Chapter 7
It all comes down to sex
Metaphorical animalisation in reggaeton discourse
This chapter investigates how sex functions as
the main conductive thread in reggaeton musical discourse. By doing
so, it explores how metaphorical animalisation frames the male
perception of women. Following the Lakoffian conceptual basis
that people are animals, it shows how genders are perceived as predators
and prey and, subsequently, how this metaphorical animalisation conveys relations of power and control such as
domesticity, taming, submission, and servility. The analysis reveals
that whereas both are deliberately animalised, female animalisation
operates at the service of men. In this regard, women animalisation
is intrinsically related to being sexually objectified, dehumanised,
and even physically abused, with certain tints of sadomasochism. The
corpus analyses one hundred eighteen songs of twenty-five male
reggaeton singers. The analysis unveils that sexual desire,
pleasure, behaviour, and performance is intentionally
animal-rooted.
Article outline
- 1.Introduction
- 2.Metaphorical animalisation
- 3.Methodology
- 4.Analysis
- 4.1Women as animals
- 4.2Men as animals
- 5.Conclusions
-
Notes
-
References
-
Appendix
References (52)
References
Adams, Terri M., and Douglas B. Fuller. 2006. “The Words Have Changed but the Ideology Remains
the Same. Misogynistic Lyrics in Rap Music.” Journal of Black Studies 36 (6): 938–957.
Araüna, Núria, Iolanda Tortajada, and Mònica Figueras-Maz. 2020. “Feminist Reggaeton in Spain: Young Women
Subverting Machismo through Perreo.” YOUNG 28 (1): 32–49.
Benavides Murillo, Clotilde. 2007. “Los estereotipos femeninos en los
vídeos musicales del género reggaeton: una cuestión de
género [Feminine stereotypes in reggaeton
music videos: A question of gender].” Revista Estudios 20: 187–200.
Calzadilla Waldann, Luis. 2006. “Reggaeton: objeto cultural no
identificado [Reggaeton: Non-identified cultural
object].” Comunicaciones 138: 24–30.
Carballo Villagra, Priscilla. 2010. “
¿De dónde viene el perreo? Los orígenes del
reggaeton y los productores del discurso [Where does reggaeton come from? The
origins of reggaeton and discourse producers].” Cuadernos Americanos: Nueva Época 134 (4): 179–194.
Chamizo Domínguez, Pedro, and Francisco Sánchez Benedito. 2000. Lo que nunca se aprendió en clase.
Eufemismos y disfemismos en el lenguaje erótico
inglés [What you never learnt in class.
Euphemism and dysphemism in English erotic
language]. Granada: Comares.
Charteris-Black, Jonathan. 2004. Corpus Approaches to Critical Metaphor Analysis. Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Charteris-Black, Jonathan. 2007. The Communication of Leadership: The Design of
Leadership Style. Routledge: London.
Crespo-Fernández, Eliecer. 2015. Sex in Language: Euphemistic and Dysphemistic Metaphors
in Internet Forums. London and New York: Bloomsbury.
Crisp, Peter. 2002. “Metaphorical Propositions: A
Rationale.” Language and Literature 11 (1): 7–16.
Deignan, Alice. 2003. “Metaphorical Expressions and Culture: An Indirect
Link.” Metaphor and Symbol 18 (4): 255–271.
De la Cruz Cabanillas, Isabel, and Cristina Tejedor Martínez. 2006. “Chicken or Hen? Domestic Fowl Metaphors Denoting
Human Beings.” Studia Anglica Posnaniensia 42: 337–354.
Galluci, María José. 2008. “Análisis de la imagen de la mujer
en el discurso del reggaetón [Analysis of the image of women in
reggaeton discourse].” Revista Opción 55: 84–100.
Glucksberg, Sam. 2003. “The Pschycolinguistics of
Metaphor.” Trends in Cognitive Sciences 7 (2): 92–96.
Goatly, Andrew. 2006. “Humans, Animals, and Metaphors.” Society and Animal 14 (1): 15–37.
Hart, Kathleen Robin, and John H. Long. 2011. “Animal Metaphors and Metaphorizing Animals: An
Integrated Literary, Cognitive, and Evolutionary Analysis of
Making and Partaking of Stories.” Evolution: Education and Outreach 4: 52–63.
Haslam, Nick. 2006. “Dehumanization: An Integrative
Review.” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 10: 252–264.
Haslam, Nick, Stephen Loughnan, Catherine Reynolds, and Samuel Wilson. 2007. “Dehumanization: A New Perspective.” Social and Personality Psychology Compass 1: 409–422.
Hesmondhalgh, David. 2013. Why Music Matters? Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell.
Heywood, John, Elena Semino, and Mick Short. 2002. “Linguistic Metaphor Identification in Two
Extracts from Novels.” Language and Literature 11 (1): 35–54.
Hunter, Margaret, and Kathleen Soto. 2009. “Women of Color in Hip Hop: The Pornographic
Gaze.” Race, Gender and Class 16 (1/2): 170–191.
Karsay, Kathin, Jörg Matthes, Lisa Buchsteiner, and Veronika Grosser. 2018. “Increasingly Sexy? Sexuality and Sexual
Objectification in Popular Music Videos
1995–2016.” Psychology of Popular Media Culture.
