Non-lexical core-arguments in Basque, Romance and German: How (and why) Spanish syntax is shifting towards clausal headmarking and morphological cross-reference
This article deals with the ways in which non-lexical core arguments can be expressed in various languages. It tries to devise a typological hierarchy for the different types and endeavours to place Romance within this hierarchy. An analysis of Basque verbal markers as cross-reference morphemes introduces the subject with a language radically different from central IE. Using Nichols’ (1986 & 1992) typological differentiation between head-marking and dependent-marking languages as its basis, a typological sub-parameter of “clausal head-marking vs. clausal dependent-marking” is suggested which is shown to correspond to two radically different types of clausal co-reference: (1) agreement (concord) and (2) cross-reference. This terminology is then used to describe and explain an ongoing syntactic change in which Spanish object clitics have evolved into obligatory verbal markers closely resembling those of Basque. Their conventional analysis as “agreement markers” is questioned and Spanish is shown to be moving towards a clausal head-marking language in which all core-arguments of the sentence have to be expressed by verbal affixes, while nominal and pronominal argument realisations become mere appositions outside the sentence core. The traditional concept of an emerging new paradigm of “object conjugation” is rejected.
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2018. Grammaticalization processes in the languages of South Asia. In Grammaticalization from a Typological Perspective, ► pp. 189 ff.
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Esseesy, Mohssen
2018. Typological features of grammaticalization in Semitic. In Grammaticalization from a Typological Perspective, ► pp. 35 ff.
Haig, Geoffrey
2018. Grammaticalization and inflectionalization in Iranian. In Grammaticalization from a Typological Perspective, ► pp. 57 ff.
Haig, Geoffrey
2018. The grammaticalization of object pronouns: Why differential object indexing is an attractor state. Linguistics 56:4 ► pp. 781 ff.
Haspelmath, Martin
2018. Revisiting the anasynthetic spiral. In Grammaticalization from a Typological Perspective, ► pp. 97 ff.
Heine, Bernd
2018. Grammaticalization in Africa. In Grammaticalization from a Typological Perspective, ► pp. 16 ff.
Johanson, Lars & Éva Á. Csató
2018. Grammaticalization in Turkic. In Grammaticalization from a Typological Perspective, ► pp. 146 ff.
Klamer, Marian
2018. Typology and grammaticalization in the Papuan languages of Timor, Alor, and Pantar. In Grammaticalization from a Typological Perspective, ► pp. 235 ff.
McWhorter, John H.
2018. Is grammaticalization in creoles different?. In Grammaticalization from a Typological Perspective, ► pp. 394 ff.
Mithun, Marianne
2018. Shaping typology through grammaticalization: North America. In Grammaticalization from a Typological Perspective, ► pp. 309 ff.
Moyse-Faurie, Claire
2018. Grammaticalization in Oceanic languages. In Grammaticalization from a Typological Perspective, ► pp. 282 ff.
Mushin, Ilana
2018. Grammaticalization and typology in Australian Aboriginal languages. In Grammaticalization from a Typological Perspective, ► pp. 263 ff.
Heiko Narrog & Bernd Heine
2018. Introduction. In Grammaticalization from a Typological Perspective, ► pp. 1 ff.
Heiko Narrog & Bernd Heine
2018. Grammaticalization from a Typological Perspective,
Narrog, Heiko, Seongha Rhee & John Whitman
2018. Grammaticalization in Japanese and Korean. In Grammaticalization from a Typological Perspective, ► pp. 166 ff.
Smith, Hiram L.
2018. Addressing questions of grammaticalization in creoles. In Grammaticalization from a Typological Perspective, ► pp. 372 ff.
2018. Diachronic stories of body-part nouns in some language families of South America. In Grammaticalization from a Typological Perspective, ► pp. 350 ff.
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2018. Preface. In Grammaticalization from a Typological Perspective, ► pp. viii ff.
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2018. Series preface. In Grammaticalization from a Typological Perspective, ► pp. vii ff.
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2018. List of abbreviations. In Grammaticalization from a Typological Perspective, ► pp. ix ff.
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2018. Copyright Page. In Grammaticalization from a Typological Perspective, ► pp. iv ff.
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