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Journal mutations
Part of
Perfects in Indo-European Languages and Beyond
Edited by Robert Crellin and Thomas Jügel
[
Current Issues in Linguistic Theory
352] 2020
► pp.
675
–
686
◄
previous
Subject index
A
ablaut
2, 18–21, 26, 27, 30, 58, 112
o
-grade
2, 21, 26, 31, 220
accomplishment
74, 233–235, 248, 254, 382, 386, 422, 454, 456, 463, 555–557, 562, 565, 569, 577, 580
accusative
12, 151, 178, 179, 185, 187, 229, 318, 352, 366, 369, 390, 396, 397
~ alignment
32, 152, 228, 357
achievement
61, 66, 233, 234, 253, 254, 262, 263, 268, 269, 290, 382, 454, 549, 555–557, 562, 565, 571, 572, 576, 577, 584
action verbs
17
actional
~ classes
233
see also
predicate classes, situation type
~ passive
124, 130, 153, 160–164
~ perfect
129, 160, 177, 200, 203, 379
~ properties
216, 381
actionality / aktionsart
17, 132, 166, 222, 223, 233, 287, 300, 378–382, 387, 411–413, 417
active
passim
;
see also
neo-active, voice
activity
63–66, 233–235, 294, 344, 366, 382, 386, 387, 398–402, 422, 425, 429, 430, 484, 555, 556, 563–566, 580 ;
see also
atelic
actualising device
631
adjective
passim
;
see also
predicative, verb(al)
deverbal ~
152, 153
adjunct
8, 63, 71, 113
admirative
39, 40, 505, 507, 538, 541, 543, 545 ;
see also
mirative
adstrates
162
adverb(ial)
11, 52, 67, 96, 101, 107, 110, 113, 158, 218, 247, 282, 285, 342, 345, 396, 445, 491, 516, 544, 604, 623
definite time / temporal ~
159, 163, 164, 178, 460, 461, 471–475, 497, 523, 544, 623, 635, 655, 663
temporal / time ~
6, 55, 104, 109, 129, 170, 180, 215, 216, 221, 230, 248, 254, 289, 336–339, 374, 400, 401, 626, 656, 657
‘already’
247, 271, 382, 401, 635, 637–648, 661–662
‘just’
54, 55, 247, 271, 382, 635, 657, 663 ;
see also
iamitive
agent
~ (A)-orientation
24, 33, 124, 226–230, 387, 388, 398, 399, 404, 406 ;
see also
subject
transitive ~
7
agentless
78, 80
agentive
8, 10, 76, 165, 171, 324, 329
~ complement
71
~ nominal
27, 89
~ phrase
65, 68, 70, 72, 74, 80, 83–86
~ subject
313
~ verb
34, 36, 70
inagentive
see
middle
non-agentive
88, 89
agglutination
183, 184
agreement
2, 9, 31, 114, 128, 139, 145, 152, 181–189, 203, 281, 384, 390, 394–397, 486
~ controller
126, 150, 151, 177–179
~ marker
281, 315
core argument ~
32, 36, 38, 175–182, 315, 318, 321–324, 390, 394, 397, 486
lack of ~
178, 182, 397
loss of ~
145, 203
pronominal ~
322
verbal ~
114
aktionsart
see
actionality
alignment
6–8, 26, 33, 36, 225, 319
semantic ~
314
syntactic ~
74, 161, 217, 328 ;
see also
accusative, ergative
allomorphy
153, 216, 519
ambitransitive
155, 184, 187
analytic(al)
90, 91
~ form / construction
52, 117, 420, 581, 582
~ imperfective
299
~ past
183
~ past perfect / pluperfect
85, 384, 424
~ perfect
96, 98, 112, 114, 259, 260, 384, 412, 419, 420, 423, 424, 551, 581 ;
see also
synthetic
anchoring (deictic)
103–109, 183, 247–251, 263–269 ;
see also
origo
animate
65, 70, 231, 460 ;
see also
inanimate
anterior(ity)
~ construction
245, 335
~ participle
123, 149, 153, 161, 185, 198
~ perfective
553, 577
future ~
136, 569
antiresultative
189
aorist
~ infinitive (
ainf
)
36, 37, 493, 494, 500, 501, 519, 627
~ participle (
ap
)
487, 491, 500, 501, 624, 625
competition with the preterite / perfective
28, 31, 32, 140, 471, 498, 513 ;
see also
perfective, past
aoristic
364
~ perfect
438, 470, 608, 616, 627, 629, 631 ;
see also
narrative
areal
~ diffusion / spread
2, 108, 109, 151, 153, 201
~ feature
50, 54, 76
argument
~ structure
17, 34, 36, 131, 142, 328, 443, 445, 449, 459 ;
see also
valency
external ~
440, 447, 449, 458
internal ~
440, 445, 447, 449, 466 ;
see also
event
aspect
~ prominence
615, 616, 624, 631
grammatical ~
329, 379, 381, 382, 412, 414, 420
imperfective ~
96, 97, 155, 165, 200, 379, 411–413, 418–429
lexical ~
96, 98, 101, 104, 112, 378, 381, 412, 413, 418–424, 430, 431
progressive ~
26, 52, 74, 79, 86
Slavic-style ~
413, 418, 419, 430
stem-derivational ~
149, 200
viewpoint ~
412–414, 418–421, 430, 554, 557
aspectuality
95, 117, 412, 419
asymmetry
dialectal
180
paradigmatic
323, 325
atelic
~ eventuality
440, 447, 449, 452, 461, 475, 602
~ lexical aspect
104, 112
~ predicates
254, 255, 259, 261, 387, 428, 449, 451, 466, 469, 474, 475, 555
~ readings
421
~ verbs
17, 36, 102, 142, 146–148, 173, 186, 287, 335, 386, 387, 398, 400, 403, 405, 418–421, 425, 426, 601 ;
see also
activity, homogeneous
atelicity
412, 420, 426, 429, 430
atomic predicates
562–567, 569
attrition
203
see also
erosion
autonomous
78, 79, 380, 420
auxiliarisation
405, 429, 431
auxiliary
~ selection
36, 40, 96, 102, 295, 393, 405, 431
~ verb construction (
avc
)
377–381, 383–404
be
- ~
102, 150, 161, 164, 181–184, 192, 194, 197, 198, 594, 606
future ~
198
have
- ~
154, 165, 185, 192, 404, 422, 423, 607, 610
passive ~
164
see also
future, perfect, periphrasis, preterite
B
background
70, 110, 218, 237, 238, 269, 351, 400–402
~ information
104, 291, 342, 620, 625
backgrounding
