Language Index
A
- Albanian
5, 30, 39, 40, 200,
505–548, 594,
642, 649, 651,
653, 655–657, 660, 663
- Modern Albanian
506, 538, 541,
543, 544
- Modern Standard Albanian
506–508, 519, 528, 533
- Old Albanian
505–507, 518, 538
see also Geg, Tosk
- Anatolian
15, 16, 19, 20, 21,
23, 25–27, 30, 36, 378,
384, 413
- Arabic
301, 312, 330, 591, 592,
603–605, 610
- Modern Standard Arabic604
- qǝltu Arabic dialects
312, 327, 328
- Aramaic
312, 316
; see also Neo-Aramaic
- Arbel (Jewish)
315, 327–331, 342, 343
- Armenian
24, 30, 33, 35, 152,
300, 312, 351–376, 505, 594, 642, 654
- Classical Armenian
33, 152, 153, 351, 352, 354, 371, 373, 374, 514
- Modern Eastern Armenian
351, 370, 373
- Aromanian
181, 182, 200, 506, 519
- Avestan
16, 17, 20, 24, 27,
251–256, 259,
274, 279, 284
- Gatha Avestan
245, 246, 252,
253
- Old Avestan
252, 253, 255,
258, 284
- Young Avestan
28, 252, 253, 259, 281, 284, 285
B
- Bactrian
279, 283, 285, 288–290, 297
- Balkan Slavic
6, 35, 40, 150, 152,
156, 161, 176,
183, 189, 196,
197, 200, 545
- Balochi
304, 615, 619, 629
- Sistani Balochi
615–617, 619, 623, 627, 631
- Baltic
1, 5, 6, 30, 34,
35, 38, 40, 123–148, 151–153, 156, 160–162, 183, 185, 188, 189,
194, 196, 197,
200–204, 226,
232, 591, 642
- Barwar (Christian)
316, 317, 318, 322, 343
- Bavarian112
- Central Bavarian
111, 113
- Bedyel (Christian)
323, 328
- Belarusian
151, 154, 157, 162, 185,
188, 189, 194,
196, 197, 202,
594
- North(ern) Belarusian
196, 197
- Bohemian
606, 607, 609, 610
- Bosnian-Serbian-Croatian193
- Breton
50, 51, 76, 77, 81,
84, 87, 591, 594, 596,
651, 653, 655
- Brittonic/Brythonic
50, 78
- Bulgarian
35, 40, 149, 150, 155,
159, 161, 162,
175, 182, 191,
192, 196, 506,
510, 519, 594,
651, 653, 656,
657, 660
C
- Catalan
594, 651, 653, 655, 656,
659, 661, 663
- Caucasian Tat
299, 301, 304, 305
- Celtic
2, 16, 20, 23, 24,
29, 30, 38, 39, 49–93, 591, 642,
654, 660
- Church Slavonic
167, 169, 649, 652–655
- Old Church Slavonic
24, 30, 35, 148, 152,
163, 166–169, 172, 189, 190, 198, 200, 413, 418, 639, 653
- Croatiansee Bosnian-Serbian-Croatian, Serbian-Croatian
- Czech
148, 151, 154, 155, 162–164, 166, 177–180, 183, 185, 186, 200, 201,
203, 204, 591,
592, 594, 598,
606–610, 662
- Old Czech
147, 163, 166,
177, 198, 199
see also Hanakian dialects
D
- Danish
36, 96, 101, 102, 594,
596, 649, 653,
656
- Dutch,
1, 8, 11, 12, 95–98, 101, 102,
109, 110, 420,
424, 425, 431,
594, 597, 651,
653, 655, 656,
660, 662
E
- English
1, 4–13, 36, 52, 58,
59, 66, 67, 69, 72–74, 76, 78,
86, 90, 95–98, 101, 102, 105, 109,
110, 117, 118,
163, 217, 219,
247, 248, 256,
271, 289, 333,
335, 339, 381,
383, 417, 420,
424, 425, 429–431, 440, 460, 493, 496, 497,
500, 514, 517,
523, 544, 552,
558, 591, 594,
600, 615–617, 620, 623–626, 631, 637, 641,
645, 646, 649,
651, 653–657, 660–663
