Cover not available
Part of
Landscapes of Realism: Rethinking literary realism in comparative perspectives
Edited by Svend Erik Larsen, Steen Bille Jørgensen and Margaret R. Higonnet
[Comparative History of Literatures in European Languages XXXIII] 2022
► pp. 39–174

“Memories inwrought with affection”

Emotion and memory in realism

| University of Aarhus
| University of Geneva
With the development of the secular urbanized and industrialized society from the mid-eighteenth century, traditional ways of life lost authority and opened for new approaches to the past, and in the same period emotions began to be seen as a fundamental and universal core of humanity. Gradually, individual sensibility in public and private life and memories based on personal experience were given priority over the power of established traditions from the past to forge social and individual identities. Not least the French Revolution weakened the monopoly of existing institutions of religion, law and governance to determine cultural norms and traditions. With the pre-revolutionary ideas of emotion and memory as a prism, the early phases of realism explored the consequences of this historical shift. However, as realism gained momentum through the nineteenth and into the twentieth century, it also intensified its questioning of the positive consequences of an effacement of the past and the adulation of the new, couched as it often was in unrestrained emotional pursuit of individual ambitions for social advancement. Without suggesting radically new ideas about emotion and memory until the end of the nineteenth century, realist writers exposed the dilemmas that triggered the transformations of the culture of emotion and memory in the nineteenth century.
Keywords: individualism, internalization, secularization, revolution, Bildung, friendship, love, technological sublime, realism
Article outline
  • 1.In the wake of revolution
  • 2.The long eighteenth century
    • 2.1Prejudice and passion
    • 2.2“The vulgar practice of the moment”
    • 2.3The thrill of the new
  • 3.First transformation: Social vision descends into social frustration
    • 3.1Between legal contract and national identity
    • 3.2National illusions and realities of war
    • 3.3Revolution as emotion
  • 4.Second transformation: Self-fulfillment turns into self-disillusionment
    • 4.1Self-education in a blind alley
    • 4.2The superfluous man
    • 4.3Passions for or against life?
  • 5.Third transformation: From frail friendship to haunted homes
    • 5.1The unreadable other
    • 5.2The delicate balance of friendship
    • 5.3Love or honor?
  • 6.Fourth transformation: Alienating settings yield sublime awe
    • 6.1Landscape and cityscape
      • 6.1.1Arousing the senses
      • 6.1.2Misreading the signs
    • 6.2The natural and the technological sublime
      • 6.2.1The beautiful
      • 6.2.2The natural sublime
      • 6.2.3The technological sublime
  • 7.Coda: Turning the century
    • 7.1New theories
    • 7.2“At the heart of a vast enigma”
    • 7.3Into the twentieth century
  • Notes
  • Works cited
Published online: 16 March 2022
DOI logo
https://doi.org/10.1075/chlel.xxxiii.01lar
References (280)
Works cited
Ablow, Rachel. 2007. The Marriage of Minds: Reading Sympathy in the Victorian Marriage Plot. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Anderson, Benedict. 1991. Imagined Communities. New York: Verso.Google Scholar
Arendt, Hannah. 1963. On Revolutions. London: Penguin.Google Scholar
Armstrong, Isobel. 2013. “George Eliot, Spinoza and the Emotions.” In A Companion to George Eliot, edited by Amanda Anderson and Harry E. Shaw, 294–308. New York: Wiley. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Aronson, Nicole. 1986. Mademoiselle de Scudéry ou le voyage au pays de Tendre. Paris: Fayard.Google Scholar
Assmann, Aleida. 2011. Collective Memory and Western Civilization: Functions, Media, Archives [1999], translated by David Henry Wilson. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Austen, Jane. 1976. Northanger Abbey [1818]. In The Works of Jane Austen, edited by John Gilbert, 853–971. London: Spring Books.Google Scholar
Auster, Paul. 1989. The Invention of Solitude [1982]. London: Penguin.Google Scholar
Babelon, Jean-Pierre. 1965. “La Maquettes et les Pierres de la Bastille.” La Gazette des Archives 51: 217–30. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Balzac, Honoré de. 1966a. “Avant-propos” [1842]. In La Comédie Humaine, edited by Pierre Citron and Pierre-Georges Castex, vol. 1, 51–56. Paris: Seuil.Google Scholar
. 1966b. Illusions perdues [1837–1843]. In La Comédie Humaine, edited by Pierre Citron and Pierre-Georges Castex, vol. 3, 385–616. Paris: Seuil.Google Scholar
. 1966c. Ferragus [1833]. In La Comédie Humaine, edited by Pierre Citron and Pierre-Georges Castex, vol. 4, 13–53. Paris: Seuil.Google Scholar