59, 160
backgrounding device
616, 620, 631 ;
see also
defocalisation
be
-auxiliary
see
auxiliary
be
-perfect
see
perfect (formations)
be
-pluperfect
see
pluperfect
biclausal construction
145, 421
bilingualism
53, 58, 73, 180, 486, 488, 491, 604
borrowing
603, 606
matter- ~
164
pattern- ~
164, 180, 181, 185, 203 ;
see also
calque, copying, loan verbs
C
calque
196, 288, 352, 591–595, 600, 609, 610 ;
see also
borrowing
cancelled (annulled) result
135, 141, 146, 190, 194
causal
80, 129, 219, 496
causative (
caus
)
155, 180, 219, 220, 229, 234, 442, 447, 454, 467, 470, 471
~ COS (cCOS)
450, 451, 456, 463–465
~ COS eventuality
475
~ COS predicates
440, 445, 449, 453, 458, 466, 469–470
non- ~
443
change of state (COS)
3, 4, 7, 129, 141, 217, 229, 232, 246, 254, 263, 359, 368, 377, 382, 386, 387, 389, 398, 401, 402, 405, 414, 442, 555, 557, 567, 572, 575, 578–581
COS eventuality
439, 440
COS predicate
443, 446, 447, 454, 459, 466
non-homogeneous non-COS (
nh ncos
)
439, 446, 450–456, 463–465
Charlemagne Sprachbund
592, 597, 598, 600, 609
clause types
conditional
192, 197, 372, 493, 499, 530, 537, 539, 540
relative
239, 256, 371, 372, 522, 534, 643
small
87, 89
subordinate
51, 128, 174, 222, 484, 485, 498, 515, 531, 534, 535, 560–562, 576, 630
temporal
85–89, 535
clinch (an argument)
168, 615, 616, 627, 628, 631
clitic
182–184, 204, 312, 321, 383, 386, 391–393, 398, 405, 512, 616, 621 ;
see also
enclitic, proclitic
coercion
4, 566
cognitive
58, 311, 332, 333, 336, 338, 345–348
~ domain
249–251, 257, 258, 265–274
~ verb
68, 374
collective
68, 84 ;
see also
impersonal
comparison
3, 77, 78
by branch
ch.2
by period
108, 281–283, 456, 462–465, 577, 602, 603
comparative concept of the perfect
1, 2, 637
historical-comparative semantics
253
of Albanian and Armenian
514
of Albanian and Germanic
510, 517, 518, 520, 521, 523, 544
of Albanian and Greek
506, 514, 516, 519, 530
of Albanian and Latin/Romance
506, 510, 513, 516, 518, 519, 521, 530, 535, 536, 537, 542, 543
of Albanian and Slavic
200, 506, 510, 519, 545
of Albanian and Turkic
545
within Aramaic
ch.9
of Aramaic and Arabic
327, 328, 330
of Aramaic and Iranian
299, 312, 325–332, 344, 345
of Armenian and Greek
353–356, 358–371
of Armenian and Slavic
152, 153, 354
of Armenian and Tocharian
354
within Baltic
ch.5
of Baltic and Germanic
139, 147
of Baltic and Greek
133
of Baltic and Romance
139
of Baltic and Slavic
129, 138, 139, 144, 151, 153, 156, 160–162, 164, 177, 185, 188, 189, 194, 196, 197, 200–204
within Celtic
ch.3
of Celtic and Germanic
52, 57–59, 66, 67, 69, 72–74, 76, 78, 90
of Celtic and Latin/Romance
61, 73, 76–78, 84
of Celtic and SAE
51
within Germanic
ch.4, ch.12
of Germanic and Latin/Romance
109, 421, 599
within (periods of) Greek
ch.13, ch.14
of Greek and Germanic
414–417, 484, 493, 496, 497, 500, ch.18
of Greek and Latin/Romance
486, 488, 489, 493, 500
of Greek and Romance/Germanic
378, 381, 383, 389, 393, 395, 397
of Hittite and Greek-Indo-Iranian
378, 382, 398
within Indo-Iranian
ch.7, ch.8
of Indo-Iranian and Greek
245, 246
within Iranian
ch.8
of Iranian and Germanic
295, 304
of Iranian and Greek
ch.18
of Iranian and Hittite
295
of Iranian and Romance
295
of Iranian and Turkic
299, 302
within Romance
602, 603
of Romance and Arabic
603–605, 610
within Slavic
ch.5
within SAE
ch.17
of Slavic and Finno-Ugric
162, 189, 197, 200, 202
of Slavic and Germanic
150, 154, 159, 160, 162–165, 180, 183, 187, 200, 203, 412–414, 416, 418–420, 424, 430
of Slavic and Greek
156, 163, 167, 200
of Slavic and Latin/Romance
150, 152, 154, 162, 181, 182, 200, 203
of Tocharian and Baltic
226, 232
of Tocharian and Greek
221, 226, 232
of Tocharian and Indo-Aryan
226, 232
of Tocharian and Latin
216
of Tocharian and Slavic
152, 221, 226, 232, 239
typological ~
ch.1, ch.19 ;
see also
contact
completion
11, 74
of an eventuality
10, 63, 76, 96, 116, 255, 258, 262, 266, 281, 290, 293, 296, 300, 301, 374, 375, 384, 393, 401–404, 418, 421, 449, 475, 515, 517, 529, 562, 624, 662
of an exposition
631
of a predicate
247
of a subevent
286
auxiliary denoting ~
287
sequence ~
414
temporal ~
414
completive
39, 50, 66, 91, 247, 248 ;
see also
perfect readings, perfective
compositional
96, 98, 102, 134, 136, 176, 191, 222, 232, 238, 241, 386, 391, 404, 405
non- ~
135, 189, 215, 405, 406
conceptual
~ integration
387, 404
~ moment
556, 557, 572, 573, 575
conditional
35, 86, 493, 512 ;
see also
clause types
confessional realignment
591, 592, 610
contact (linguistic)
2, 58, 108, 123, 148, 151, 157, 177, 180, 181, 188, 189, 196, 200–202, 305, 311, 312, 325, 327, 344, 483, 487, 489, 500, 591, 596, 601–603, 606–610
~ -induced
49, 73, 118
language ~
74, 111, 118, 149, 302, 324 ;
see also
comparison
continuation
continuative perfect
5, 17, 38, 72 (enduring state), 133, 141, 159, 236, 241, 248, 256, 259–268, 336, 370–375, 617, 635, 649, 655, 662
continuative prefix
129
continuing relevance
2, 5, 483, 484, 487, 493, 495, 497, 498, 630
