This chapter aims at redressing the deplorable fact that African languages,
their social life and vitality, are assessed according to ideas of Africa grounded
in Western language ideologies and based and on language criteria developed
based on American and Australian contexts of language endangerment. The
chapter challenges the validity of these ideologies to account for language use
in African setting and starts out by providing the necessary background on the
history of description of African languages and on assumptions on their vitality
as driven by colonial actors. It then paints a radically different picture of African
languages by looking at them as codes in the multilingual repertoires of the
language ecologies in which they are used and by describing the social factors
that nurture the astonishing linguistic diversity on the continent. In order to
do justice to the specificity of African language situations, where settlement
colonies creating the conflictual polyglossic situations typical for America
and Australia remain an exception, an alternative set of vitality parameters for
African languages is proposed. The chapter closes with the observation that
multilingual language use as a socially embedded practice in complex linguistic
ecologies needs to become a focus of descriptive and documentary research on
African languages.
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