. 1966d. Splendeurs et misères des courtisanes [1838–1847]. In La Comédie Humaine, edited by Pierre Citron and Pierre-Georges Castex, vol. 4, 277–472. Paris: Seuil.Google Scholar
. 1966e. La cousine Bette [1846]. In La Comédie Humaine, edited by Pierre Citron and Pierre-Georges Castex, vol. 5, 9–163. Paris: Seuil.Google Scholar
. 1970. A Harlot High and Low, translated by Rayner Heppenstall. London: Penguin.Google Scholar
. 1971. Lost Illusions, translated by Herbert J. Hunt. London: Penguin.Google Scholar
. 1974. Ferragus [1833]. In History of the Thirteen, translated by Herbert J. Hunt, 29–154. London: Penguin.Google Scholar
. 1992. Cousin Bette, translated by Sylvia Raphael. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
. 2020. “Author’s Introduction,” anonymous translator. In The Human Comedy: Introductions and Appendix, 41–52. Milton Keynes: Dodo Press.Google Scholar
Beck, Ulrich and Elisabeth Beck-Gernsheim. 2002. Individualization: Institutionalized Individualism and its Social and Political Consequences, translated by Patrick Camiller. London: Sage.Google Scholar
Benthien, Claudia, Anne Fleig and Ingrid Kasten, eds. 2000. Emotionalität: Zur Geschichte der Gefühle. Vienna: Böhlau.Google Scholar
Bergson, Henri. 1903. Matière et Mémoire. Essai sur la relation du corps à l’esprit [1896]. Paris: Alcan.Google Scholar
. 2004. Matter and Memory. Essay on the relation of body and spirit, translated by Nancy Margaret Paul and W. Scott Palmer. New York: Dover.Google Scholar
Berns, Jörg Jochen and Wolfgang Neuber, eds. 1993. Ars Memorativa. Zur Kulturgeschichtlichen Gedächtniskunst 1400–1750. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Bevir, Mark. 2001. “The Long Nineteenth Century in Intellectual History.” Journal of Victorian Culture 6.2: 13–335. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Blum, Herwig. 1969. Die antike Mnemotechnik. Hildesheim: Olm.Google Scholar
Blumenberg, Hans. 1986. Die Lesbarkeit der Welt [1979]. Frankfurt a.M.: Suhrkamp.Google Scholar
Bowman, James. 2006. Honor: A History. New York: Encounter Books.Google Scholar
Boym, Svetlana. 2001. The Future of Nostalgia. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Breithaupt, Fritz. 2009. Kulturen der Empathie. Frankfurt a.M.: Suhrkamp.Google Scholar
Bremer, Fredrika. 1860–62. Lifvet i Gamla Verlden: Dagboks-Anteckningar under Resor i Söder- och Österland, 6 vols. Stockholm: Bonnier.Google Scholar
. 1861. Life in the Old World; or, Two Years in Schwitzerland and Italy, 2 vols, translated by Mary Howitt. Philadelphia: T. B. Peterson and Brothers.Google Scholar
Brontë, Charlotte. 2006. Jane Eyre [1847]. London: Penguin.Google Scholar
Brooks, Peter. 1976. The Melodramatic Imagination. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Burke, Edmund. 1986. A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of our Ideas of the Sublime and the Beautiful [1757]. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press.Google Scholar
. 1887. Reflections on the Revolution in France [1790]. In The Works of the Right Honourable Edmund Burke 3, 211–563. London: John C. Nimmo.Google Scholar
Caccini, Giulio. 2009. Le nuove musiche [1601], edited and translated by H. Wiley Hitchcock (Italian and English). Madison: A-R Editions. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Cameron, Keith, ed. 1996. The Literary Portrayal of Passion Through the Ages. Lewistown: Edwin Mellen Press.Google Scholar
Campe, Joachim Heinrich. 1790. Briefe aus Paris zur Zeit der Revolution (third edition). Braunschweig in der Schulbuchhandlung.Google Scholar
Capuana, Luigi. 1920. Il Marchese de Roccaverdina [1901]. Milano: Fratelli Treves.Google Scholar
. 2013. The Marquis of Roccaverdina, translated by Santi Buscemi. Boston: Dante University Press.Google Scholar
Coetzee, John Maxwell. 1992. “Into the Dark Chamber” [1986]. In Doubling the Point: Essays and Interviews, 61–69. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Cohen, Margaret. 1999. The Sentimental Education of the Novel. Princeton: Princeton University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Connerton, Paul. 1989. How Societies Remember. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Conrad, Joseph. 1950. The Nigger of the “Narcissus” [1897] and Typhoon & Other Stories [1903]. London: Dent.Google Scholar
. 1993. Lord Jim [1900]. London: Wordsworth.Google Scholar
Constant, Benjamin. 2004. Principles of Politics Applicable to All Governments, translated by Dennis O’Keefe. Indianapolis: Liberty Fund.Google Scholar
. 2006. Principes de politique applicables à tous les gouvernements représentatifs et particulièrement à la Constitution actuelle de la France [1806/1815]. Paris: Hachette.Google Scholar
Crane, Stephen. 1997. “An Experiment in Mystery” [1894]. In The Portable American Realism Reader, edited by James Nagel and Tom Quirk, 457–65. London: Penguin.Google Scholar
