Chapter 4
Translating the Iron Curtain
A translational perspective on the epistemic dimension of Radio Free Europe
This chapter, taking as a case study Radio Free Europe (RFE), demonstrates the potential of studying from a translational perspective the Cultural Cold War with its many forms of cultural and scientific contacts, both within, but also between the two blocs. As an international radio broadcaster from Munich to Central and Eastern Europe, RFE was an intermediator between ‘East’ and ‘West’. RFE had to translate the perceived reality of an Iron Curtain for audiences on both sides of this curtain, with each audience requiring individualised translations of the Cold War’s bipolarity. Thus, looking at the Cultural Cold War from a translational perspective will help us to further deconstruct the Cold War’s bipolar separation and help uncover the many transsystemic interactions.
Article outline
- 1.A porous curtain: Translation in the study of the cultural Cold War
- 2.Radio broadcasting in the Cold War: A case of/for translation?
- 3.Translating the Curtain: Linguistic translation for scriptwriting
- 4.Radio broadcasting as a unidirectional translation practice
- 5.Radio broadcasting as a reciprocal process of transsystemic translations
- 6.RFE and the USA: Negotiating agendas
- 7.Translating research: The epistemic dimension of RFE
- 8.Creating a transsystemic “imagined community”: RFE as a translator between the two blocs
- 9.Conclusion
-
Acknowledgment
-
Notes
-
References
References (68)
References
Anderson, Benedict. 2006. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism, 3rd edition. London/New York: Verso.
Bachmann-Medick, Doris. 2012. “Translation – A Concept and Model for the Study of Culture.” In Travelling Concepts for the Study of Culture, ed. by Birgit Neumann and Ansgar Nünning, 23–43. Berlin/Boston: De Gruyter.
Bachmann-Medick, Doris. 2014. “The Trans/National Study of Culture. A Translational Perspective.” In The Trans/National Study of Culture, ed. by Doris Bachmann-Medick, 1–22. Berlin/Boston: De Gruyter.
Bachmann-Medick, Doris. 2016a. “Chapter V: The Translational Turn.” In Cultural Turns: New Orientations in the Study of Culture, trans. by Adam Blauhut. Berlin/Boston: De Gruyter.
Bachmann-Medick, Doris. 2016b. “The Transnational Study of Culture: A Plea for Translation.” In The Humanities between Global Integration and Cultural Diversity, ed. by Hans G. Kippenberg and Birgit Mersmann, 29–49. Berlin/Boston: De Gruyter.
Badenoch, Alexander, Andreas Fickers, and Christian Henrich-Franke. 2013. “Airy Curtains in the European Ether: Introduction.” In Airy Curtains in the European Ether. Broadcasting and the Cold War, ed. by Alexander Badenoch, Andreas Fickers, and Christian Henrich-Franke, 9–26. Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft.
Berger, Peter L., and Thomas Luckmann. 1966. The Social Construction of Reality. A Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday.
Binder, David. 1971. “Embattled Radio Free Europe Defends Role.” The New York Times, March 15, 1971.
Bischof, Anna. 2018. “Die Münchener ‘Stimme der Emigranten’. Tschechische und slowakische Journalisten bei Radio Free Europe [The Munich ‘Voice of Émigrés’. Czech and Slovak Journalists at Radio Free Europe].” In Flüchtlinge und Asyl im Nachbarland: die Tschechoslowakai und Deutschland 1933 bis 1989 [Refugees and Asylum in the Neighbouring Country: Czechoslovakia and Germany 1933–1989], ed. by Detlef Brandes, Edita Ivaničková, and Jiří Pešek, 191–204. Essen: Klartext.
Bischof, Anna, and Zuzana Jürgens (eds). 2015. Voices of Freedom – Western Interference? 60 Years of Radio Free Europe. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.
Bo, Lamyu Maria. 2018. “Writing Diplomacy: Translation, Politics and Literary Culture in the Transpacific Cold War.” Columbia University.
