Chapter 12
Enclitic -(m)a ‘but’ / -(y)a ‘and’ in Hittite
Losing extraordinary syntactic behavior
The paper deals with the syntax of two enclitic conjunctions in Hittite, -(m)a ‘but’ and -(y)a ‘and’. Their clause distribution is different in Old/Middle Hittite vs New Hittite. In Old/Middle Hittite they cliticize in the Wackernagel position, but they are delayed to the next word by nu, mān, kāš(m)a, našma, namma, kui-. In New Hittite they start cliticising to most of the words from this group, with the exception of nu. For Old/Middle Hittite I posit that nu, mān, etc. are in the Speech Act layer, whereas -(m)a and -(y)a target Force0. The New Hittite system is due to a change in the structure of the left periphery: most of the original Speech Act layer constituents save nu started targeting Spec,ForceP.
Article outline
- 1.Introduction
- 1.1Stressed or unstressed?
- 1.2Structurally conditioned placement of -(m)a and -(y)a
- 2.Diachronic development of the syntax of -(m)a and -(y)a
- 2.1Did -(m)a and -(y)a become Wackernagel enclitics?
- 2.2An alternative account: Clause structure change?
- 3.Interim conclusions
- 4.Other second position constituents vis-à-vis the delaying set
- 5.An analogical solution?
- 5.1The syntax and semantics of anda=ma and parā=ma ‘further’
- 5.2Analogy after anda=ma and parā=ma
- 5.3Analogy of the syntax of mān ‘if/when’ and discourse adverbials
- 6.Conclusion
-
Abbreviations
-
Notes
-
References
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