. 1968. The Red Badge of Courage [1895]. In Great Short Works of Stephen Crane, edited by James Colvert, 3–126. New York: Harper and Row.Google Scholar
Cubitt, Geoffrey. 2007. History and Memory. Manchester: Manchester University Press.Google Scholar
Danger, Pierre. 1989. L’éros balzacien: Structure du désir dans la Comédie Humaine. Paris: Corti.Google Scholar
Daumas, Maurice. 2016. “Cœurs vaillants et cœurs tendres. L’amitié et l’amour à l’époque moderne.” In Histoires des émotions, edited by Georges Vigarello, Alain Corbin and Jean-Jacques Courtine, vol. 1, 333–50. Paris: Seuil.Google Scholar
Dawson, Melanie V. 2015. Emotional Reinventions: Realist Representations beyond Sympathy. Ann Arbor: Michigan University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Dentith, Simon. 1990. A Rhetoric of the Real: Studies in Post-Enlightenment Writing from 1790 to the Present. New York: St. Martin’s Press.Google Scholar
Dickens, Charles. 1985. A Tale of Two Cities [1859]. London: Penguin.Google Scholar
. 1987. Hard Times [1854]. London: Penguin.Google Scholar
Dos Passos, John. 1932. Three Soldiers. [1921]. New York: The Modern Library.Google Scholar
. 1969. U.S.A., 3 vols [1930–1936]. New York: Signet.Google Scholar
Dostoevsky, Fyodor. 1993. Crime and Punishment, translated by Richard Pevear and Larissa Volokhonsky. London: Vintage.Google Scholar
Draaisma, Douwe. 2000. Metaphors of Memory: A history of ideas about the mind [1995]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Dostoevsky, Fyodor. 2018. Prestuplenie i nakazanie [1866]. St. Petersburg: Azbuka-Attikus.Google Scholar
Dumas, Alexandre, fils. 1902. The Lady of the Camellias, introduced by Edmund Gosse. New York: Werner.Google Scholar
, fils. 1980. La dame aux Camélias [1848]. Paris: Gallimard.Google Scholar
Ebbinghaus, Hermann. 2011. Über das Gedächtnis: Untersuchungen zur experimentellen Psychology [1885]. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft.Google Scholar
. 2014. Memory: A Contribution to Experimental Psychology, translated by Henry A. Ruger and Clara E. Bussenius. New York: Windham Press.Google Scholar
Ehrenburg, Ilya. 1972. People, Years, and Life [1963]. Amsterdam: Elsevier.Google Scholar
Eliot, George. 1976. Middlemarch [1871–1872]. London: Penguin.Google Scholar
. 2003. Adam Bede [1859]. London: Wordsworth Classics.Google Scholar
Emerson, Ralph Waldo. 1998. “Nature” [1836]. In The Norton Anthology of American Literature, edited by Nina Baym, vol. 1, 1072–1101. New York: Norton.Google Scholar
Engdahl, Horace, ed. 2002. Witness Literature. Singapore: World Scientific. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Engel, Johann Jacob. 1785–1786. Ideen zur einer Mimik, 2 vols. Berlin: August Mylius.Google Scholar
Enright, D. J. and David Rawlinson, eds. 1992. The Oxford Book of Friendship. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Erll, Astrid and Ansgar Nünning, eds. 2008. Cultural Memory Studies. Berlin: de Gruyter. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Felman, Shoshana and Dori Laud. 1992. Testimony. Crisis of Wittnessing in Literature, Psychoanalysis, and History. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Farrell, James. 1938. Studs Lonigan: A Trilogy, 3 vols [1932–1935]. New York: Random House.Google Scholar
Ferguson, Frances. 1992. Solitude and the Sublime: The Romantic Aesthetics of Individuation. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Finger, Stanley. 2019. “Mark Twain’s life-long fascination with phrenology.” Journal of the History of Behavioral Sciences 55: 99–121. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Flaubert, Gustave. 1922. Sentimental Education, translated by Dora Knowles Ranous. New York: Brentano’s Publishers.Google Scholar
. 1969. L’Éducation sentimentale [1869]. Paris: Garnier-Flammarion.Google Scholar
Fontane, Theodor. 1917. Trials and Tribulations, translated by Katharine Royce. New York: P. F. Collier and Son.Google Scholar
. 1995. Effi Briest, translated by Hugh Rorrison and Helen Chambers. London: Angel Books.Google Scholar
. 2017a. Irrungen, Wirrungen [1888]. Stuttgart: Reclam.Google Scholar
. 2017b. Effi Briest [1895–1896]. Stuttgart: Reclam.Google Scholar
Freud, Sigmund. 1953. The Interpretation of Dreams. In The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, translated by James Strachey in collaboration with Anna Freud, vol. 4. London: The Hogarth Press and the Institute of Psycho-Analysis.Google Scholar
. 1960a. Fragments of an Analysis of a Case of Hysteria. In The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, translated by James Strachey in collaboration with Anna Freud, vol. 7, 1–122. London: The Hogarth Press and the Institute of Psycho-Analysis.Google Scholar
. 1960b. Psychopathology of Everyday Life. In The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, translated by James Strachey in collaboration with Anna Freud, vol. 6. London: The Hogarth Press and the Institute of Psycho-Analysis.Google Scholar