- Hiberno-English
57, 58, 64, 74, 91
- Middle English
11, 429, 654, 661
- Modern (=New) English,
1, 6, 96, 102, 417,
420, 427, 431,
457, 460, 509,
537
- Modern Standard English10
- Old English
102, 418, 419,
423, 427, 429,
431
- Estonian
40, 594, 649, 661
- European languages
36, 49, 65, 90, 140,
592, 593, 602,
606, 645, 646,
655
- Standard Average European
51, 81, 82, 175, 519,
597
- West(ern) European
36, 287
F
- Finnic
189, 197, 200, 202
- Finnish
35, 594, 649, 661
- Franconian
- Moselle Franconian
112, 113
- Rhine Franconian
112, 113
- French
5, 8, 38, 61, 77,
78, 81, 84, 105, 109,
162, 488, 493,
510, 532, 595–597, 610, 623, 649, 651, 653,
655–660
G
- Gaelic
51, 54, 57, 60, 76,
81, 83
- Scottish Gaelic
11, 49, 59–63, 75, 76, 83
see also Shetland dialect, Orkney dialect
- German
5, 7, 8, 12, 67,
78–80, 87,
95–99, 101,
103–112, 115–118, 145, 147, 148, 160, 162–165, 180, 183, 187, 200, 203,
229, 304, 369,
389, 420, 423–425, 429–431, 493,
494, 510, 518,
520, 544, 591,
592, 596, 597,
600, 601, 606–610, 640, 651, 653, 655, 656,
660
- Central German
103, 108, 110,
113
- dialects of the South Mark113
- Early New High German
103, 104, 107,
108, 117
- High German
103, 108, 109
- Low German
107, 108, 112,
113, 651, 653,
662
- Middle High German
103, 104, 107,
108, 117
- Middle Low German
104, 107, 108
- Modern German
421, 425, 430,
521
- Modern Standard High German425
- New High German
103, 104, 106,
117
- Old High German
22, 98–103, 117, 118, 418, 419, 421, 422, 424, 427–429, 431, 591, 592, 598–601, 609
- Standard German
108, 431, 595,
662
- Upper German
101–103, 107–111, 113, 425
- West Central German
107, 108, 115
- Germanic
8, 16, 22, 29, 38,
52, 58, 73, 95–122, 139, 150, 154,
295, 378, 381,
393, 412–414, 419, 423, 427,
429, 591, 595,
598, 599, 609,
610, 642, 654,
660, 662
- Continental West Germanic
425, 599, 649
- East(ern) Germanic
411, 412, 426
- North Germanic
36, 38, 95, 97, 102,
649, 651, 653,
655, 662
- Old Germanic
97, 101, 117, 411, 413
- Old West(ern) Germanic
426, 431
- West(ern) Germanic
38, 95, 411, 418–420, 422, 424–426, 429, 431, 591
- Gothic
22–24, 38,
96, 98, 102, 103, 411–434, 639
- Greek
16–18, 20,
22–24, 28,
37, 163, 167, 168, 200,
226, 353, 354,
358–371, 378,
381, 382, 414–417, 436, 438–444, 447, 456, 460, 462, 470,
474, 475, 483–503, 505, 516, 519, 524, 527,
542, 566, 568,
575, 595, 615,
616, 623–626, 631, 642, 649,
655, 661, 662
- Ancient Greek
2, 3, 4, 6, 27,
37, 221, 232,
382, 398, 435–481, 483, 485, 493
- Archaic Greek
435, 436, 442,
449–453, 456, 458, 461, 465
- Classical Greek
245, 437, 451,
454, 456–458, 460, 461, 465, 474, 516, 530, 615, 654
- Greco-Roman Greek
447, 486
- Hellenistic Greek
412, 447
- Homeric Greek
3, 16, 17, 28, 245,
246, 438, 446,
465, 514
- Koine Greek
133, 465, 472,
473, 649, 652,
653
- Medieval Greek