continuous
87, 279, 282, 293, 303, 304, 556 ;
see also
perfect readings
converb
153, 222, 225, 230, 241, 507, 510
copula (
cop
)
31–38, 40, 61, 65, 114, 130, 152, 189, 281, 282, 288, 296–299, 304, 314–323, 325–328, 330–332, 335, 341–343, 346, 347, 351, 352, 357, 371, 374, 383, 386, 395, 404, 429, 610, 618, 620
transitive ~
36
copular sentences
390, 394, 395
copular verb
124, 142
copying
see also
borrowing
polysemy ~
180, 203
counterfactual
127, 137, 192, 194, 372, 375, 493, 499, 530, 536, 537, 539–541
current relevance
105, 106, 109, 110, 131, 132, 140, 141, 145, 156–158, 171, 187, 200, 218–220, 235, 236, 248–251, 256, 269–271, 347, 370–374, 382, 400, 483, 485, 487, 496, 497, 500, 608, 619, 620–625, 659 ;
see also
perfect readings
D
D-domain
249–251, 254, 263–273
debitive
128
decategorisation
203, 204
default
39, 69, 70, 87, 158, 200, 222, 440, 529, 561, 621, 623
~ nominal form
9, 150, 151, 177, 319–322, 396
~ tense
72, 76, 86, 133, 156, 490, 623, 629
~ verbal form
52, 124, 317
defective (Df)
450, 451, 455, 456, 463–465, 578, 623
definite
61, 104, 316, 345–347, 358, 371, 510
~ (nominals)
81, 372
~ object
314, 316–318, 321, 322, 352, 369
definiteness
66, 71, 106, 345, 414 ;
see also
adverb(ial), indefinite
defocalisation
294, 302, 311, 332–334, 336, 338–341, 345, 347
defocus
105, 263
delimitation
237, 238, 413, 466, 484
depassivisation
78
deponent
38, 518, 519, 550, 551, 580, 581, 595–598
detransitivising
441, 442, 449, 454, 458, 459, 466, 471, 475
diachrony
4, 7, 106, 124, 145, 151, 215, 245, 345
diachronic process
2, 141, 380
dialectology
111–118, 188
dialogue
56, 71, 107, 108, 338
diasystem
182
diathesis
3, 6, 7, 19, 24, 26, 33, 50, 78, 82, 88, 220, 368, 413, 419, 429
~ orientation
153, 166, 184–186, 201, 202, 458, 549
diathetic lability
123, 160 ;
see also
voice
discontinuous past
135, 189, 192, 195, 196
discourse mode
107, 108, 110
discourse topic
183, 225–227, 333, 615–631
topic shift
224
topicalisation
182
see also
information structure
double perfect
see
perfect
D-structure
440
durative
~ action(ality)
173, 300, 379, 417, 418, 601–605
~ adverbial
158, 285
~ construction
335
~ unaccusatives
420
~ verb
152, 421, 425
atelic- ~
422
intransitive ~
425
durativa tantum
430
durativity
420, 603, 610
E
elaboration
~ of background information
342
~ of topic
615–617, 625–627
enclitic
183, 281, 298, 317, 325–328, 616 ;
see also
clitic
endpoint (inherent)
217, 233, 234, 382 ;
see also
completion
enduring state
72
see also
perfect readings
epicentres (linguistic)
305
epistemic
162, 343, 345–347, 617
~ extension
140
~ meaning
128
ergative
8, 33, 36, 152, 228, 314, 315, 320, 321, 324, 329, 332
~ alignment
7, 31, 32, 281
~ case
7
ergativity
281, 314, 324
erosion
see also
attrition
phonological ~
142, 203, 295
semantic ~
142
evaluation time (t
0
)
17, 247, 250, 254, 261, 262
event
~ integration
380
~ structure
246, 248, 345, 347, 440, 449, 556, 567
~ time (t
E
)
106, 117, 230, 247, 254, 257, 261–263, 332–343, 346–348, 372, 572
prior ~
332, 442, 446, 453, 484, 485, 487, 531, 549, 557, 581, 583 ;
see also
argument, endpoint, predicate classes, situation type
eventive
583, 585
~ reading
383, 389, 582
non- ~
582
eventuality
439–442, 446–449, 461, 466, 474, 475, 484, 491, 493, 498, 555, 549, 556–558, 565–567, 570, 575, 585 ;
see also
event
evidential
6, 28, 39, 40, 126–128, 140, 161, 162, 183, 218, 236, 241, 274, 280, 302–304, 336, 345, 347, 375
evidentiality
96, 134, 154, 245, 248, 273, 279, 593, 635 ;
see also
admirative, indirect, inferential, mirative, mood, presupposition(al), renarrative, reportativity, tense-aspect-mood(-evidentiality)
existential
~ reading
259–264, 300, 334, 335, 345, 346, 505, 509, 522–527, 544
~ verb
124, 140, 142, 180, 255, 256, 296
expansion
141, 152, 182, 184–186, 202, 203
of the perfect
3, 5, 95, 102, 103, 106– 112, 117, 118, 438, 454, 457, 651, 653, 662
experiencer
17, 67, 72, 82, 88, 90, 227, 229, 236
experiential
5, 17, 27, 59, 72, 76, 111, 131, 134, 140, 141, 145, 147, 157, 158, 166, 168, 189, 191, 192, 200, 232, 241, 249, 256, 267, 324, 334, 485, 601
see also
perfect readings
negated ~ contexts
635, 654, 663
experientiality
77
extended now
248, 256, 333, 447, 649
external argument
440, 447, 449, 458
F
felicity condition
454, 460, 649
finite
~ clause
89, 125
~ past tense
32, 33, 57, 157
~ perfect
24, 30, 581
~ preterite
22, 28, 32
~ verb
22, 51, 52, 89, 113, 114, 126, 152, 162, 200, 222, 231, 232, 281, 285, 298, 312, 377, 380, 381, 384, 386, 391–393, 484, 510, 512, 549, 551, 646
non- ~
54, 82, 89, 128, 484, 510, 512
non- ~ clause
125
non- ~ perfect
50, 87, 581
focus
discourse / syntactic ~
159, 182, 183, 225, 271, 311, 338, 339, 348 ;
see also
defocalisation
focused
~ participant
79, 81, 114, 153, 155, 201, 340, 389
~ time / (sub)eventuality
17, 63, 74, 101–106, 162, 179, 180, 236, 294, 302–303, 339, 371, 373, 389, 401, 403, 659
forward-pointing device
615
fossilisation
