Chapter 3. The body, the universe, society and language
Germanic in the grip of the unknown
The focus of this chapter is on the grammatical expression of the unknown and its role as a force for linguistic change at different times in Germanic. The paper opens with a brief look at modern Pennsylvania German, the language spoken by ultra-conservative Anabaptist groups in North America. This language has been chosen because it offers such clear evidence of a modern Germanic language whose structural features have been shaped by the cultural preoccupations of its speakers. The second part of the paper shifts focus to the grammatical coding of human experiencers in early Germanic, in particular Anglo-Saxon and early Dutch. Here it is argued that the predilection for dative and accusative marked participants during these early times was an enactment of prevailing thinking – specifically, beliefs about the human condition that emphasized its vulnerability to external forces.
References (59)
Bibliography
Allan, K., & Burridge, K. (2006). Forbidden words: Taboo and the censoring of language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Allen, C.L. (1995). Case marking and reanalysis: Grammatical relations from old to early modern English. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Bresnan, J. (1979). Theory of complementation in English syntax. New York, NY: Garland.
Bruch, R. (1973). Luxemburger Grammatik in volkstümlichem Abriss. Luxembourg: Editions de la Section de Linguistique de l’Institut gr.-d.
Buehler, A.M. (1977). The Pennsylvania German Dialect and the Life of an Old Order Mennonite. Cambridge, Ontario: Pennsylvania Folklore Society of Ontario.
Burridge, K. (1996). Degenerate cases of body parts in Middle Dutch. In H. Chappell & W. McGregor (Eds.), The grammar of inalienability: A typological perspective on body part terms and the part-whole relation (pp. 679–710). The Hague: Mouton de Gruyter.
Burridge, K. (2002). Changes within Pennsylvania German grammar as enactments of Anabaptist world-view. In N.J. Enfield (Ed.), Ethnosyntax: Explorations in grammar and culture (pp. 207–230). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Burridge, K. (2007). A separate and peculiar people - Fieldwork and the Pennsylvania Germans. Sprachtypologie Und Universalienforschung
. Language Typology and Universals, 6(1), 32–41.
Bybee, J.L., Perkins, R., & Pagliuca, W. (1994). The evolution of grammar: Tense, aspect, and modality in the languages of the world. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Chappell, H., & McGregor, W. (Eds.). (1995). The grammar of inalienability: A typological perspective on body part terms and the part-whole relation. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Christophory, J. 1904 [1970]. Mir schwätze Lëtxebuergesch. Luxembourg: Imprimerie Saint-Paul, Société Anonyme.
Curme, G.O. (1970). A grammar of the German language. New York, NY: Frederick Ungar.
Deutscher, G. (2010). Through the language glass: Why the world looks different in other languages. New York: Metropolitan.
Dixon, R.M.W. (2005). A new approach to English grammar, on semantic principles. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Donohue, M., & Burridge, K. (2007). Experiencing English anew— the grammar of sickness. Paper presented at the
2007 Conference of the Australian Linguistic Society
, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
DuBois, J.W. (1985). Competing motivations. In J. Haiman (Ed.),
Iconicity in syntax: Proceedings of a symposium on iconicity in syntax
, Stanford, June 24-6, 1983 (pp. 343–365). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Durrell, M. (1991). Hammer’s German grammar and usage, Second Edition. London: Edward Arnold.
Enninger, W. (1985). Amish by-names. Names: A Journal of Onomastics, 33(4), 243–258.
Fretz, J.W. (1989). The waterloo mennonites: A community in Paradox. Waterloo: Wilfrid Laurier University Press.
Goddard, C. (2002). Ethnosyntax, ethnopragmatics, sign-functions, and culture. In N.J. Enfield (Ed.), Ethnosyntax: Explorations in grammar and culture (pp. 52–73). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Grattan, J.H., & Singer, C.J. (1952). Anglo-Saxon magic and medicine. London: Oxford University Press.
Halliday, M.A.K. (1994). An introduction to functional grammar, Second Edition (2nd edn.). London: Arnold.
Haspelmath, M. (1989). From purposive to infinitive ― A universal path of grammaticization. Folia Linguistica Historica, 23(Historica vol. 10,1-2), 287–310.
Henn, B. (1980). Pfälzisch. Düsseldorf: Pädagogischer Verlag Schwann.
Hostetler, J.A. (1980). Amish society (Third Edition). Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Jespersen, O. (1927). A modern English grammar on historical principles, Part III syntax. Volume 2. London: Allen & Unwin.