483, 484, 488,
492, 498, 519
- Modern Greek
5, 8, 36, 37, 156,
483, 486, 488,
490, 493–495, 506, 519, 649, 652, 653, 656
- Mycenaean Greek
6, 435, 436, 441, 442
- New Testament Greek
398, 615, 616,
619, 620, 623,
624, 631
- Post-Classical Greek
437, 446, 462,
464–466, 474
H
- Hanakian dialects
154, 177, 184–186, 204, 607, 608
- Hittite
2, 16, 19–24, 36, 295, 377–410, 413
- Middle Hittite
384, 385, 390–395, 399, 400, 402, 404
- New Hittite
377, 384, 385,
390, 393, 394,
398, 401–405
- Old Hittite
377, 384, 396,
400, 404, 406
I
- Ibero-Romance
36, 591, 603, 649, 658
- Indic
28, 32, 514, 642, 660
- Indo-Aryan
3, 7, 8, 32, 245,
378, 651, 652
- Old Indo-Aryan
245, 246, 248,
260, 274
see also Indo-Iranian
- Indo-European
1–3, 5–7, 9, 15,
16, 20–23, 25, 27, 31,
39, 49, 52, 78, 90,
91, 152, 153, 166, 215,
221, 245, 306,
312, 378, 380–382, 387, 411–413, 485, 505, 513, 550, 553,
579, 635, 641,
642, 644, 646–652, 654, 656, 657, 660, 661,
663
- Common Indo-European
15, 16, 18, 19, 22–27
- Core Indo-European
16, 18, 19, 22–27
- Proto-Indo-European
2, 3, 6, 7, 15,
16, 18–20, 22–27, 31, 43, 45–47
97, 153, 216, 219, 220, 226, 232, 245, 254, 256, 354, 377, 378, 382, 404, 411, 413, 414, 432, 436, 512–514, 487
- Indo-Iranian
3, 6, 8, 16, 20,
21, 24, 27, 28, 31–33, 36, 39,
245, 246, 251,
252, 254, 259,
514
- Old Indo-Iranian
253, 274
- Proto-Indo-Iranian
20, 245, 251, 253–258, 260, 265, 274
see also Indo-Aryan
- Indonesian
645, 648, 652, 653, 656,
658, 659
- Iranian
3, 6, 7, 8, 27,
28, 32, 40, 245, 259,
274, 279–309, 311, 312, 345,
352, 615, 642,
654
- East Iranian
290, 298, 299
- Middle Iranian
2, 32, 252, 279, 281,
285–288, 292, 304, 305
- New Iranian languages
5, 279, 281, 282, 290, 294, 299, 304
- Old Iranian
245, 246, 252,
253, 259, 274,
279, 281, 286,
288, 292, 296,
298, 299
- Irish
39, 49, 50–76, 78–83, 85, 87–91, 595
- Modern Irish
50, 51, 62–64, 78, 90
- Old Irish
23, 24, 29, 39, 52,
54, 78, 88,
91
- Iškašmi
279, 290, 303, 304
- Italian
8, 148, 383, 389, 395,
488, 489, 506,
519, 597, 610,
649, 651, 653,
656
- Northern Italian
109, 594
- Italic
16, 20, 29, 30, 35,
36, 38, 513, 549
J
- Judeo-Spanish
604, 605, 610
; see also Ladino
K
- Kashubian
35, 38, 154, 179, 180,
185, 186, 201,
204, 591, 595,
607
- Khwarezmian
2, 32, 36, 37, 279,
283, 290, 295,
301
- Kurdish
311, 325–332, 344, 345
- Northern Kurdish
32, 280, 312
- Southern Kurdish
296, 305
see also Bahdini, Gorani, Hawrami, Mukri, Sorani, Kurmanji, Zazaki
- Kurmanji
304, 312, 326, 328
L
- Ladino595see also Judeo-Spanish
- Latin
5, 9, 22, 24, 29,
35, 38, 73, 74, 76,
78, 85, 152, 216, 421,
483, 485, 486,
489, 500, 506,
507, 513, 516,
518, 519, 521,
530, 535, 536,
537, 540, 542,
543, 549–590, 592, 595, 597–601, 609, 610
- Classical Latin
553, 554, 559,
572, 576, 577,
583
- Early Latin
554, 559, 571,
576, 577