Brendel, Benjamin. 2019. Konvergente Konstruktionen. Eine Globalgeschichte des Staudammbaus [Convergent Constructions. A Global History of Constructing Dams]. Frankfurt am Main/New York: Campus.
Burke, Peter. 2009. “Translating Knowledge, Translating Cultures.” In Kultureller Austausch: Bilanz und Perspektiven der Frühneuzeitforschung [Cultural Exchange. Conclusions and Perspectives from Early Modern History], ed. by Michael North, 69–77. Köln: Böhlau.
Burke, Peter. 2015. What Is the History of Knowledge? Cambridge, UK/Malden, MA: John Wiley & Sons.
Cold War Radio Museum. 2018. “Advertising for Radio Free Europe During the Cold War.” Blog. Cold War Radio Museum. December 13, 2018. [URL]
Cummings, Richard H. 2009. Cold War Radio. The Dangerous History of American Broadcasting in Europe, 1950–1989. Jefferson/London: McFarland.
Cummings, Richard H. 2010. Radio Free Europe’s “Crusade for Freedom”: Rallying Americans Behind Cold War Broadcasting, 1950–1960. Jefferson: McFarland.
Daston, Lorraine, and Peter Galison. 2010. Objectivity. New York: Zone Books.
David-Fox, Michael. 2010. “Conclusion: Transnational History and the East-West-Divide.” In Imagining the West in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, ed. by György Péteri, 259–67. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.
David-Fox, Michael. 2014. “The Iron Curtain as Semipermeable Membrane: Origins and Demise of the Stalinist Superiority Complex.” In Cold War Crossings: International Travel and Exchange across the Soviet Bloc, 1940s–1960s, ed. by Patryk Babiracki, Kenyon Zimmer, and Michael David-Fox, 14–39. Arlington: Texas A&M University Press.
Dietz, Bettina. 2016. “Introduction: Special Issue ‘Translating and Translations in the History of Science’.” Annals of Science 73 (2): 117–21.
Dizdar, Dilek. 2009. “Translational Transitions: ‘Translation Proper’ and Translation Studies in the Humanities.” Translation Studies 2 (1): 89–102.
Dongen, Jeroen van (ed.). 2015. Cold War Science and the Transatlantic Circulation of Knowledge. Leiden: Brill.
Fleck, Ludwik. 1979. Genesis and Development of a Scientific Fact, ed. by Thaddeus J. Trenn and Robert K. Merton. Chicago/London: University of Chicago Press..
Free Europe Committee. 1964. This Is Radio Free Europe. Munich/New York: Commercial. [URL].
Gienow-Hecht, Jessica C. E. 2010. “Culture and the Cold War in Europe.” In The Cambridge History of the Cold War. Volume 1. Origins, ed. by Melvyn P. Leffler and Odd Arne Westad, 398–419. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Ginzburg, Carlo. 1993. “Microhistory: Two or Three Things That I Know about It.” Critical Inquiry 20 (1): 10–35.
Gordin, Michael D. 2015. Scientific Babel: How Science Was Done Before and After Global English. Chicago; London: The University of Chicago Press.
Gordin, Michael D. 2016. “The Dostoevsky Machine in Georgetown: Scientific Translation in the Cold War.” Annals of Science 73 (2): 208–23.
Granville, Johanna. 2005. “‘Caught with Jam on Our Fingers’: Radio Free Europe and the Hungarian Revolution of 1956.” Diplomatic History 29 (5): 811–39.
Greiner, Bernd. 2011. “Macht und Geist im Kalten Krieg. Bilanz und Ausblick [= Power and Intellect in the Cold War. Conclusions and Perspectives].” In Macht und Geist im Kalten Krieg [Power and Intellect in the Cold War], ed. by Bernd Greiner, Tim B. Müller, and Claudia Weber, 8–26. Hamburg: Hamburger Edition, HIS.