153, 189, 195, 203, 470 ;
see also
petrification
frequency
55, 76, 102, 103, 106–108, 112, 115, 154, 155, 179, 184, 202, 228, 233, 395, 402, 450, 486, 493, 597–601, 636, 640, 643, 646–662
future
~ anterior
136, 569
~ auxiliary
198
~ perfect
6, 35, 96, 127, 129, 136, 140, 141, 146, 147, 149, 189, 197–200, 202, 304, 435, 512, 535, 550, 552, 557, 569–577, 584
~ perfective
571
~ pluperfect
552
periphrastic ~
147, 197, 199
futurum exactum
85, 162, 199
G
genitive subject
351–353, 374
gerund
491, 492, 500
gerundive
152, 354
gnomic
303, 429, 568
Gothic
ga
-compound
412, 414–416
grammatical relation
3, 6, 312
grammaticalisation
2, 32, 38, 40, 52, 58, 64, 99–104, 107, 109, 114, 117, 118, 123, 139–142, 145, 182–184, 201–204, 215, 224, 241, 272, 282, 292, 379, 380, 387, 389, 392, 397, 404–406, 411, 413, 417–426, 429–431, 463, 486, 512, 518, 579, 599, 609, 635, 637, 645– 648, 651, 661, 662
grammaticalised
~ aspect
96, 429, 484
~ aspectual systems
484
H
habitual
68, 77, 104, 110, 344, 347, 379, 400, 484, 605
~ past
86, 127, 345 ;
see also
durative, imperfective, iterative
habituality
303, 420, 429
have-
auxiliary
see
auxiliary
have
-perfect
see
perfect
have
-perfective
see
perfective
highlighting
187, 226, 233, 266, 269, 285, 295, 367, 386, 399, 484, 516, 615, 616, 623, 629–631
homogeneity
439, 443
homogeneous (event structure)
~ atelic
440, 447–451, 461, 466, 474, 475
bounded ~ atelic
469, 475
~ eventuality
439, 442, 475
non- ~ non-COS
439, 446, 450–456, 463–465
~ predicates
442, 449, 469 ;
see also
atelic, event
hot news
132, 136, 156, 157, 220, 333, 602, 617
hypocoristic
75
I
iamitive
637, 644–648, 652, 655, 659, 661, 662
illocutionary acts
176, 224
illocutive events
139
imperative
127, 384, 393–407, 417, 454, 510–512, 544
imperfect
passim
imperfective
~ aspect
96, 97, 155, 165, 200, 379, 411–413, 418–429 ;
see also
durative, iterative, habitual
impersonal
51, 67, 68, 78, 79, 83, 84, 127, 160, 367
~ evidential
126
~ passive
126
implicature
332, 334, 340, 366, 370, 443, 474, 509, 527, 558, 562, 654
added ~
615, 616, 629–631
inferential ~
251, 272
inagentive
see
middle
inalienable possession
139
inanimate
187, 231 ;
see also
animate
inchoative
155, 232, 233, 416, 417, 565
indeclinable participle
181, 182, 184, 203
indefinite
104, 109, 248, 261, 267, 332–334, 345–347, 510, 520
~ (nominals)
227, 239, 390, 391, 593
~ object
66, 319, 322, 352, 367, 368, 520
~ subject
78, 79 ;
see also
definite
indicative
passim
indirect
~ evidential
245, 246, 251
~ evidentiality
158–161, 200, 202, 251, 302
~ object
625
~ perfective
336–345
~ reference
254
~ reference point
311, 345
~ remote past habitual
345
~ yes/no questions
535, 536
indirective
302–303, 336
infectum
549–552
inferential
38
~ category
248, 291
~ habituality
303
~ implicature
251, 272
~ past
40, 248, 264, 271, 272, 303
~ progressive past
303
~ reading
39, 40, 127, 140, 141, 161, 197, 198, 251, 264–267, 271 ;
see also
evidential
infinitive (
inf
)
36, 37, 53, 76, 112–115, 128, 152, 199, 229, 299, 354, 355, 436, 493–500, 507, 510, 512, 519, 549, 551, 559, 577, 578, 583, 584, 624, 627
information structure
183, 190, 203, 338 ;
see also
discourse topic
ingestive verb
155, 177, 184
initial mutations
51
innovation
2, 7, 9, 10, 12, 15, 16, 20, 23, 24, 29, 34, 40, 108, 152, 194, 220, 256, 283, 325, 384, 487, 488, 495, 576, 595, 597, 602, 603, 607–610
intensive perfect
17, 25, 26, 28, 442
interface
lexical-grammatical aspect ~
412
semantics-pragmatics ~
558
internal argument
440, 445, 447, 449, 466
interrogative
51, 57, 317, 593
intransitive
~ clause
313, 314
~ construction
7, 324, 466
~ participle
126, 129, 152, 179, 180, 182, 187, 387, 392, 393, 396, 398, 403, 424–426
~ past / preterite
33, 34, 37
~ perfect
6, 8, 11, 17, 20, 24, 38, 77, 102, 141, 155, 172, 292, 315, 316, 323, 324, 330, 331, 352, 357, 374, 388, 420, 425, 466, 518, 520
~ perfective
315, 316, 323, 330, 331
~ subject
7, 281, 313, 314, 319, 321, 351, 353, 357, 466
~ verb
12, 226, 295, 382–389, 396, 421, 422, 431, 441, 514, 519, 623 ;
see also
transitive, unaccusative, unergative
iterative
~ adverbials
104
~ semantics
164, 166, 447, 531, 603, 605, 610
~ situation
173, 304
~ suffix
379
gnomic ~
429
see also
durative, imperfective, habitual
L
lability
17, 26, 123, 160, 184, 226, 445, 447, 458, 459, 466, 467
language-specific
2, 96, 102, 246, 641
lexical
~ aspect
96, 98, 101, 104, 112, 378, 381, 412, 413, 418–424, 430, 431
~ input
123, 126, 131, 138, 141, 149, 153, 166, 175, 176, 180, 186–188, 201–204, 217, 287 ;
see also
actionality
lexicalisation
9, 24, 27, 73, 231–233, 356, 393, 412, 413, 470, 578, 580, 649
loan verbs
180
see also
borrowing
localistic reading
64, 66, 81
location
65, 201
~ -pattern / schema
153, 202, 380
temporal ~
106, 156, 333, 491
l
-participle
35, 40, 149–152, 156, 162, 166, 179, 183, 186, 192–194, 199, 200, 203, 607, 608
long form
149, 152, 157, 161, 169, 172, 194–199
short form
149
M
matter-borrowings
164