. 1964a. “Analysis Terminable and Interminable.” In The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, translated by James Strachey in collaboration with Anna Freud, vol. 23, 209–54. London: The Hogarth Press and the Institute of Psycho-Analysis.Google Scholar
. 1964b. “Constructions in Analysis.” In The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, translated by James Strachey in collaboration with Anna Freud, vol. 23, 255–70. London: The Hogarth Press and the Institute of Psycho-Analysis.Google Scholar
. 1971. Bruchstück einer Hysterie-Analyse [1905]. Studienausgabe, edited by Alexander Mitscherlich, Angela Richards and James Strachey, vol. 6, 83–186. Stuttgart: Fischer.Google Scholar
. 1972a. Die Traumdeutung [1900]. Studienausgabe, edited by Alexander Mitscherlich, Angela Richards and James Strachey, vol. 2. Frankfurt a.M.: Fischer.Google Scholar
. 1972b. Zur Psychopatologie des Alltagesleben [1901]. Frankfurt a.M.: Fischer.Google Scholar
. 1975a. “Die Endliche und die unendliche Analyse” [1937]. In Studienausgabe, edited by Alexander Mitscherlich, Angela Richards and James Strachey, Ergänzungsband, 351–92. Stuttgart: Fischer.Google Scholar
. 1975b. “Konstruktionen in der Analyse” [1937]. In Studienausgabe, edited by Alexander Mitscherlich, Angela Richards and James Strachey, Ergänzungsband, 393–406. Stuttgart: Fischer.Google Scholar
Friedrich, Hugo. 1974. The Structure of Modern Poetry: From the Mid-Nineteenth to the Mid-Twentieth Century [1956], translated by Joachim Neugroschel. Evanston: Northwestern University Press.Google Scholar
Galdós, Benito. 1887. Fortunata y Jacinta, 4 vols. Madrid: Imprenta de la Guirnalda.Google Scholar
. 1892. Tristana. Madrid: Imprenta de la Guirnalda.Google Scholar
. 1987. Fortunata and Jacinta, translated by Agnes Concy Gullón. London: Viking.Google Scholar
. 2014. Tristana, translated by Margaret Jull Costa. New York: New York Review of Books.Google Scholar
Gallagher, Susan Van Zanten. 2002. Truth and Reconciliation: The Confessional Mode in South African Literature. Portsmouth: Heineman.Google Scholar
Ganczarek, Joanna, Thomas Hünefeldt and Marta Olivetti Benardinelli. 2018. “From “Einfühlung” to Empathy: Exploring the Relationship between Aesthetic and Interpersonal Experience.” Cognitive Processing 29.2: 141–45. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Gay, Peter. 1995. The Enlightenment: The Rise of Modern Paganism. New York: Norton.Google Scholar
. 1999. The Bourgeois Experience: Victoria to Freud, 5 vols [1984–1998]. New York: Norton.Google Scholar
Ghosh, Amitav. 2000. The Glass Palace. London: HarperCollins.Google Scholar
Gilmore, David G., ed. 1987. Honor and Shame and the Unity of the Mediterrenean. Washington: American Anthropological Association.Google Scholar
Goode, Mike. 2016. “The Public and the Limits of Persuasion in the Age of Caricature.” In The Efflorescense of Caricature, 1759–1838, edited by Todd Porterfield, 117–36. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Greenblatt, Samuel. 1995. “Phrenology in Science and Culture of the 19th Century.” Neurosurgery 37.4: 790–805. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Gumbrecht, Hans-Ulrich. 2004. Production of Presence. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Habermas, Jürgen. 1984–1987. A Theory of Communicative Action, 2 vols [1981], translated by Thomas McCarthy. Boston. Beacon Press.Google Scholar
Halbwachs, Maurice. 1992. On Collective Memory [1925], translated by Lewis A. Coser. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Hardy, Thomas. 1876. Daniel Deronda. New York: Harper & Brothers.Google Scholar
. 1998. Jude the Obscure [1895]. London: Penguin.Google Scholar
Haw, Richard. 2005. The Brooklyn Bridge: A Cultural History. Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.Google Scholar
Hawthorne, Nathaniel. 2016. The Scarlet Letter [1850]. London: Penguin.Google Scholar
Hazlitt, William. 1967. The Plain Speaker [1826] (= Collected Works vol. 12). New York: Arms Press.Google Scholar
Heine, Heinrich. 1840. Über Ludwig Börne. Hamburg: Hoffmann und Campe.Google Scholar
Hermand, Jost, ed. 1972. Der deutsche Vormärz: Texte und Dokumente. Stuttgart: Reclam.Google Scholar
Hobsbawm, Eric. 1996. The Age of Revolution 1789–1898 [1962]. New York: Random House.Google Scholar
Hobsbawm, Eric and Terence Granger, eds. 1996. The Invention of Tradition [1983]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Holberg, Ludvig. 1970. Ludvig Holberg’s Memoirs [1728], translated by Stewart E. Fraser. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
. 1971. Moralske Tanker [1744]. In Værker i tolv Bind, edited by F. J. Billeskov Jansen, vol 1. Copenhagen: Rosenkilde og Bagger.Google Scholar