Koller, Veronika, and Ruth Wodak. 2008. “Introduction: Shifting Boundaries and Emergent
Public Spheres.” In The Handbook of Communication in the Public
Sphere, ed. by Ruth Wodak, and Veronika Koller, 1–20. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Kövecses, Zoltán. 2002a. Metaphor: A Practical Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Kövecses, Zoltán. 2002b. “Cognitive-linguistic Comments on Metaphor
Identification.” Language and Literature 11 (1): 74–78.
Kövecses, Zoltán. 2010. “Metaphor and Culture.” Acta Universitatis Sapientiae, Philologica 2 (2): 197–220.
Lakoff, George. 1987. Women, Fire and Dangerous Things. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Lakoff, George. 1993. “The Contemporary Theory of
Metaphor.” In Metaphor and Thought, ed. by Andrew Ortony, 202–251. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Lakoff, George, and Mark Johnson. 1980. Metaphors We Live By. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Lakoff, George, and Mark Turner. 1989. More than Cool Reason: A Field Guide to Poetic
Metaphor. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Lira-Beltrán, María. 2010. Baila el ‘Perreo’, nena:
construcción de identidades juveniles femeninas en la escena
tapatía del reggaetón [Dance ‘Perreo’, baby: Construction of
juvenile feminine identities in the tapatian scene in
reggaeton]. Master Thesis. Jalisco: Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Occidente.
López Castilla, María Teresa. 2018. “El perreo queer del lesbian
reguetón [The queer perreo of lesbian
reggaeton].” In Músicas populares, sociedad y
territorio [Popular musics, society, and
territory], ed. by Ana María Botella Nicolás, and Rosa Isusi Fagoaga, 199–208. Valencia: Universitat de Valencia.
López Maestre, María. 2015. “Man the Hunter: A Critical Reading of Hunt-based
Conceptual Metaphors of Love and Sexual
Desire.” Journal of Literary Semantics 44 (2): 89–113.
López Rodríguez, Irene. 2009. “Of Women, Bitches, Chickens and Vixens: Animal
Metaphors for Women in English and Spanish.” Culture, Language and Representation 7: 77–100.
Martínez Noriega, Dulce Asela. 2014. “Música, imagen, sexualidad: el
reggaetón y las asimetrías de género [Music, image, and sexuality:
Reggaeton and gender asymmetries].” El Cotidiano 186: 63–67.
Martínez Vizcarrondo, Doris. 2011. “Estrategias lingüísticas empleadas
por los raperos/reguetoneros puertorriqueños [Linguistic strategies used by Puerto
Rican rappers and reggaeton artists].” Enunciación 16 (2): 31–47.
Miell, Dorothy, Raymond MacDonald, and David Hargreaves (eds). 2015. Musical Communication. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Moore, Allan. 2012. Song Means: Analysing and Interpreting Recorded Popular
Song. Burlington: Ashgate.
Morris, Kasey Lynn, and Jamie Goldenberg. 2015. “Women, Objects, and Animals: Differentiating
between Sex-and Beauty-based Objectification.” Revue Internationale de Psychologie Sociale 28 (1): 15–38.
Morris, Kasey Lynn, Jamie Goldenberg, and Patrick Boyd. 2018. “Women as Animals, Women as Objects: Evidence for
two Forms of Objectification.” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 44 (9): 1302–1314.
Morris, Martin. 2013. “Communicative Power and Ideology in Popular
Music.” Journal of Communication Inquiry 37 (2): 113–127.
Nadal-Ramos, Vigimaris, and Dorsía Smith Silva. 2016. Perspectives on Reggaeton Symposium. University of Puerto Rico.
Ramírez-Noreña, Viviana Karina. 2012. “El concepto de mujer en el
reggaeton: análisis lingüístico [The concept of woman in reggaeton: A
linguistic analysis].” Lingüística y Literatura 62: 227–243.
Resto-Montero, Gabriela. 2016. “The Unstoppable Rise of Reggaeton.” Fusion, January 25, 2016. [URL]
Steen, Gerard. 2002. “Towards a Procedure of Metaphor
Identification.” Language and Literature 11 (1): 17–33.
Tipler, Caroline N., and Janet B. Ruscher. 2019. “Dehumanizing Representations of Women: the
Shaping of Hostile Sexist Attitudes through Animalistic
Metaphors.” Journal of Gender Studies 28 (1): 109–118.
Urdaneta García, Marianela. 2010. “Reggaetón, una invitación al
sexo [Reggaeton, an invitation for
sex].” Temas de Comunicación 20: 141–160.
van Leeuwen, Theo. 2012. “The Critical Analysis of Musical
Discourse.” Critical Discourse Studies 9 (4): 319–328.
Way, Lyndon, and Simon McKerrell. 2017. Music as Multimodal Discourse: Semiotics, Power, and
Protest. London: Bloomsbury.
Cited by (2)
Cited by two other publications
Bogetić, Ksenija, Frazer Heritage, Veronika Koller & Mark McGlashan
Koller, Veronika
2022.
Words and Worlds of Desire: The Power of Metaphor in Framing Sexuality. In
Metaphors and Analogies in Sciences and Humanities [
Synthese Library, 453],
► pp. 363 ff.
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 3 january 2025. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers.
Any errors therein should be reported to them.