merger
5, 27–30, 37, 66, 80, 216, 283, 462, 469, 475, 485–487, 513, 518, 550, 551
middle/medium
16–30, 220, 226, 239, 406, 411, 448, 512
non- ~
19, 24
protomiddle
25, 26 ;
see also
non-active, voice
mirative
161, 303, 339, 340, 345, 347, 615, 619–623, 631 ;
see also
admirative
monolectic (perfect / pluperfect)
ch.2, 462, 485, 486, 488, 490 ;
see also
analytic(al), synthetic
monothematic
378
mood
34, 51, 52, 87, 96, 130, 223, 241, 304, 403, 484, 518, 549 ;
see also
evidential(ity), imperative, optative, subjunctive, tense-aspect-mood(-evidentiality)
morphosyntactic integrity
142, 143, 203
motion verbs
36, 360, 391
multidimensional scaling (
mds
)
641–643, 647–653
multilingual research
ch.19
N
nactostatic
18
narration
72, 107, 108, 110, 168, 170, 219, 291, 302, 341
narrative
~ context
59, 111, 134, 168, 174, 251, 491, 541, 560
~ text
107, 507, 514, 600
~ use of the auxiliary
161, 183
lack of use of the perfect in ~
109, 160, 168, 172, 259
use of the aorist / perfective in ~
71, 156, 168, 170, 174, 220
use of the participle in ~
357
use of the perfect in ~
28, 56, 108, 110, 111, 135, 170, 173, 174, 272, 273, 341, 342, 347, 471–475, 552, 559, 562, 567, 608, 615, 616, 619, 620, 623, 626, 629–631 ;
see also
aoristic perfect
use of the pluperfect in ~
134, 628
use of the preterite / simple past in ~
57, 59, 60, 72, 200, 240
negated
61, 62, 137, 144, 340, 416, 523 ;
see also
experiential
negation
57, 144, 145, 151, 158, 340, 390, 393, 395, 416, 422, 449, 508, 593
negative
51, 61, 147, 284, 340, 380, 390, 416, 530, 564, 593, 656
neo-active
25
nominal sentence
386, 393–395, 521
nominative
125, 150, 152, 153, 162, 175, 187, 222, 228, 229, 312, 313, 329, 332, 351, 352, 357, 390, 396, 397
non-active
39, 435, 440–442, 447, 449, 454, 456–461, 466, 468, 470, 471, 508, 512, 518–520, 538, 551, 561 ;
see also
middle, voice
O
object
~ orientation
27, 139, 156, 184, 186, 201 ;
see also
patient
direct ~
11, 67, 154, 179, 318, 369, 382, 390, 393, 397, 398, 443, 444, 452, 486, 509, 520, 521, 599
indirect ~
625
prepositional ~
178
transitive ~
7
objectless
177, 178
objective resultative
126, 124, 129, 130, 153, 154, 160, 162–164, 176, 184–187, 202, 369 ;
see also
result(ative)
oblique
~ (case)
7, 8, 32, 150, 222, 324, 351
~ inflection
332
~ suffix
312–315, 317, 324, 329
optative
19–21, 28, 86, 222, 259, 510–512, 534, 537
orientation
217, 225, 226, 250, 264, 267, 269, 398, 593
see also
agent, diathesis, patient, subject, voice
temporal ~
561–563
variable ~
152
discourse-orientation
132, 169
event-oriented
175, 186, 200, 204
recipient-oriented
166
origo
67, 183 ;
see also
anchoring
P
Pāṇini
40, 251
paradigm(atic)
~ isolation
153, 203
~ loss
471
~ variability
123, 204
paradigmatisation
215, 435, 454, 457, 458, 461, 463, 466
participle
non-agreeing ~
181, 188
uninflected ~
180, 182, 186
pronominal form
150, 152 ;
see also l
-participle
passé surcomposé
87, 162
passive
~ auxiliary
164
~ periphrasis
83, 389, 391, 426, 429
~ voice
3, 324, 431, 521
canonical ~
166
recipient ~
165, 166
stative ~
130, 429, 431, 521 ;
see also
result(ative)
see also
depassivisation, periphrasis, synthetic, voice
past
~ active participle (
pap
)
139, 142, 145, 153, 161, 593, 606, 607, 610
~ counterfactuals
194
~ participle
30, 31, 34, 35, 53, 56, 60, 77, 83, 96, 97, 101, 124, 125, 126, 134, 138, 216, 221, 226, 281, 373, 383, 413, 418–421, 423–427, 429–431, 493, 505, 507, 510–512, 518–521, 532, 539–545, 593, 618
~ passive participle (
ppp
)
153, 597, 607, 610
~ perfect
96, 99, 116, 117, 129, 134, 137, 140, 141, 189, 303, 304, 335, 343, 344, 347, 422, 424, 429, 511, 529–536, 538–540, 552, 569, 570, 618, 646 ;
see also
pluperfect
~ perfect continuous
304
~ perfective
2, 40, 99, 103–105, 109, 279, 283, 285, 286, 293–301, 305, 306, 312–317, 324–326, 328, 343, 345, 461, 483, 500, 564, 583, 584, 653
discontinuous ~
135, 189, 192, 195, 196
frame ~
189
habitual ~
86, 127, 345
relative ~
2, 483, 487, 491–493, 495, 498–501, 515, 529, 569
remote ~
215, 237, 238, 267, 272, 273, 301, 304, 311, 341–345, 347, 485, 497
simple ~
5, 32, 39, 59, 60, 69–72, 86, 96, 105, 129, 132, 133, 136, 140, 147, 247, 263, 269, 270, 279, 286, 291, 299, 335, 421, 422, 484, 490, 500, 558, 624, 645, 654, 657 ;
see also
analytic(al), retrospective, synthetic
patient
1, 6, 7, 18, 24, 31–33, 82, 124, 152, 155, 160, 162, 184, 226, 354, 367, 369, 382, 389, 440, 468
~ (P)-orientation
18, 24, 31, 33, 124, 226–230, 386, 387, 388, 391, 398, 399, 404–406 ;
see also
object
P-oriented stative construction
245
pattern-borrowing
164, 180, 181, 185, 203
P-domain
249–251, 254, 256–258, 263–271, 273
perception
~ of an event
171, 337
verbs of ~
68, 444, 445, 619, 620, 623, 631
perfect (category)
PIE ~
15–27, 153, 220, 378, 411, 414
perfect (formations)
~ active stem
438, 450, 454, 455, 458, 464, 466, 471
~ infinitive
549, 577, 578, 584
~ participle (
prf.p
)
30, 31, 33–35, 153, 226, 281, 298, 441, 447, 580, 581, 584, 640, 649