- Late Latin
554, 566, 598,
599, 601, 610
- Latvian
5, 38, 124–138, 140–145, 156, 160, 164,
197, 202, 595,
653
- Lithuanian
24, 35, 38, 124–145, 147, 153, 156,
160, 177, 185,
197, 202, 203,
591, 595, 660
M
- Macedonian
38, 40, 150, 151, 154–161, 165, 175, 180–184, 186–188, 191, 192, 200,
201, 203, 204,
506, 519, 594
- Manx
49, 59, 60, 62, 63,
75, 76, 83
- Molise Slavic
177, 193, 201
- Mukri
300, 304, 326, 328, 345
N
- Neo-Aramaic
1, 6, 8, 299, 311,
312, 330
- North-Eastern Neo-Aramaic (NENA)
305, 311–350
- Christian NENA dialects312
- Jewish NENA dialects
312, 313, 319,
328, 331
see also Alqosh, Arbel, Barwar, Bedyel, Betanure, Bohtan, Ḥalabja, Hertevin, Koy Sanjaq, Mardin,
Nerwa, North-Eastern Neo-Aramaic, Qaraqosh, Rustaqa, Sanandaj, Sulemaniyya, Urmi
- Norwegian
523, 594, 649, 653, 656
; see also Bokmål
- Novgorod dialect (Old)
170, 171, 172, 187
O
- Ormuṛi
283, 298, 302, 304, 305
- Ossetic
283, 286, 287, 295, 305
see also Alanic, Iron dialect
P
- Pamir languages
279, 290–292, 295, 296, 303
- Parthian
279, 285, 286, 288, 292,
293, 305
- Inscriptional Parthian292
- Manichaean Parthian
288, 292, 293
- Persian (Farsi)
5, 279, 282, 286, 291,
295, 296, 299,
300, 301, 304,
305, 345, 653,
656, 657, 660,
661
- Early Judeo-Persian
296, 297
- Early New Persian
282, 283, 296,
297
- Inscriptional Middle Persian293
- Middle Persian
32, 33, 279, 281–283, 285, 286, 288, 292–294, 296, 297, 301, 302, 305
- Modern New Persian
281, 282
- New Persian
286, 288, 290,
296, 298–302
- Old Persian
28, 32, 251–253, 257, 259, 260, 274, 279, 281, 283, 285, 302
- Polish
35, 145, 148, 150, 151,
154, 157, 160,
164–166, 177,
178, 183, 185,
193, 196, 199,
200, 202, 416,
418, 591, 594,
662
- Pomeranian (Central)113
- Mecklenburgish-West Pomeranian113
- Portuguese
38, 73, 591, 592, 594,
598, 601–603, 605, 610, 649,
652–654, 656,
658, 660, 661
see also Brazilian Portuguese
- Proto-Indo-Europeansee Indo-European
- Prussian (Old)
24, 124, 147, 148
- Pskov dialectssee (Northwest-)Russian
Q
- Qaraqosh (Christian)
317, 318
R
- Resian dialects of Slovene
177, 201
- Romance
5, 8, 38, 39, 73,
74, 118, 139, 150, 154,
295, 378, 381,
393, 397, 483,
487, 488, 493,
500, 505, 506,
519, 583, 591,
592, 595, 597,
598, 601, 603,
605, 610, 642,
654, 660, 661
see also Balkan Romance, Ibero-Romance, Italo-Romance
- Romanian
36, 39, 506, 519, 594
- Russian
35, 148, 150, 153, 155–158, 163–165, 185,
188, 189, 194–196, 200–202, 204,
239, 287, 416,
418, 419, 594,
662
- North-Russian
162, 171, 188,
194, 195
- Northwest-Russian
159, 162, 188,
189, 196–198, 200
- Standard Russian
194, 195
see also Old East Slavic
- Rustaqa (Jewish)
322, 330
S
- Saka
279, 292, 305
- Khotanese Saka
28, 33, 34
- Sanandaj (Jewish)
313, 314, 319–323, 328, 331
- Sanskrit
7, 8, 31, 34, 40,
223, 232, 251,
382
- Classical Sanskrit