. 1991. Moral Reflections and Epistles [1744], edited by P. M. Mitchell. Norwich: Norvik Press.Google Scholar
. 2015. Ad virum perillustrem *** [1728]. Accessed August 8, 2019. [URL]
Hughes, William Lee. 2012. “(Post)colonial, Queer: Lord Jim.” Conradiana 44.1: 71–83. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Humboldt, Wilhelm von. 1960. Ideen zu einem Versuch, die Grenzen der Wirksamheit des Staates zu bestimmen [1791–1792, publ. 1851]. In Werke, edited by Andreas Flitner and Klaus Giel, vol. 1, 56–233. Stuttgart: Klett-Cotta.Google Scholar
. 1854. The Sphere and Duties of Government, translated by Joseph Coulthard. London: John Chapman.Google Scholar
Hunt, Lynn. 2008. Inventing Human Rights. New York: Norton.Google Scholar
Hume, David. 1978. A Treatise of Human Nature [1739–1740]. Oxford: Clarendon.Google Scholar
Husserl, Edmund. 1968. Logische Untersuchungen, 2 vols [1900–1901]. Tübingen: Niemeyer.Google Scholar
. 2001. Logical Investigations, 2 vols, translated by N. Findlay. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Huyssen, Andreas. 2003. Present Pasts. Stanford: Stanford University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Ibsen, Henrik. 2005a. Et Dukkehjem [1879]. Oslo: Gyldendal.Google Scholar
. 2005b. Hedda Gabler [1890]. Oslo: Gyldendal.Google Scholar
. 2008. Four Major Plays: A Doll’s House, Ghosts, Hedda Gabler, and The Master Builder, translated by James McFarlane and Jens Arup. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Jacobsen, Jens Peter. 1906a. Fru Marie Grubbe [1876]. In Samlede Skrifter, vol. 1, 1–308. Copenhagen: Gyldendal.Google Scholar
. 1906b. Niels Lyhne [1880]. In Samlede Skrifter, vol. 2, 1–271. Copenhagen: Gyldendal.Google Scholar
. 1918. Marie Grubbe, translated by Hanna Astrup Larsen. New York: Boni & Liveright.Google Scholar
. 1919. Niels Lyhne, translated by Hanna Astrup Larsen. New York: The American-Scandinavian Foundation.Google Scholar
James, Henry. 1949. The American [1877]. London: John Lehmann.Google Scholar
James, William. 2000. Principles of Psychology, 2 vols [1900]. New York: Dover.Google Scholar
Johnson, Paul. 1991. The Birth of the Modern: World Society 1815–1830. New York: HarperCollins.Google Scholar
Kant, Immanuel. 1905. Beobachtungen über das Gefühl des Schönen und Erhabenen [1764]. In Kant’s Gesammelte Schriften, edited by Königlich Preußischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, vol. 2, 205–56. Berlin: Georg Reimer.Google Scholar
. 1907. Die Metaphysik der Sitten [1797]. In Kant’s Gesammelte Schriften, edited by Königlich Preußischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, vol. 6. 203–416. Berlin: Georg Reimer.Google Scholar
. 1908. Kritik der Urtheilskraft [1790]. In Kant’s Gesammelte Schriften, edited by Königlich Preußischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, vol. 5, 165–485. Berlin: Georg Reimer.Google Scholar
. 1917. Die Streit der Philosophischen Fakultät mit der juristischen [1798]. Kant’s Gesammelte Schriften, edited by Königlich Preußischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, vol. 7, 77–94. Berlin: Georg Reimer.Google Scholar
. 1960. Observations on the Feeling of the Beautiful and Sublime, translated by John T. Goldthwait. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
. 1991. The Contest of Faculties. In Political Writing, translated by H. B. Nisbet, 176–90. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
. 1996. The Metaphysics of Morals, translated by Mary Gregor (follows the page numbers of Kant 1907). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
. 2009. Critique of Judgment, translated by James Creed Meredith. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Kearns, Katherine. 1996. Nineteenth-Century Literary Realism: Through the Looking Glass. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Keen, Suzanne. 2007. Empathy and the Novel. Oxford: Oxford University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Keller, Gottfried. 1854–1855. Der grüne Heinrich, 4 vols (first edition). Braunschweig: Vieweg.Google Scholar
. 1960. Green Henry [1879–1880], translation of the second edition by A. M. Holt. New York:Google Scholar
Kertész, Imre. 1988. A kudarc. Budapest: Magvető.Google Scholar
. 2001. “Who Owns Auschwitz?” Yale Journal of Criticism 14.1: 267–72. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
. 2011. Fiasco, translated by Tim Wilkinson. New York: Melville House.Google Scholar
Kierkegaard, Søren. 1962. Enten – Eller: Et Livs-Fragment [1843]. In Samlede Værker, vols 2 and 3. Copenhagen: Gyldendal.Google Scholar
. 1963. “Gjentagelsen. Et Forsøg i den experimenterende Psychologi” [1843]. In Samlede Værker, vol. 5, 113–94. Copenhagen: Gyldendal.Google Scholar
. 1992. Either/Or: Fragment of a Life, translated and abridged by Alastair Hannay. London: Penguin.Google Scholar
