The present study focuses on the effects of age of acquisition (AoA) on dependent variables that have been traditionally overlooked in research on age effects: (1) self-perceived communicative competence in speaking, comprehending, reading and writing; (2) language choice for emotional speech in different situations; and (3) language choice for mental calculation and inner speech. We consider the effect of AoA on a large variety of L2s, L3s and L4s of 1,579 adult bi- and multilinguals. Data were collected through an on-line questionnaire (Dewaele and Pavlenko 2001–2003). Statistical analyses revealed very strong AoA effects on most of the dependent variables in the L2 and L3 of participants. However, these AoA effects were generally non-significant in their L4. The findings are discussed in relation to the current understanding of the research on age effects in Second Language Acquisition.
2010. Mother tongue or non‐native language? Learning from conversations with bilingual/multilingual therapists about working with clients who do not share their native language. Ethnicity and Inequalities in Health and Social Care 3:1 ► pp. 15 ff.
de Guerrero, María C. M.
2012. Inner Speech in Second Language Acquisition. In The Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics,
de Guerrero, María C. M.
2018. Going covert: Inner and private speech in language learning. Language Teaching 51:1 ► pp. 1 ff.
Dewaele, Jean-Marc
2015. From obscure echo to language of the heart: Multilinguals’ language choices for (emotional) inner speech. Journal of Pragmatics 87 ► pp. 1 ff.
Gulina, Marina & Vera Dobrolioubova
2018. One Language and Two Mother Tongues in the Consulting Room: Dilemmas of a Bilingual Psychotherapist. British Journal of Psychotherapy 34:1 ► pp. 3 ff.
HAMMER, KATE
2018. L1 + L2 to the power of culture: acculturation and language use for cognitive domains in bilinguals. Language and Cognition 10:2 ► pp. 266 ff.
Hammer, Kate
2021. Shift in language dominance in bilinguals. Sociolinguistic Studies 15:2-4
Kazanas, Stephanie A. & Jeanette Altarriba
2016. Emotion Word Processing: Effects of Word Type and Valence in Spanish–English Bilinguals. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 45:2 ► pp. 395 ff.
Lv, Xiaoxuan, Wei Ren & Lin Li
2021. Pragmatic Competence and Willingness to Communicate Among L2 Learners of Chinese. Frontiers in Psychology 12
Moskowitz, Sharona & Jean–Marc Dewaele
2023. Intellectual humility and language attitudes: the case of Hebrew speakers’ views towards Arabic and multilingualism. International Journal of Multilingualism► pp. 1 ff.
PETERS, SARA, KATHRYN WILSON, TIMOTHY W. BOITEAU, CARLOS GELORMINI-LEZAMA & AMIT ALMOR
2016. Do you hear itnow? A native advantage for sarcasm processing. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 19:2 ► pp. 400 ff.
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