Haas, Peter M. 1992. “Introduction: Epistemic Communities and International Policy Coordination.” International Organization 46 (1): 2–35.
Haas, Susan D. 2013. “Communities of Journalists and Journalism Practice at Radio Free Europe During the Cold War (1950–1995).” PhD Dissertation, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania. [URL].
Hagen, Trever. 2013. “Calling out to Tune in: Radio Free Europe in Czechoslovakia.” In Airy Curtains in the European Ether. Broadcasting and the Cold War, ed. by Alexander Badenoch, Andreas Fickers, and Christian Henrich-Franke, 123–48. Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft.
Hixson, Walter L. 1998. Parting the Curtain. Propaganda, Culture, and the Cold War, 1945–1961. New York: St. Martin’s Griffin.
Hollings, Christopher D. 2016. Scientific Communication Across the Iron Curtain (Springer Briefs in History of Science and Technology). Cham, et al.: Springer.
Hoover Institution Archives. 2001. “The Story of Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty.” Hoover Institution Archives. [URL].
Hulst, Lieven d’, and Yves Gambier. 2018. “General Introduction.” In A History of Modern Translation Knowledge: Sources, Concepts, Effects, ed. by Lieven d’Hulst and Yves Gambier, 1–14. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
Johnson, A. Ross. 2010. Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty: The CIA Years and Beyond. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Johnson, A. Ross. 2015. “The Uninvited Guest – Radio Free Europe in the Federal Republic of Germany.” In Voices of Freedom – Western Interference? 60 Years of Radio Free Europe, ed. by Anna Bischof and Zuzana Jürgens, 77–92. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht..
Johnson, A. Ross, and Eugene Parta. 2010. “Cold War International Broadcasting and the Road to Democracy.” In Cold War Broadcasting. Impact on the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe. A Collection of Studies and Documents, ed. by A. Ross Johnson and Eugene Parta, 345–350. Budapest: Central European University Press.
Karady, Victor, and Adela Hincu (eds). 2018. Social Sciences in the “Other Europe” since 1945. Budapest: Past Inc.
Kind-Kovács, Friederike. 2013. “Voices, Letters, and Literature Through the Iron Curtain: Exiles and the (Trans)Mission of Radio in the Cold War.” Cold War History 13 (2): 193–219.
Kind-Kovács, Friederike. 2014. Written Here, Published There: How Underground Literature Crossed the Iron Curtain. Budapest/New York: Central European University Press.
Kind-Kovács, Friederike, and Jessie Labov (eds). 2013. Samizdat, Tamizdat, and Beyond: Transnational Media During and After Socialism. New York: Berghahn Books.
Komska, Yuliya. 2018. “RFE/RL Broadcasting and West German Society: Caught between Nature Protection Activism and Anti-Americanism.” Journal of Cold War Studies 20 (3): 180–206.
Kwaschik, Anne. 2018. Der Griff nach dem Weltwissen. Zur Genealogie von Area Studies im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert [Reaching for World Knowledge. About the Genealogy of Area Studies in the 19th and 20th Century]. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.
Lässig, Simone. 2012. “Übersetzungen in der Geschichte – Geschichte als Übersetzung? Überlegungen zu einem analytischen Konzept und Forschungsgegenstand für die Geschichtswissenschaft [Translations in History – History as Translation? Reflections on an Analytical Concept and Object of Study for the Historiography].” Geschichte und Gesellschaft [History and Society] 38 (2): 189–216.
Lässig, Simone. 2016. “The History of Knowledge and the Expansion of the Historical Research Agenda.” Bulletin of the GHI 59: 29–58.
Lygo, Emily F. 2018. “Translation and the Cold War.” In The Routledge Handbook of Translation and Politics, ed. by Fruela Fernández and Jonathan Evans. Milton Park/New York: Routledge.
Lynn, Katalin Kádár (ed.). 2013. The Inauguration of Organized Political Warfare: Cold War Organizations Sponsored by the National Committee for a Free Europe/Free Europe Committee. Saint Helena, CA: Helena History Press.