. 2009. “Repetition: An Essay in Experimental Psychology,” translated by M. G. Piety. In Repetition and Philosophical Crumbs, 1–81. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Klibansky, Raymond, Erwin Panofsky and Fritz Saxl. 1979. Saturn and Melancholia: Studies in the Natural Philosophy, Religion and Art [1964]. Nendeln/Liechtenstein: Klaus Reprint.Google Scholar
Konstan, David. 2008. “Aristotle on Love and Friendship.” ΣΧΟΛΗ 2.1: 207–12.Google Scholar
Koschorke, Albrecht. 1990. Geschichte des Horizonts. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp.Google Scholar
Larsen, Svend Erik. 2000. “Passions of Realism.” Orbis Litterarum 55.6: 418–33. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
. 2014. “Emotion and Forgiveness in Literature.” In Exploring Text and Emotions, edited by Patrizia Lombardo, Lars Sætre and Julien Zanetta, 63–89. Aarhus: Aarhus University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
. 2017a. Literature and the Experience of Globalization. London: Bloomsbury.Google Scholar
. 2017b. “Body and Narrative: Mediated Memory.” In Exploring Text, Media, and Memory, edited by Patrizia Lombardo, Lars Sætre and Sara Tanderup, 143–70. Aarhus: Aarhus University Press.Google Scholar
Le Goff, Jacques. 1992. History and Memory. Columbia: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Levi, Primo. 1986. I sommersi e i salvati. Milan: Einaudi.Google Scholar
. 1989. The Drowned and the Saved, translated by Raymond Rosenthal. London: Abacus.Google Scholar
Lewis, Clive S. 1958. The Four Loves. London: Geoffrey Bles.Google Scholar
Lipps, Theodor. 2018. Schriften zur Einfühlung, edited by Faustino Fabbianelli. Würzburg: Ergon Verlag.Google Scholar
Locke, John. 1993. An Essay Concerning Human Understanding [1689]. London: Everyman.Google Scholar
Lorsch, Susan. 1983. Where Nature Ends: Literary Response to the Designification of Landscape. Toronto: Associated University Presses.Google Scholar
Mark, Twain. 1948. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn [1884]. New York: Grosset and Dunlap.Google Scholar
. 2009. Life on the Mississippi [1883]. New York: Signet.Google Scholar
Martí, José. 1975. Obras Completas vols 9, 11 and 13. Havana: El Centro de Estudios Martianos.Google Scholar
. 2002. Selected Writings, edited and translated by Ellen Allen. London: Penguin.Google Scholar
Matzat, Wolfgang. 1990. Diskursgeschichte der Leidenschaft: Zur Affektmodellierung im französischen Roman von Rousseau bis Balzac. Tübingen: Günter Narr.Google Scholar
Maupassant, Guy de. 1909. “Boule de suif,” in Boul de Suif and Other Stories. In Collected Works, vol. 1, 1–53, translated by Arthur Symons. New York: Bigelow, Smith and Co.Google Scholar
. 1979. “Boule de suif” [1880]. In Contes et nouvelles, 23–68. Paris: Jules Tallandier.Google Scholar
McCarthy, Mary. 2009. The Group [1963]. London. Virago.Google Scholar
Mcleod, Jock and Peter Denney. 2018. “Liberalism, Literature, and the Emotions in the Long Nineteenth Century.” Occasion 11: 1–20.Google Scholar
Melville, Herman. 1967. Moby-Dick [1851]. New York: Norton.Google Scholar
. 1986. “Bartleby, the Scrivener: A Story from Wall Street” [1856]. In Billy Budd and Other Stories, 1–46. London: Penguin.Google Scholar
Mérimée, Prosper. 1906. Colomba, translated by Mary Loyd. New York: Frank S. Holby.Google Scholar
. 1985. Colomba [1840]. Paris: Bordas.Google Scholar
Merleau-Ponty, Maurice. 1965. Phenomenology of Perception [1945], translated by Colin Smith. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Mill, John Stuart. 2016. On Liberty [1859]. London: Penguin.Google Scholar
Morris, Pam. 2013. “Making a Case for Metonymic Realism.” In Realism in Contemporary Culture, edited by Dorothee Birke, Stella Butter and Peter Auer, 13–32. Berlin: de Gruyter. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Munro, Alice. 2010. Selected Stories. London: Vintage.Google Scholar
Nannini, Alessandro. 2018. “The Veil of the Body: Emotions and Expressive Mimesis in Johann Jakob Engel’s Aesthetic Thought.” Itinera: Rivista di filosofia e di teoria delle arti 15: 102–12.Google Scholar
Narayan, R. K. 2006. Malgudi Days [1982]. London: Penguin.Google Scholar
Ngai, Sianne. 2005. Ugly Feelings. Boston: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Nicolson, Marjorie Hope. 1997. Mountain Gloom and Mountain Glory: The Development of the Aesthetics of the Infinite [1959]. Seattle: University of Washington Press.Google Scholar
Nietzsche, Friederich. 1924. Joyful Wisdom [1887], translated by Thomas Common. New York: Macmillan.Google Scholar
. 1966. Die Geburt der Tragödie [1872]. Stuttgart: Reclam.Google Scholar
. 1980. On the Advantage and Disadvantage of History for Life, translated by Peter Preuss. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing.Google Scholar
. 1993. The Birth of Tragedy, translated by Shaun Whiteside. New York: Macmillan.Google Scholar
