Navigating the language-learning classroom without previous schooling
A case study of Li
John Hellermann | Portland State University, Literacy, Language, and Technology Research Group
Kathryn Harris | Portland State University, Literacy, Language, and Technology Research Group
Drawing on understandings of classrooms as communities of practice and using analytic methods including conversation analysis, this paper describes the path of English language learning taken by an adult immigrant to the U.S. (‘Li’) who had no previous experience with formal education. Although standardized assessment measures indicated that Li did not make progress in her language acquisition during the 18 months of data collection, analysis of intensive video recordings of teacher-student and student-student interactions show how Li moves from peripheral to fuller participation as a member of the community of classroom participants and the community of English language users. Findings suggest that ‘participation’ rather than ‘acquisition’ is a more appropriate metaphor for understanding language learning in this situation.
References (77)
References
Bardovi-Harlig, Kathleen. 2007. “One Functional Approach to Second Language Acquisition:The Concept-Orientated Approach.” In Theories of Second Language Acquisition, ed. by Bill VanPatten, and Jessica Williams, 57–75. New York: Routledge.
Bigelow, Martha, and Elaine Tarone. 2004. “The Role of Literacy Level in Second Language Acquisition: Doesn’t Who We Study Determine What We Know?” TESOL Quarterly 38(4): 689–700.
Bigelow, Martha, and Jill Watson. 2013. “The Role of Educational Level, Literacy and Orality in L2 Learning.” In The Routledge Handbook of Second Language Acquisition, ed. by Susan Gass, and Allison Mackey, 461–475. New York, NY: Routledge.
Block, David. 1996. “Not so Fast: Some Thoughts on Theory Culling, Relativism, Accepted Findings and the Heart and Soul of SLA.” Applied Linguistics 17(1): 63–83.
Block, David. 2003. The Social Turn in Second Language Acquisition. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Burt, Martha, Joy K. Peyton, and Kirsten Schaetzel. 2008. Working with Adult English Language Learners with Limited Literacy: Research, Practice, and Professional Development. Washington, DC: Center for Adult English Language Acquisition. [URL]
Bygate, Martin, Peter Skehan, and Merrill Swain (eds). 2001. Researching Pedagogic Tasks: Second Language Learning, Teaching, and Testing. London: Longman.
Center for Applied Linguistics. 2010. Education for Adult English Language Learners in the United States: Trends, Research, and Promising Practices. Washington, DC.
Chaiklin, Seth, and Jean Lave. 1993. Understanding Practice: Perspectives on Activity and Context. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Crandall, Jodi. 1993. “Introduction.” In Approaches to Adult Literacy Instruction, ed. by Jodi Crandall, and Joy K. Peyton, 1–14. McHenry, IL: Center for Applied Linguistics and Delta System.
Drew, Paul. 1997. “‘Open’ Class Repair Initiators in Response to Sequential Sources of Trouble in Conversation.” Journal of Pragmatics 2(1): 69–101.
Duff, Patricia. 2002. “The Discursive Co-construction of Knowledge, Identity, and Difference: An Ethnography of Communication in the High School Mainstream.” Applied Linguistics 23(3): 289–322.
Eckert, Penelope. 1989. Jocks and Burnouts: Social Categories and Identity in the High School. New York: Teachers College Press.
Ellis, Rod. 2009. “Task-based Language Teaching: Sorting out the Misunderstandings.” International Journal of Applied Linguistics 19 (3): 221–246.
Erickson, Frederick. 1982. “Classroom Discourse as Improvisation: Relationships between Academic Task Structure and Social Participation Structure in Lessons.” In Communicating in the Classroom, ed. by Louise C. Wilkinson, 153–181. New York: Academic Press.
Erickson, Frederick, and Jeffrey Schultz. 1981. The Counselor as Gatekeeper. New York: Academic Press.
Firth, Alan, and Johannes Wagner. 1997. “On Discourse, Communication, and (Some) Fundamental Concepts in SLA Research.” Modern Language Journal 81(3): 285–300.
Firth, Alan, and Johannes Wagner. 2007. “Second/Foreign Language Learning as a Local Accomplishment: Elaborations on a Reconceptualized SLA.” Modern Language Journal 91(4): 757– 772.
Fitzgerald, Richard. 2012. “Membership Categorization Analysis: Wild and Promiscuous or Simply the Joy of Sacks?” Discourse Studies 14(3): 305–311.
Florez, MaryAnn, and Lynda Terrill. 2003. Working with Literacy-level Adult English Language Learners. Washington, DC: Center for Adult English Language Acquisition. [URL]
Garfinkel, Harold. 1967. Studies in Ethnomethodology. Englewood Cliffs, NJ:
Prentice Hall.
Garfinkel, Harold. 2002. Ethnomethodology’s Program. Working out Durkheim’s Aphorism.