~ participle (
prf.p
) construction
281–286, 290, 292, 299, 302
~ passive participle (
ppp
)
82, 486, 488, 492, 497, 500, 501
~ periphrasis
see
periphrasis
after
- ~ (P1)
ch.3, 651
analytic ~
96, 98, 112, 114, 259, 260, 384, 412, 419, 420, 423, 424, 551, 581
be
- ~
2, 8, 10, 11, 36, 37, 77, 87, 96, 101, 123, 124, 193, 283, 383, 395, 425, 487, 488, 491, 501, 505, 512, 518, 519, 525, 532, 544, 592–601, 610, 649
double ~
75, 95, 115–117, 162, 279, 280, 301–303
exist-
~
294, 296, 297 ;
see also
existential verb
future ~
6, 35, 96, 127, 129, 136, 140, 141, 146, 147, 149, 189, 197–200, 202, 304, 435, 512, 535, 550, 552, 557, 569–577, 584
have
- ~ (P2)
1, 2, 8, 9, 36–39, 49, 52–60, 62–82, 85, 87–90, 96, 101, 102, 123, 158, 159, 181, 186, 187, 236, 295, 325, 391, 419, 420, 425, 431, 488, 489, 501, 505, 512, 518, 519, 532, 538, 539, 541, 544, 545, 591–593, 595–597, 599, 600, 606, 610, 649
inverted univerbated ~ (
iup
)
507, 538–545
non-finite ~
50, 87
possessive ~
138, 140, 142, 176, 203, 593, 609
reduplicated ~
25, 378
stay-
~
283, 292–294, 297
synthetic ~
ch.7, 551, 559, 567, 569, 577, 578, 581, 582, 599, 649
perfecta tantum
414
perfectum
29, 293, 549–552 ;
see also
past, present
perfect (readings)
~ continuous
280, 303, 304
continuative / universal ~
5, 17, 38, 72 (enduring state), 133, 141, 159, 236, 241, 248, 256, 259–268, 336, 370–375, 617, 635, 649, 655, 662
experiential ~
96, 101, 137, 173, 180, 215, 218, 236, 335
hot news ~
132, 136, 156, 157, 220, 333, 602, 617
past ~ continuous
304
quantifying ~
72
characterising
368, 372
persistent-situation reading
510, 527, 533
property reading
383, 399, 403 ;
see also
completive, current relevance, existential
perfective
~ aspect
49, 64, 96, 116, 117, 200, 299, 302, 336, 337, 341, 411–421, 426, 429–431, 553–565, 584, 624
future ~
571
have ~
422, 559
PIE ~
97
reduplicated ~
27
see also
aorist, completive
performative
~ effect
342
~ sentences
518
~ use
171, 187, 286, 620
~ verb
68, 529, 617
generic ~
187
periphrasis / periphrastic
5, 29, 31, 34, 35, 49–53, 57, 59, 60, 64, 65, 77, 83–87, 91, 124, 125, 128, 167, 225, 385, 401, 420, 427, 429, 483, 486–495, 510, 518, 618
~ construction
18, 29, 33, 36, 37, 40, 50, 52, 142, 204, 215, 246, 378–380, 389, 394, 411, 413, 418, 423–426, 431, 436, 437, 490, 497, 500, 598, 609, 648, 649
~ form
2, 52, 145, 198, 377, 379, 381, 411, 422
~ future
147, 197, 199
~ passive
70, 83, 377, 383, 388, 389, 391, 402–405, 426, 429
~ perfect
7, 15, 33, 36, 50, 52, 129, 354, ch.11, 425, 431, 486, 591, 597–599, 602, 605, 608
petrification
281, 536 ;
see also
fossilisation
phrasal verbs
90, 91
pluperfect
6, 18–21, 27, 28, 35, 56, 66, 73, 89, 96, 111, 134–136, 146, 162, 174, 189–196, 200, 202, 215, 217, 237, 238, 241, 284, 289, 294, 297, 301–304, 343, 351, 352, 362, 364, 371–375, 393, 401, 435, 436, 445, 448, 454, 483–501, 505, 528, 529, 544, 545, 559, 570, 576, 628, 645, 646, 652
see also
past perfect
analytic ~
85, 384, 424
be-
~
192, 193, 491
double ~
116, 117, 302
future ~
552
have-
~
192
infinitival ~
493–495, 500
negated ~
144
non-evidential ~
162
periphrastic ~
402–406, 425, 491, 493, 495
supercompound ~
190, 194, 195
possession
62, 65, 73, 129, 140–142, 176, 177, 202, 203, 368, 380, 421, 601, 602
inalienable ~
139
predicative ~
138, 153, 154
possessive resultative
see
result(ative)
possessor
65, 140, 153, 228, 369, 421, 423
posteriority
67, 85, 86, 198, 508
postsituation
557, 564, 570, 572 ;
see also
eventuality, situation type
poststate
549, 557, 567, 568, 572, 575, 578, 579, 581 ;
see also
eventuality, result(atitive)
pp
-construction
see
preterite
Präteritumschwund
see
preterite loss
predel’nost’
see
delimitation
predicate
~ classes
see
accomplishment, achievement, activity, argument, atelic, atomic predicates, bounded homogeneous atelic, result(ative), telic, unaccusative, unergative, valency
second ~
9
two-place ~
225, 226, 351, 365, 440, 445–447
predicative
139, 152, 153, 163, 164, 187, 218, 222, 224, 232, 325, 490, 581
~ adjective
125, 130, 238, 316
~ construction
100, 318, 329, 330
~ instrumental
125
~ nominal
281
~ possession
138, 153, 154
prefix
see also
preverb
ga/gi-
~
96, 98, 117, 411, 413–420, 423, 430, 431 ;
see also
Gothic
ga-
compound
imperfective / atelic ~
129, 298, 304, 345
nominal ~
284, 352
perfective / telic ~
91, 173, 287, 299, 411, 413, 414, 416
subjunctive ~
539
tense marking ~
32, 52, 327, 435, 658
prefixation
5, 51, 52, 413, 414–418, 423, 640
preposition(al)
2, 49, 53, 68, 80, 84, 88, 171, 233, 651
~ object
178
~ phrase (
prepp
)
54, 62, 65, 67, 74, 82, 87, 312
~ subject
38
present
~ perfective
286, 306
~ perfect
20, 28, ch.4, 129–141, 160, 167, 170, 181–191, 219, 247, 248, 256, 271, 294, 315, 333, 335, 344, 347, 381–384, ch.15, 552, 559–575, 584, 615–626, 631, 655
~ state
136, 251, 254, 260, 266, 269, 359, 360, 362, 366, 368, 403, 416, 438, 519, 604 ;
see also
retrospective
prestige
506, 591, 592
presupposition(al)