. 2009. Vom Nutzen und Nachteil der Historie für das Leben [1874]. Stuttgart: Reclam.Google Scholar
. 2013. Die Fröhliche Wissenschaft [1887]. Hamburg: Felix Meiner.Google Scholar
Nussbaum, Martha. 2001. Upheavals of Thought: The Intelligence of Emotions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Nuttall, Sarah and Carli Coetzee, eds. 1998. Negotiating the Past: The Making of Memory in South Africa. Cape Town: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Nye, David. 1996. American Technological Sublime. Cambridge: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Orzeszkowa, Eliza. 1996. Nad Niemnem, 3 vols [1888]. Wrocław: Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich – Wydawnictwo.Google Scholar
. 2014. On the Niemen, translated by Michelle Granas. London: Amazon.Google Scholar
Ozouf, Mona. 1998. “Liberty, Equality, Fraternity.” In Realms of Memory, edited by Pierre Nora and translated by Lawrence Kritzman, vol. 3, 77–114. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Padel, Ruth. 1992. In and Out of the Mind. Princeton: Princeton University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Peristiany, John G., ed. 1965. Honour and Shame: The Values of Mediterranean Society, London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.Google Scholar
Pethes, Nicolas and Jens Ruchatz, eds. 2001. Gedächtnis und Erinnerung. Ein interdisziplinäres Lexikon. Reinbek bei Hamburg: Rohwolt.Google Scholar
Petrey, Sandy. 1988. Realism and Revolution: Balzac, Stendhal, Zola, and the Performances of History. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Plamper, Jan. 2015. The History of Emotions: An Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Pontoppidan, Henrik. 1905. Lykke-Per [1898–1904] (second edition). Copenhagen: Gyldendal.Google Scholar
. 2010. Lucky Per [1917], translated from the third edition by Naomi Lebowitz. New York: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
Potts, Rolf. 2018. Souvenir. London: Bloomsbury. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Prendergast, Christopher. 1978. Balzac: Fiction and Melodrama. New York: Holmes and Meyer.Google Scholar
Reddy, William. 2001. The Navigation of Feeling: A Framework for the History of Emotions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Renan, Ernest. 2016. Qu’est-ce qu’une Nation? [1882]. Paris: Berg International.Google Scholar
. 2018. What is a Nation? In What is a Nation? And Other Political Writings, translated by M. F. N. Giglioli, 247–63. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Ricœur, Paul. 2004. Memory, History, Forgetting [2000], translated by Kathleen Blamey and David Pellauer. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Rivers, Christopher Whalen. 1994. Face Value: Physiognomical Thought in Marivaux, Lavater, Balzac, Gautier, and Zola. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
Roach, Joseph. 1985. The Player’s Passion: Studies in the Science of Acting. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Rodoreda, Mercè. 2013. In Diamond Square, translated by Peter Bush. London: Virago.Google Scholar
. 2017. La plaça del Diamant [1962]. Barcelona: Club Editor Jove.Google Scholar
Rosenberg, Chaim M. 2008. America at the Fair: Chicago’s 1893 World’s Columbian Exposition. Charleston: Arcadia.Google Scholar
Rosenwein, Barbara. 2002. “Worrying about Emotions in History.” The American Historical Review 107.3: 821–45. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Rothberg, Michael. 2009. Multidirectional Memory. Stanford: Stanford University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques. 1968. The Social Contract, translated by Maurice Cranston. London: Penguin.Google Scholar
. 1996. Du contrat social [1762]. Paris: Livre de Poche.Google Scholar
Schama, Simon. 1995. Landscape and Memory. London: HarperCollins.Google Scholar
Schiller, Friedrich von. 1954. On the Aesthetic Education of Man, translated by Reginald Snell. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
. 1967. Naïve and Sentimental Poetry, translated by Julius A. Elias. New York: Frederick Ungar.Google Scholar
. 2000. Über die aesthetische Erziehung des Menschen in einer Reihe von Briefen [1795]. Stuttgart: Reclam.Google Scholar
. 2002. Über naïve und sentimentalische Dichtung [1795–1796]. Stuttgart: Reclam.Google Scholar
Schnitzler, Arthus. 1926. None but the Brave, translated by Richard Simon. New York: Simon and Schuster.Google Scholar
Schnitzler, Arthur. 2013. Leutnant Gustl [1900]. Stuttgart: Reclam.Google Scholar
Semprún, Jorge. 1995. Le grand voyage [1963]. Paris: Gallimard.Google Scholar
. 2001. Le mort qu’il faut. Paris: Gallimard.Google Scholar
. 2005. The Long Voyage [1963], translated by Richard Seaver. New York: Overlook Press.Google Scholar