Lantham, UK:
Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
Garfinkel, Harold, and Harvey Sacks. 1970. “On Formal Structures of Practical Actions.” In Theoretical Sociology: Perspectives and Developments, ed. by John C. McKinney, and Edward A. Tiryakin, 337–366. New York: Appleton Century Crofts.
Gee, James. P. 2000–2001. “Identity as an Analytic Lens for Research in Education.” Review of Research in Education 25: 99–125.
Green, Georgia. 1996. Pragmatics and Natural Language Understanding. Mahwah, NJ:
Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Halliday, Michael A.K. 1978. Language as Social Semiotic: The Social Interpretation of Language and Meaning. London: Edward Arnold.
Harris, Kathryn A. 2005. “Same Activity, Different Focus.” Focus On Basics: Connecting Research and Pratice 8(A): 7–10.
Heap, James L. 1985. “Discourse in the Production of Classroom Knowledge: Reading Lessons.” Curriculum Inquiry 15(3): 245–279.
Heap, James L. 1990. “Applied Ethnomethodology: Looking for the Local Rationality of Reading Activities.” Human Studies 13(1): 39–72.
Hellermann, John. 2007. “The Development of Practices for Action in Classroom Dyadic Interaction: Focus on Task Openings. Modern Language Journal 91(1): 83–96.
Hellermann, John. 2008. Social Actions for Classroom Language Learning. Clevedon, U.K.: Multilingual Matters.
Hellermann, John and Dominique Brillanceau. 2007. Learner Portraits. Retrieved April 15, 2015, from [URL].
Hellermann, John and Simona Pekarek Doehler. 2010. “On the Contingent Nature of Language Learning Tasks. Classroom Discourse 1(1): 25–45.
Hellermann, John and Yo-An Lee. 2014. “Members and Their Competencies: Contributions of Ethnomethodological Conversation Analysis to a Multilingual Turn in Second Language Acquisition.” System 44(1): 54–65.
Heritage, John. 1984. Garfinkel and Ethnomethodology. London: Polity Press.
Jacoby, Sally, and Tim McNamara. 1999. “Locating Competence.” English for Specific Purposes 18(3): 213–241.
Kanagy, Ruth. 1999. “Interactional Routines as a Mechanism for L2 Acquisition and Socialization in an Immersion Context.” Journal of Pragmatics 31(11): 1467–1492.
Kasper, Gabriele. 1997. “Can Pragmatic Competence be Taught?” Retrieved March 8, 2005 from [URL]
Kramsch, Claire. 2002. “How Can We Tell the Dancer from the Dance?” In Language Acquisition and Language Socialization: An Ecological Approach, ed. by Claire Kramsch, 1–31. London: Continuum.
Lantolf, James. P. 1996. “SLA Theory Building: ‘Letting All the Flowers Bloom!’” Language Learning 46(4): 713–749.
Lantolf, James P. (ed). 2000. Sociocultural Theory and Second Language Learning. Oxford:
Oxford University Press.
Lantolf, James P., and Steven L. Thorne. 2006. Sociocultural Theory and the Genesis of Second Language Development. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Lave, Jean. 1996. “Teaching, as Learning, in Practice.” Mind, Culture, and Activity 33: 149–164.
Lave, Jean, and Etienne Wenger. 1991. Situated Learning: Legitimate Peripheral Participation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Macbeth, Doug. 1994. “Classroom Encounters with the Unspeakable: ‘Do you see, Danelle?’” Discourse Processes 17(2): 311–335.
Markee, Numa. 2005. “The Organization of Off-task Talk in Second Language Classrooms.” In Applying Conversation Analysis, ed. by Keith Richards, and Paul Seedhouse, 197–213. London: Palgrave.
Markee, Numa, and Junko Mori. 2009. “Language Learning, Cognition, and Interactional Practices: An Introduction.” International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching 47(1): 1–9.
McDermott, Ray P. 1993. “The Acquisition of a Child by a Learning Disability.” In Understanding Practice: Perspectives on Activity and Context, ed. by Seth Chaiklin, and Jean Lave, 269–305. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
McNamara, Tim, and Carsten Roever. 2006. “Language Testing: The Social Dimension.” Language Learning 56 (supplement 2): 1–291.
Mehan, Hugh. 1979. Learning Lessons: Social Organization in the Classroom. Cambridge, MA:
Harvard University Press.
Menard-Warwick, Julia. 2005. “Both a Fiction and an Existential Fact: Theorizing Identity in Second Language Acquisition and Literacy Studies.” Linguistics and Education 16(3): 253–274.