34, 251, 252
- Sarikoli
279, 290, 303–305
- Saxon
- Old Saxon
98–102, 118, 418, 419, 423, 424, 427–429, 431, 591, 592, 598, 600, 601, 609
- Scandinavian languages
101, 236
- Serbian
176, 178
see also Bosnian-Serbian-Croatian, Serbian-Croatian, Torlak dialects
- Serbian-Croatian
164, 193, 197, 198
- Shughni (Šuγni)
279, 290, 305
- Slavic
5, 7, 8, 20, 24,
25, 30, 35, 38, 40,
52, 91, 123, 129, 139,
144, 145, 148–201, 202–204, 226,
232, 412–414, 416, 418–420, 430, 606–609, 642, 649, 662
- Common Slavic
148–151, 153, 155, 160, 161, 163, 170, 183, 184, 189, 199, 200
- East Slavic
148, 151, 160,
183, 185, 186,
188, 194, 196,
197, 200, 202,
418
- North Slavic
148, 150, 183
- Old East Slavic
162, 166, 167,
169, 172–174, 183, 190, 191, 195, 198, 199
- Pomeranian Slavic
180, 200, 201
- South Slavic
35, 148, 154, 155, 164, 176, 186, 187, 191, 200–202, 204, 649
- West Slavic
35, 148, 150–152, 154, 160, 164, 177, 180, 182, 184–188, 193, 200–203, 591, 606, 609, 610
see also Balkan Slavic, Baltic Sea Slavic, Molise Slavic
- Slavonic354
- Old Slavonic414see also Church Slavonic
- Slovak
166, 178, 179, 183, 193,
199, 592, 594,
606–610
- Slovene
35, 176, 183, 199, 200
- Resian dialects of Slovene
177, 201
- Slovincian
148, 154, 179, 180, 185–187, 201, 203, 204, 594
- Sogdian
2, 28, 32, 36, 37,
279, 283, 290,
295, 305
- Sorani (Central Kurdish)
290, 312
- Sorani Sulemaniyya
325, 327
- Sorbian
164, 165, 180, 187, 194,
201, 607
- Colloquial Upper Sorbian164
- Lower Sorbian
164, 591, 594
- Upper Sorbian
183, 200, 591,
595
- Spanish
8, 38, 82, 602, 603,
610, 651, 653,
655, 656, 658–663
- Latin American Spanish
604, 661
see also Castilian, Judeo-Spanish
- Standard Average European
51, 81, 82, 88, 175,
519, 597
- Sulemaniyya (Jewish)
321, 322, 341, 342
- Swedish
95–98, 102,
109, 110, 595,
653, 656, 660
T
- Tajik
286, 287, 294, 303, 653,
655
- Tat (Caucasian)
299, 301, 304, 305
- Tocharian
16, 24, 30, 152, 215–244, 354
- Tocharian A
215, 216, 219–223, 225–227, 230–236, 239–241, 354
- Tocharian B
215, 222–233, 235–240, 354
- Turkic
40, 222, 299, 302, 312,
336
- Turkish
290, 299, 545, 595
U
- Ukrainian
154, 160, 194, 196, 199,
595, 607
- Uralic languages
35, 648, 661
- Urmi (Christian)
317, 318, 327, 332–340, 344–347
- Urmi (Jewish)
318, 319, 329, 330
V
- Vedic
17, 18, 22–24, 27, 28, 34, 40,
226, 245, 246,
251–256, 263,
271, 274, 368
- Early Middle Vedic
252, 267–269
- Early Vedic
246, 252, 254,
255, 257, 258,
260–268, 273
- Late Middle Vedic
252, 269
- Late Vedic
28, 31, 245, 246, 252,
272–274
- Middle Vedic
28, 40, 246, 252, 267,
269, 270–272
- Vietnamese
645, 648, 652, 653, 656,
657
W
- Wakhi
32, 281, 290, 291, 305
- Welsh
39, 50–53, 59–62, 76–78, 83, 84, 86,
88, 595, 651, 653, 658,
660
Y
- Yazγulami
279, 290–292, 305
- Yaγnobi (Yaghnobi)
282, 283, 286, 287, 295,
305