174, 303, 304, 311, 338–340, 345–348
preterite
22, 24, 27–30, 32–34, 39, 50, 55–57, 60, 62, 63, 66–69, 75–77, 83, 96–99, 105–114, 215–217, 219, 220, 222, 238–241, 282, 302, 378, 384, 395, 402–404, 413, 416, 421, 608
~ auxiliary
67, 217, 237–239, 384, 393, 394, 401, 403
~ loss
95, 106, 110–115, 117
~ participle (
pret.p
)
216–218, 222–239, 241
~ construction
216–218, 225, 230, 231, 233, 235–237, 241
periphrastic ~
29, 36
synthetic ~
60, 601, 602, 605
preterito-presents
29, 414 ;
see also
aorist
preverb
90, 52, 287, 345, 390, 395, 414, 536
primary endings
19, 20, 26, 414
primary sequence
559–561
proclitic 76
see also
clitic
progressive
89, 96, 110, 281, 305, 447, 485, 511
~ aspect
26, 52, 74, 79, 86
~ form(ation)
80, 89, 96, 115, 294, 299, 487
present ~
60, 300, 336
past ~
300, 303
Q
quantifying expression
151, 177, 178, 218
quantifying perfect
72
R
reanalysis
98, 153, 175, 281, 299, 324, 328, 329, 413, 414, 431, 493
syntactic ~
153
recency
5, 56, 156
recent past
27, 54, 55, 58, 59, 74, 75, 96, 101, 132, 272, 333–335, 496, 528, 544, 601, 659
recent past reading
39, 50, 83, 510, 517, 544, 657, 658
recent perfect
55, 61
reconstruction
15, 16, 19, 22, 23, 26, 106, 152, 245, 251, 253, 329, 378, 382, 397, 411, 413, 414
reduplicated
19, 23, 26, 30, 220, 435
~ perfect
25, 378
~ perfective
27
non- ~
21, 220
unreduplicated
19, 27
reduplication
2, 18, 19, 22–30, 219, 220, 226, 442, 444, 550
reference time
73, 85, 96, 98, 100, 105, 106, 116, 129, 131, 134, 146, 172, 174, 215, 230, 238, 240, 241, 247, 248, 254, 255, 257, 261–263, 267, 300, 341–343, 346, 357, 372, 382, 435, 552, 554, 602, 645, 654, 655
reflexive
155, 354, 394, 512
~ -benefactive
129, 138
register
60, 172, 190, 193, 194, 435, 438, 462, 474, 475, 486–488, 490, 491, 493 ;
see also
spoken / written language
Reichenbach
247, 413, 422
Reichenbachian
311, 346, 372
neo-Reichenbachian
248, 250 ;
see also
event / reference / speech / topic / utterance time
relative
see also
clause types, past, tense
~ pronoun
239, 515 (particle), 593
remote past
see
past
renarrative
40
reportativity
40, 126, 127, 134, 161, 538, 615, 620, 623, 625, 626, 629, 631 ;
see also
evidentiality
restatements
615, 616, 625, 631 ;
see also
elaboration
result(ative)
~ participle
160, 201, 215, 312, 316–319, 327, 579
~ perfect
38, 62, 123, 150, 157, 172, 200, 203, 215, 218, 241, 283–285, 288, 292, 296, 305, 370, 509
~ reading
147, 163, 254, 260, 262, 265–268, 281, 294, 383, 400, 412, 438, 509, 517, 520, 521
~ state
17, 164, 178, 226, 236, 332, 346, 488, 496, 557, 579, 581, 582, 605
A- ~
382, 387
cancelled (annulled) ~
135, 141, 146, 190, 194
complex ~
221, 232
generalised ~
369, 375
non- ~
7, 12, 17, 200, 203, 370, 382
possessive ~
124, 125, 138–140, 184, 368, 369, 375, 606–609
S- ~
382, 387
stative- ~
17, 18, 27, 35, 246, 253, 386, 400, 404–406
P-oriented stative construction
245
R-state
439, 440, 449
target state
195, 351, 357, 364, 365, 369–373, 449
T-state
439, 440, 449 ;
see also
antiresultative, postsituation, poststate
resultativity
2–4, 9, 12, 176, 192, 291, 304, 521, 581
retrospective
17, 27–29, 36, 40, 96–105, 109, 110, 116, 174
~ past / preterite
27, 28, 35, 98–101
~ present
17, 31, 35, 96–100, 103, 105, 106, 107, 109, 110, 116
rogative
67
roofing
591, 592, 609
root
~ accent
22
~ alternation
51
~ aorist
21, 352
~ formation
18, 21, 471
~ modality
152
~ noun
26
~ perfect
22
~ pluperfect
21
~ stem
21, 22, 27, 31, 455, 458, 464, 468
~ verb
91
labile ~
17
stative ~
16
telic ~
17
S
SAE
see
Standard Average European
scope
61, 128, 144, 218, 265, 267, 340, 519
semantic ~
576
sentence ~
57
structural ~
143
syntactic ~
203
semantic(s)
~ change
218, 232, 267, 456, 474
~ classes
3
see also
eventuality, predicate / verb classes
~ erosion
142
~ extension
95, 99, 105, 106, 233, 236, 241
~ role
3, 6, 165, 369, 381
~ shift
15, 104, 107, 108, 115, 295
semantics-pragmatics interface
558
sentential complementation
89
simple past
see
past
situation type
158, 555 ;
see also
eventuality, postsituation
small clause
see
clause types
speech act
56, 157, 171, 203, 617, 630
speech time (t
S
)
5, 96, 103, 105, 107, 134, 146, 230, 240, 241, 247, 248, 250, 251, 254–256, 258, 333, 334, 336, 339, 340, 342, 343, 346, 364, 372, 374, 400, 509, 510, 516, 517, 526, 527, 530, 534, 537, 540, 616, 655
spoken language
58, 62, 73, 104, 108, 109, 491, 653
stage setting 135
see also
narrative
standard
~ Average European (SAE)
51, 81, 82, 88, 175, 519, 597
~ variety
52, 108, 110, 111, 112, 117, 202, 644
substandard
95, 115, 116 ;
see also
register
state
~ eventualities
440, 555
~ predicates
248, 256, 442, 443, 449, 469, 556, 557, 563, 565–567, 572, 573, 575, 577–579, 581, 582 ;
see also
patient, poststate, present
stative
passim; see
result(ative)
subject
~ orientation
27, 28, 139, 152, 160, 177, 184–186, 201, 203, 368
~ properties
8, 354
genitive ~
351–353, 374
intransitive ~
7, 281, 313, 314, 319, 321, 351, 353, 357, 466
S- ~
226, 398