Murray, Denise E. 2005. “ESL in Adult Education.” Handbook of Research in Second Language Teaching and Learning, ed. by Eli Hinkel, 65–84. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Noonan, Michael. 1999. “Non-structural Syntax.” Functionalism and Formalism in Linguistics, ed. by Michael Darnell, Edith Moravcsik, Frederick Newmeyer, Michael Noonan, and Kathleen Wheatley, 11–31. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Norton, Bonny, and Kelleen Toohey. 2011. “Identity, Language Learning, and Social Change.” Language Teaching 44(4): 412–446.
Ochs, Elinor. 1988. Culture and Language Development: Language Acquisition and Language Socialization in a Samoan Village. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Ohta, Amy. 2001. Second Language Acquisition Processes in the Classroom. Mahwah, NJ:
Lawrence Erlbaum.
Olsher, David. 2004. “Embodied Completions.” In Second Language Conversations, ed. by Rod Gardner, and Johannes Wagner, 221–245. London: Continuum.
Pekarek Doehler, Simona. 2002. “Mediation Revisited: The Interactive Organization of Mediation in Learning Environments.” Mind, Culture, and Activity 9(1): 22–42.
Perdue, Clive. (ed). 1993. Adult Language Acquisition: Cross-linguistic Perspectives vol. 1 and 2. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Ramírez-Esparza, Nairan, Kathryn A. Harris, John Hellermann, Clemence Richard, Patricia Kuhl, and Stephen Reder. 2012. “Socio-Interactive Practices and Personality in Adult Learners of English with Little Formal Education.” Language Learning 6(2): 541–570.
Reder, Stephen, Kathryn A. Harris, and Kristen Setzler. 2003. “A Multimedia Adult Learner Corpus.” TESOL Quarterly 37(3): 546–557.
Richards, Keith. 2009. “Trends in Qualitative Research in Language Teaching since 2000.” Language Teaching 42(2): 147–180.
Sacks, Harvey. 1992. Lectures on Conversation vol. 1 and 2. Oxford: Blackwell.
Scribner, Sylvia, and Michael Cole. 1981. The Psychology of Literacy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Seedhouse, Paul. 2005. “‘Task’ as Research Construct.” Language Learning 55(3): 533–570.
Sharrock, Wes, and Bob Anderson. 1982. “Talking and Teaching: Reflective Comments on In-Classroom Activities.” In Doing Teaching: The Practical Management of Classrooms, ed. by George C.F. Payne and Edward C. Cuff, 170–183. London: Batsford Academic and Educational.
Skehan, Peter. 2003. “Task-based Instruction.” Language Teaching 36: 1–14.
Streeck, Jürgen, and Siri Mihus. 2005. “Microethnography: The Study of Practices.” In The Handbook of Language and Social Interaction, ed. by Karen L. Fitch, and Robert E. Sanders, 381–404. Mawah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Swain, Merrill. 2000. “The Output Hypothesis and Beyond: Mediating Acquisition through Collaborative Dialogue.” In Sociocultural Theory and Second Language Learning, ed. by James P. Lantolf, 97–114. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
van Lier, Leo. 2004. The Ecology and Semiotics of Language Learning: A Sociocultural Perspective. Boston: Kluwer.
Vinogradov, Patsy, and Martha Bigelow. 2010. Using Oral Language Skills to Build on the Emerging Literacy of Adult English Learners. Washington, DC: Center for Applied Linguistics. [URL]
Wenger, Etienne. 1998. Communities of Practice: Language, Learning, and Meaning. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Wenger, Etienne, Richard McDermott, and William Snyder. 2002. Cultivating Communities of Practice: A Guide to Managing Knowledge. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
Yonge, Charlotte, and Andrew Stables. 1998. “‘I am it the Clown’: Problematizing the Distinction between ‘Off Task’ and ‘On Task’ Classroom Talk.” Language and Education 12(1): 55–70.
Zuengler, Jane. 2003. “Jackie Chan Drinks Mountain Dew: Constructing Cultural Models of Citizenship.” Linguistics and Education 14(3–4): 277–303.
Zuengler, Jane, and Elizabeth R. Miller. 2006. “Cognitive and Sociocultural Perspectives: Two Parallel SLA Worlds?” TESOL Quarterly 40(1): 35–58.
Cited by (3)
Cited by three other publications
EILOLA, LAURA E. & NIINA S. LILJA
2021.
The Smartphone as a Personal Cognitive Artifact Supporting Participation in Interaction.
The Modern Language Journal 105:1
► pp. 294 ff.
Hellermann, John
2018.
Talking About Reading: Changing Practices for a Literacy Event. In
Longitudinal Studies on the Organization of Social Interaction,
► pp. 105 ff.
Miller, Elizabeth R.
2018.
Interaction Analysis. In
The Palgrave Handbook of Applied Linguistics Research Methodology,
► pp. 615 ff.
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 24 july 2024. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers.
Any errors therein should be reported to them.