Sennett, Richard. 2012. Together: The Rituals, Pleasures and Politics of Cooperation. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Smith, Adam. 2002. The Theory of Moral Sentiments [1759]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Sorabij, Richard. 2000. Emotion and Peace of Mind: From Stoic Agitation to Christian Temptation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Staël, Germaine de. 1798. A Treatise on the Influence of Passion on the Happiness of Individuals and Nations, anonymous translator. London: George Cawthorn.Google Scholar
. 2006. De l’influence des passions sur le bonheur des individus et des nations [1796]. Hamburg: tradition.Google Scholar
Stead, Christina. 1978. Seven Poor Men of Sydney [1934]. Sydney: Angus and Robertson.Google Scholar
Steinbeck, John. 1981. The Grapes of Wrath [1939]. London: Penguin.Google Scholar
Stendhal. 1916. The Red and the Black, translated by Horace B. Samuel. London: Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
. 1961. La Chartreuse de Parme [1839]. Paris: Garnier.Google Scholar
. 1968. Le rouge et le noir [1830]. Paris: Ed. de la Renaissance.Google Scholar
. 2006. The Charterhouse of Parma, translated by John Sturrock. London: Penguin.Google Scholar
Storm, Theodor. 1852. Immensee [1849/1851]. Berlin: Duncker.Google Scholar
. 1902. Immensee, translated by Bertha M. Schimmelfenig. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell.Google Scholar
. 1914. The Rider of the White Horse, translated by Muriel Almon. In The German Classics of the Nineteenth and the Twentieth Century, vol. 11, edited by Kuno Francke, 225–342. New York: The German Publication Society.Google Scholar
. 2014. Der Schimmelreiter [1888]. Stuttgart: Reclam.Google Scholar
Strindberg, August. 1966. Giftas [1884]. Stockholm: Bonniers.Google Scholar
. 1972. Getting Married, translated by Mary Sandbach. London: Victor Gollantz.Google Scholar
Tandt, Christophe den. 1998. The Urban Sublime in American Literary Naturalism. Chicago: University of Illinois Press.Google Scholar
Taylor, David Francis. 2018. The Politics of Parody. A Literary History of Caricature, 1760–1830. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Thackeray, William Makepeace. 2006. Vanity Fair: A Novel Without a Hero [1847–1848]. New York: Bantam.Google Scholar
Thoreau, David. 1981. Walden [1854]. In The Portable Thoreau, edited by Carl Bode, 258–572. London: Penguin.Google Scholar
Tomlinson, Stephen. 2013. Head Masters: Phrenology, Secular Education and Nineteenth-Century Social Thought. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.Google Scholar
Trezise, Bryoni. 2014. Performing Feeling in Cultures of Memory. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Turgenev, Ivan. 1979. Rudin, translated by Richard Freeborn. London: Penguin.Google Scholar
. 1980. Rudin: Polnoe sobranie sochinenii v 30 tomakh vol. 5 [1856]. Moscow: Nauka.Google Scholar
Tytler, Graeme. 1982. Physiognomy in the European Novel. Princeton: Princeton University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Vigarello, Georges, Alain Corbin and Jean-Jacques Courtine, eds. 2016–2017. Histoires des émotions, 3 vols. Paris: Seuil.Google Scholar
Voss, Christiane. 2004. Narrative Emotionen. Berlin: de Gruyter. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Weitzman, Erica. 2021. At the Limit of the Obscene: German Realism and the Disgrace of Matter. Northwestern University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Welty, Eudora and Roland Sharp, eds. 1991. The Norton Book of Friendship. New York: Norton.Google Scholar
Weninger, Robert. 2017. Sublime Conclusions: Last Man Narratives from Apocalypse to Death of God. Cambridge: Legenda. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Wertsch, James V. 1998. Mind as Action. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
2002. Voices of Collective Remembering. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Whitman, Walt. 1892. “Preface of Leaves of Grass and “Two Rivulets” [1876]. In Complete Prose Works, 280–87. Philadephia: David McKaye.Google Scholar
Winter, Jay. 2010. “The Performance of the Past: Memory, History, Identity.” In Performing the Past: Memory, History, and Identity in Modern Europe, edited by Karin Tilmans, Frank van Vree and Jay Winter, 11–23. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Wrobel, Arthur. 1974. “Whitman and the Phrenologists: The Divine Body and the Sensuous Soul.” Proceedings of the Modern Language Association 89.1: 17–23. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Yates, Frances. 1966. The Art of Memory. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Zola, Émile. 1915. The Fat and the Thin, translated by Ernest Alfred Vizetelly. New York: The Marion Company.Google Scholar
. 1979. Thérèse Raquin [1867]. Paris: Gallimard.Google Scholar
. 1992. Thérèse Raquin, translated by Andrew Rothwell. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
. 1994. Le ventre de Paris [1873]. Paris: Livre de Poche.Google Scholar