, 119–120
- Orthographic transcription
12, 17–18, 20, 22, 26, 187
- Orthography
4, 12, 201, 210–216, 218–223
P
- part of speech
- same vs different in functional load
187, 190–199
- Partial independence
27, 53, 118
- Partially independent
3, 23, 54, 154, 207
- Participation
58, 175, 217
- Pause length
59, 62, 68, 112, 114–115, 134, 141
- Pausing
59, 116–117, 132, 135, 140, 142, 145, 173
- Pearson correlation coefficient20
- Pearson correlation
136–137
- Perceived comprehensibility
9, 15–16, 18–24, 28
- Perception
8, 10, 22, 26, 44, 53, 68, 104–106, 115–116, 118–120, 127–128, 175, 222
- Perceptual
104, 106, 113–114, 120, 125–127, 139, 172
- Performance
111, 120, 126, 128- 129, 147–148, 175, 210
- Phonemic error
13, 23, 54–55, 58, 65–67, 70, 171, 198
- Phonemic substitution
155, 185–186, 201
- Phonetic error
13, 23, 198
- Picture narrative task
78, 111, 117, 159
- Primary stressSee prosody
- Problem-solving taskSee task, proceduralization
- Processing
- fluency
4, 155–157, 175, 207–216, 219, 221, 224
- Professional advancement41
- Proficiency
- relationship with comprehensibility
80–81, 97, 161, 164, 171
- Pronunciation assessmentSee assessment
- Prosody
- error gravity of
37, 118 134, 155
- goodness of
134, 138–39, 144, 146
- measures
3, 9, 14, 125, 133–34, 146
- primary stress
26, 145
- stress
8, 26, 37, 58, 112, 118, 134–135, 142, 145, 182
- word stress
58, 118, 135, 142
- Pronunciation in Second Language Learning and Teaching (PSLLT)8
Q
- Quasi-continuous scalingSee rating scale
- Questionnaire
- language background
55, 56, 129–130, 159
R
- Randomization of stimuli
11, 18–19, 57, 78, 111, 130, 133, 187, 191, 213
- Rate of speechSee speech rate
- Rater biasSee social factors
- Rating
- scale
126, 131, 133, 143, 154, 159–160, 175
- Recency effect (in testing)106
- Reduced intelligibilitySee intelligibility
- Regularization (in transcription-based assessment)
14, 17–18, 59
- Retention (of learning)104
- Reverse linguistic stereotyping
209, 221
(see also social bias)
S
- Schematic cue
191–192, 199
- Secondary school
11, 91, 107–111, 158
- Segment
1, 3, 13, 54, 114, 133–134, 137, 144, 155, 160–161, 173
- Segmental
3, 9, 21, 26–27, 37, 126–128, 133–135, 137–141, 143–144, 146–147
- Self-correction
62, 69, 134
- Self-reporting
- of language use and experience)
96, 129, 139
- of language proficiency
129, 200
- Silent pause durationSee pause
- Skew (in speech rating data)
15–16, 18, 21, 53, 60, 66, 70
- Social aspects (of pronunciation)
- solidarity
208, 210–211, 213–216, 219–222
- stereotypes
209–213, 221–223
- Speaker-listener adaptation
158, 173
- Speaking assessmentSee assessment
- Speaking rateSee speech rate
- Speech
- dimensions of
53–54, 67, 97, 104, 106–107, 115–116, 118–119, 155
- rate
26, 51, 54–55, 59, 62–64, 69, 106, 112, 114–117, 127, 131, 134–135, 138–140, 142–145, 173
- volume
105, 117, 173, 191, 212, 217
- StereotypeSee social aspects
- Stimulated recallSee task
- Substitution (phonetic)
13–14, 17, 58, 133, 135, 141, 181, 186–187, 195, 198, 201
- SuprasegmentalsSee prosody
T
- Task
- difficulty
156, 158, 172, 192, 208
- extemporaneous speaking
23, 25, 57, 129, 133
- procedularization
116–119
- speech elicitation
79, 111, 126, 129, 143, 175
- stimulated recall
148, 157, 183
- “suitcase” story
11, 111, 130
- Teaching experience
56, 59–60, 62–64, 112
- Technical and Further Education (TAFE)
92–93
- Temporal measure
114–117, 126, 128, 130–134, 138–139, 143–146, 156
- Time on task
156, 161–162
- TOEFL (Test of English as a Foreign Language)
10, 79, 158
- Transcription
9–14, 17–18, 20, 22–23, 26, 57–61, 135, 154, 187
- Trivial error
14, 18, 59–60, 161
- Type frequency
161–162, 165, 168
U
- U-shaped function
163–164, 167, 170–172, 174
- Utterance length
18, 20, 22, 59, 68, 173
V
- Validity
1, 25, 46, 53, 126–127, 147–148, 175, 183
- Verbal protocol
132, 134–136
- Voice quality
15, 26, 135, 169
- Vowel
- comprehensibility and
55, 144
- Lingua Franca core and
182, 198, 201
- (vocalic) substitution
133, 185, 199
W
- World Englishes
2, 33, 42, 45