transitive ~
7, 8, 226, 227, 228, 229, 281, 230, 313, 317, 319, 322, 351, 352, 357, 367 ;
see also
agent
subjective
55, 216, 250, 273, 484
~ resultative
124, 129, 139, 154, 155, 182, 184, 185, 188, 202, 369
subjunctive
19, 30, 35, 37, 127, 137, 220–224, 241, 299, 511, 512, 534–541, 549, 559, 561, 585
subordinate clause
see
clause types
substrates
162, 202
suffix
derivational ~
5, 396
nominal ~
39, 40, 521
participial ~
30, 124, 126, 145, 286, 287, 290, 387, 618
-ant-
36, 377, 387
-
eal
153, 352–355, 373, 374
*-
ka-
32, 281–287, 290, 291, 296, 298, 618
-l-
35, 40, 149–166, 179, 183–186, 192–194, 199–206, 607, 608
*-
ló-
33, 35, 152, 161, 354, 355
*-
nó
-
7, 150, 153, 201
-
n/t-
149–166, 171, 172, 180–188, 201, 204, 607
-t-
7, 9, 126, 150, 201
*-
tó
-
7, 18, 31, 35, 281, 283
-vši
-
149–160, 184–188, 194–204
*-
wos-/-wes-/-us-
24, 31, 33–35, 153, 201, 226
stem forming ~
19, 21, 31, 40, 294, 352
verbal ~
21, 22, 37, 51, 112, 216, 220, 286, 312–318, 320–325, 329–331, 337, 379, 640
suffixation
51
suppletion
51, 216, 255, 287, 320, 457, 514
synthetic
~ aorist
169
~ auxiliary
505
~ imperfect
169, 193
~ impersonal
84
~ passive
83
~ past / preterite
32, 60, 77, 112, 156, 601, 602, 605
~ (past / future) perfect
ch.7, 551, 559, 567, 569, 577, 578, 581, 582, 599, 649
~ stem
510, 511, 551
~ verbal system
60, 114, 170, 505, 545 ;
see also
analytic(al), monolectic
T
telic
~ aspect
416, 431
~ eventuality
17, 165, 401, 440, 475
~ predicates
253, 259, 422, 555, 565
~ prefix
287
~ roots
17
~ verbs
18, 36, 70, 101, 102, 129, 141, 157, 178, 180, 185, 186, 195, 200, 203, 204, 217, 234, 332, 360, 374, 382, 387, 398, 402–405, 418, 426–429
~ readings
414, 419–421, 423, 427
telicity
96, 217, 386, 412––431, 555
temporal adverb(ial)
see
adverb(ial)
temporal clause
see
clause types
tense
~ prominence
615, 616, 624, 631 ;
see also
aspect prominence
relative ~
6, 333, 371, 375, 491, 495, 508, 529, 569
sequence of tenses
240, 559–562
tense-aspect-mood(-evidentiality) TAM(E)
52, 76, 78, 224, 380, 510–512, 514, 518, 635–638
tenseless
300
terminative
351, 357, 358, 364, 365, 374, 382, 411, 416, 417, 566
time adverb(ial)
see
adverb(ial)
time-relational framework
247, 248, 257
topic (discourse)
see
discourse topic
topic time (t
t
)
63, 230, 237, 238, 293, 435–451, 465, 470, 474, 475, 549, 554, 554, 557, 558, 562–567, 585, 569–585
transition
(in grammatical development)
106, 110, 111, 186, 234, 235, 263, 265, 325, 329
(in event structure)
496, 555–557
~ zone
106, 112
transitive
~ auxiliary
36, 125, 138, 392, 393
~ clause / predicate
314, 317, 318, 328, 422
~ construction
329
~ participle / verbal adjective
18, 24, 31, 34, 82, 129, 152, 160, 179, 180–185, 228, 229, 287, 377, 386–388, 391, 397–399, 405, 406, 426, 429
~ past / preterite
34, 36, 37
~ perfect
6, 8, 11, 12, 17, 24, 27, 31–34, 36, 38, 77, 84, 101, 102, 140, 141, 172, 292, 295, 315, 316, 319–323, 330, 331, 352, 357, 365–369, 374, 375, 382, 393, 402, 441, 445, 454, 467–469, 473, 475, 518, 520, 610
~ perfective
315, 316, 323, 324, 331, 332
~ stem
466
~ verb
67, 178, 226, 314, 354, 391, 404, 431, 514 ;
see also
ambitransitive, intransitive, subject
U
unaccusative
6–10, 36, 246, 313–319, 323, 329–332, 351, 358, 388, 391–394, 398–406, 420, 424, 440, 488, 489, 610 ;
see also
ergative
unaccusativity
425
unergative
8–11, 34, 37, 295, 313, 314, 320, 322, 391–393, 397, 399, 402, 404, 406
univerbation
39, 40, 507, 538, 539, 545
universal
~ perfect
5, 17, 38, 72 (enduring state), 133, 141, 159, 236, 241, 248, 256, 259–268, 336, 370–375, 617, 635, 649, 655, 662
(linguistic) universals
2, 99, 246, 248, 427 ;
see also
perfect readings
utterance time (t
u
)
33, 45, 178, 295, 435, 465, 549, 551, 554, 562–568, 573, 577–585
V
valency
126, 160, 381
valence alternations
3
see also
argument, zero-place verb
variability
123, 183, 204
syntagmatic ~
143, 203
Vendlerian predicate types
555
Vendlerian activity
422, 425
Vendlerian state
232
see also
verb / predicate classes
verb(al)
~ adjective (
va
)
18, 31, 35, 53, 56, 62, 65, 66, 72, 80, 82, 86, 152, 188, 281, 354, 396, 436, 620
~ classes
3, 68, 88, 154, 228, 485 ;
see also
accomplishment, achievement, actional, activity, atelic, telic, state, unaccusative, unergative
~ noun (
vn
)
2, 39, 53, 54, 59–61, 76, 80, 82, 87–90, 299, 373, 594
~ system
15, 23, 52, 64, 73, 77, 85, 129, 245, 257, 279, 280, 284, 311, 312, 332, 378, 411–413, 483, 500, 505, 507, 510, 534, 538, 544, 545
verba dicendi
295
viewpoint
96, 115, 347, 417, 484
~ aspect
412–414, 418–421, 430, 554, 557
voice
3, 7, 77, 82, 201, 226, 380, 388, 413, 420, 484, 512, 549, 551
~ -neutral
153, 354
~ orientation
123, 152, 154, 160, 354
active ~
166, 200, 388, 430, 431, 518, 521
middle ~
406, 512
non-active ~
512, 518
passive ~
3, 324, 431, 521 ;
see also
diathesis, neo-active
W
word order
182, 224, 383, 386, 390, 391, 518, 522, 593
written language
108, 111, 638, 663
Z
zero anaphors
155
zero-place verb
126, 141, 142