Machcewicz, Paweł. 2014. Poland’s War on Radio Free Europe, 1950–1989, trans. by Maya Latynski. Washington, DC/Stanford, CA: Woodrow Wilson Center Press/Stanford University Press.
Medick, Hans. 1994. “Mikro-Historie [Micro History].” In Sozialgeschichte, Alltagsgeschichte, Mikro-Historie: Eine Diskussion [Social History, History of Everday Life, Micro History. A Discussion], ed. by Winfried Schulze, 40–53. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.
Nelson, Michael. 1997. War of the Black Heavens. London: Brassey’s.
Olohan, Maeve. 2014. “History of Science and History of Translation: Disciplinary Commensurability?” The Translator 20 (1): 9–25.
Östling, Johan, David Larsson Heidenblad, Erling Sandmo, Anna Nilsson Hammar, and Kari H. Nordberg (eds). 2018. Circulation of Knowledge. Explorations into the History of Knowledge. Lund: Nordic Academic Press.
Ottersbach, Simon. 2018. “Kulturgeschichte des Wissens. Eine Einführung in die Wissensgeschichte [Cultural History of Knowledge. An Introduction to the History of Knowledge].” In Perspektiven der Kulturgeschichte: Gegenstände, Konzepte, Quellen [Perspectives of Cultural History. Objects, Concepts, Sources], ed. by Benjamin Brendel, Corinne Geering, and Sebastian Zylinski, 63–82. Trier: WVT.
Péteri, György. 2004. “Nylon Curtain. Transnational and Transsystemic Tendencies in the Cultural Life of State-Socialist Russia and East-Central Europe.” Slavonica 10 (2): 113–23.
Puddington, Arch. 2000. Broadcasting Freedom. The Cold War Triumph of Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky.
Radio Free Europe. 1969. “Facts about Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, Rumania.” Research Report. Munich. HU OSA 300-7-5 Box #1: Records of Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty Research Institute, US Office: Subject Files Relating to Eastern Europe: Europe, East – General, 1969–1973. Open Society Archives at Central European University, Budapest.
Sarasin, Philipp. 2011. “Was ist Wissensgeschichte? [What is the History of Knowledge?]” Internationales Archiv für Sozialgeschichte der deutschen Literatur (IASL) [International Archive for the Social History of German Literature] 36 (1): 159–72.
Schögler, Rafael Y. 2018. “Circulation of Academic Thought: Rethinking Translation in the Academic Field.” In Circulation of Academic Thought: Rethinking Translation in the Academic Field, ed. by Rafael Y. Schögler, 9–28. New York: Peter Lang.
Schulze, Winfried (ed.). 1994. Sozialgeschichte, Alltagsgeschichte, Mikro-Historie: Eine Diskussion [Social History, History of Everday Life, Micro History. A Discussion]. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.
Shannon, Claude Elwood, and Warren Weaver. 1949. The Mathematical Theory of Communication. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
Solovey, Mark. 2012. “Cold War Social Science: Specter, Reality, or Useful Concept?” In Cold War Social Science. Knowledge Production, Liberal Democracy, and Human Nature, ed. by Mark Solovey and Hamilton Cravens, 1–22. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Solovey, Mark, and Hamilton Cravens (eds). 2012. Cold War Social Science. Knowledge Production, Liberal Democracy, and Human Nature. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Sproule, J. Michael. 2002. Propaganda and Democracy. The American Experience of Media and Mass Persuasion. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Wendland, Anna Veronika. 2012. “Cultural Transfer.” In Travelling Concepts for the Study of Culture, ed. by Birgit Neumann and Ansgar Nünning, 45–66. Berlin/Boston: De Gruyter.
Cited by (1)
Cited by one other publication
Haddadian-Moghaddam, Esmaeil & Giles Scott-Smith
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 19 july 2024. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers.
Any errors therein should be reported to them.