LaPolla, R.J. (2003). Why languages differ: Variation in the conventionalization of constraints on inference. In D. Bradley, R.J. LaPolla, B. Michailovsky, & G. Thurgood (Eds.), Language variation: Papers on Variation and Change in the Sinosphere and in the Indosphere in Honour of James A. Matisoff (pp. 113–144). Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.
Lockwood, W.B. (1968). Historical German syntax. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
McCawley, N.A. (1976). From OE/ME “impersonal” to “personal” constructions: What is a “subject-less” S? In S.B. Steever, C.A. Walker, & S.S. Mufwene (Eds.),
Proceedings of the Chicago linguistic society: Papers from the Parasession on Diachronic Syntax
, April 22, 1976 (Vol. 22 April 1976, pp. 192–204). Chicago, IL: Chicago Linguistic Society.
Miller, D.G. (2002). Nonfinite structures in theory and change. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Paul, H., Mose, H., Schröbler, I., & Grosse, S. (1982). Mittelhochdeutsche Grammatik. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer Verlag.
Porter, R. (1997). The greatest benefit to mankind: A medical history of humanity. London: HarperCollins.
Porter, R. (2003). Flesh in the age of reason: The modern foundations of body and soul. London: Penguin Books.
Poutsma, H. (1923). The infinitive, the gerund and the participles of the English verb. Groningen: P. Noordhoff.
Traugott, E.C. (1989). On the rise of epistemic meanings in English: An example of subjectification in semantic change. Language, 65(1), 31.
Traugott, E.C., & Heine, B. (Eds.). (1991). Approaches to grammaticalization. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Tripp, R.P. (1978). The psychology of impersonal constructions. Glossa, 12(2), 177–189.
Trudgill, P. (1995). Grammaticalisation and social structure: Non-standard conjunction-formation in East Anglian English. In F.R. Palmer (Ed.), Grammar and meaning: Essays in honour of Sir John Lyons (pp. 136–147). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Trudgill, P. (2011). Sociolinguistic typology: Social determinants of linguistic complexity. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Van der Gaaf, W. (1904). The Transition from the Impersonal to the Personal Construction in Middle English. Heidelberg: Carl Winter.
Visser, F.T. (1963). An historical syntax of the English language (3 Volumes). Leiden: E. J. Brill.
Weinreich, U., Labov, W., & Herzog, M.I. (1968). Empirical foundations for a theory of language change. In W.P. Lehmann & Y. Malkiel (Eds.), Directions for historical linguistics: A symposium (pp. 97–195). Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.
Middle Dutch sources
Braekman, W.L. (Ed.). (1970). Middelnederlandse Geneeskundige Recepten: Een bijdrage tot de geschiedenis van de vakliteratuur in de Nederlanden. Gent: Koninklijke Vlaamse Academie.
Braekman, W.L. (Ed.). (1975). Medische en technische middelnederlandse recepten: Een tweede bijdrage tot de geschiedenis van de vakliteratuur in de Nederlanden. Gent: Koninklijke Academie voor Taal- en Letterkunde.
Braekman, W.L. (1987). Een merkwaardige collectie secreten uit de vijftiende eeuw. Verslagen en Mededelingen van de Koninklijke Academie voor Nederlandse Taal- en Letterkunde, 2, 270–287.
Daems, W.F. (1967). Boec van medicinen in Dietsche: Een Middelnederlandse compilatie van medisch-farmaceutische literatuur. Leiden: E. J. Brill.
Frencken, H.G.T. (1934). T Bouck van Wondre, 1513. Roermond: Drukkerij H. Timmermans.
Van Leersum, E.C. (Ed.). (1928). Het “Boeck van Surgien” van Meester Thomaes Scellinck van Thienen. Amsterdam.
Vandewiele, L.J. (1970). Een middelnederlandse versie van de “Circa instans” van Platearius: Naar de hss Portland, British Museum ms. Loan 29/332, XIVe eeuw en Universiteitsbibliotheek te Gent Hs. 1457, XVe eeuw. Oudenaarde: Sanderus.
Old and Middle English sources
Cockayne, O. (Ed.). (1865). Leechdoms, Wortcunning, and Starcraft of Early England (3 Volumes). London: Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts and Green.
Sinclair Ogden, M. (1938). The “Liber de diversis medicinis” in the Thornton Manuscript (MS. Lincoln Cathedral A.5.2). London: Oxford University Press.
Cited by (2)
Cited by two other publications
Kopaczyk, Joanna & Jukka Tyrkkö
Schneider, Edgar W.
2018.
The interface between cultures and corpora: Tracing reflections and manifestations.
ICAME Journal 42:1
► pp. 97 ff.
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 24 july 2024. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers.
Any errors therein should be reported to them.