On the polymorphemic genesis of some Proto-Quechuan roots
Establishing and interpreting non-random form/meaning correspondences on the basis of a cross-linguistic polysemy network
In the Proto-Quechuan lexicon, many two-segment phonetic substrings recur in semantically related roots, even
though they are not independent morphemes. Such elements may have been morphemes before the Proto-Quechuan stage (i.e., in
Pre-Proto-Quechuan). On the other hand, this may simply be due to chance, or to phonesthesia. In this paper, we introduce the
Crosslinguistic Colexification Network Clustering (CCNC) algorithm, as well as an accompanying test statistic, which allow us to
evaluate our claims against a neutral standard of semantic relatedness (the CLICS
2 database;
List et al. 2018). We obtain very strong statistical evidence that there are hitherto unexplained
recurrent elements within Proto-Quechuan roots, but not within roots reconstructed for Proto-Aymaran, the proto-language of a
neighboring language family whose members are otherwise structurally very similar to Proto-Quechuan, and which has therefore long
been considered an obvious candidate for deep shared ancestry. Some of these elements are explainable as phonesthemes, but most
appear to reflect archaic Quechuan morphology. These findings are consistent with an emerging picture of the early
Quechuan-Aymaran contact relationship in which Quechuan structure was reformatted on the Aymaran template.
In the Proto-Quechuan lexicon, many two-segment phonetic substrings recur in semantically related roots, even
though they are not independent morphemes. Such elements may have been morphemes before the Proto-Quechuan stage. On the other
hand, this may simply be due to chance, or to phonesthesia. In this paper, we introduce a methodology which allows us to evaluate
our claims against a neutral standard of semantic relatedness. We obtain very strong statistical evidence that there are hitherto
unexplained recurrent elements within Proto-Quechuan roots, but not within Proto-Aymaran roots. Most appear to reflect archaic
Quechuan morphology, which has implications for the early Quechuan-Aymaran relationship.
Article outline
- 1.Introduction
- 2.Relevance to Andean linguistic prehistory
- 3.Crosslinguistic colexification network clustering (CCNC)
- 4.Statistical test for non-random form/meaning correspondence
- 5.Preparing the Proto-Quechuan and Proto-Aymaran data for CCNC
- 6.Analyzing the Proto-Quechuan lexicon using clustering significance tests
- 6.1Test 1: Frequency of recurrent two-segment substrings within semantic clusters
- 6.2Test 2: Position of meaningful substrings within Proto-Quechuan roots
- 7.Linguistic analysis of root-initial elements
- 7.1Proto-Quechuan phonotactics
- 7.2Proto-Quechuan roots with identifiable fossilized Proto-Quechuan morphology
- 7.3Proto-Quechuan roots without known lexicalized morphology
- 7.4Rejected clusters
- 7.5Limitations of the semantic framework: An example
- 8.Conclusion and next steps
- Acknowledgements
- Notes
- Abbreviations
-
References
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