Code-switching in online academic discourse
Resources for Philippine English
World Englishes are the product of contact between English and other languages in multilingual habitats through
the nativization phase. Yet the actual contexts of code-switching that contribute to the emerging regional variety have scarcely
been described. This research focuses on code-switching among bilingual Filipino students, to illuminate this dynamic phase in
varietal evolution. Using data from an online academic forum, it analyses the code-switching patterns within and between turns in
the discussion, to see how they facilitate or inhibit the mobilization of Tagalog elements into code-mixed English. The data show
intense levels of code-switching especially within individual turns. At the change of turns, the sequentiality principle is often
set aside, and code-switching often involves Tagalog discourse markers and other function words. These include some elements noted
two decades earlier (
Bautista 1998) as potential features of evolving Philippine
English, which have never been codified. The new data provide empirical evidence of how non-English elements are progressively
taken up into World Englishes, in interactive use of English among bi-/multilingual speakers.
Article outline
- 1.Introduction: Code-switching and the development of new Englishes
- 2.The communicative functions of code-switching
- 2.1Code-switching and its constraints in face-to-face interactions
- 2.2Code-switching in online groups: Social functions and linguistic aspects
- 2.3Code-switching in individual outputs and at turn changes
- 2.4Summary and research questions
- 3.Methodology
- 3.1Participants and participation
- 3.2Sociolinguistic survey and focus group discussion
- 3.3Online data collection
- 3.4Analysis of online discussion data
- 4.Overall findings
- 5.The functions of code-switching in different locations
- 5.1Intra-utterance and intra-turn code-switching
- 5.2Inter-turn code-switching
- 5.3Inter-thread code-switching
- 6.Discussion of findings
- 7.Conclusions
- Notes
-
Sources
-
References
References (48)
Sources
Language data from the forum is held as a corpus by the lead author, as is the sociolinguistic data in responses to the LAQ
questionnaire, the post-discussion chat, and transcriptions of the focus group discussions.
References
Anderson-Finch, Shannon. 2011. “More
than the Sum of its Parts: Hinglish as an Additional Communicative
Resource”. In Rita Kothari, and Rupert Snell, eds. Chutnefying
English: The Phenomenon of Hinglish. Gurgaon: Penguin Books, 53–70.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Androutsopoulos, Jannis. 2013. “Online
Data Collection”. In Christine Mallinson, Becky Childs, and Gerard Van Herk, eds. Data
Collection in Sociolinguistics: Methods and
Applications. London: Routledge, 236–249.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Androutsopoulos, Jannis. 2015. “Networked
Multilingualism”. International Journal of
Bilingualism 191: 185–205. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Auer, Peter. 1995. “The
Pragmatics of Code-Switching”. In Lesley Milroy, and Pieter Muyskens, eds. One
Speaker, Two Languages: Cross-Disciplinary Perspectives on
Code-Switching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 115–135. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Bautista, Maria Lourdes S. 1982. “Yaya
English”. Philippine
Studies 301: 377–394.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Bautista, Maria Lourdes S. 1998. “Tagalog-English Code-Switching
and the Lexicon of Philippine English”. Asian
Englishes 11: 51–67. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Bautista, Maria Lourdes S. 2004. “Tagalog-English Code-Switching
as a Mode of Discourse”. Asia-Pacific Education
Review 51: 223–233. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Bautista, Maria Lourdes S., ed. 2011a. Studies of
Philippine English: Exploring the Philippine Component of the International Corpus of
English. Manila: Anvil Publishing.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Bautista, Maria Lourdes S. 2011b. “Some Notes on
‘No’ in Philippine English”. In Maria Lourdes S. Bautista, ed. Studies
of Philippine English: Exploring the Philippine component of the International Corpus of
English. Manila: Anvil Publishing, 75–90.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Bautista, Maria Lourdes S., and Susan Butler, eds. 2000. Anvil-Macquarie
Dictionary of Philippine English for High
School. Manila: Anvil Publishing.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Bautista, Maria Lourdes S., Jenifer Loy V. Lising, and Danilo T. Dayag. 1999. Philippine
English Data for the International Corpus of English
Project. Manila: University Research Coordination Office, De La Salle University.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Biber, Douglas, Stig Johansson, Geoffrey Leech, Susan Conrad, and Edward Finegan. 1999. Longman
Grammar of Spoken and Written
English. London: Longman.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Borlongan, Ariane M. 2016. “Relocating Philippine English
in Schneider’s Dynamic Model”. Asian
Englishes 181: 232–241. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Broersma, Mirjam and Kees de Bot. 2006. “Triggered
Codeswitching: A Corpus-Based Evaluation of the Original Triggering Hypothesis and a New
Alternative”. Bilingualism: Language and
Cognition 91: 1–13. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Bullock, Barbara E., Lars Hinrichs, and Almeida Jacqueline Toribio. 2014. “World
Englishes, Code-Switching, and Convergence”. In Markku Filppula, Juhani Klemola, and Devyani Sharma, eds. The
Oxford Handbook of World Englishes. New York: Oxford University Press, 211–231.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Cárdenas-Claros, Monica and Neny Isharyanti. 2009. “Code-Switching
and Code-Mixing in Internet Chatting: Between ‘yes’, ‘ya’, and ‘si’: A Case Study”. JALT CALL
Journal 51: 67–78. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Clyne, Michael. 2003. Dynamics
of Language Contact. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Collins, Peter, Ariane Borlongan, and Xinyue Yao. 2014. “Modality
in Philippine English: A Diachronic Study. Journal of English
Linguistics 421: 68–88. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Delahunty, Janine, Pauline Jones, and Irinia Verenikina. 2014. “Movers
and Shapers: Teaching in Online Environments”. Linguistics and
Education 281: 54–78. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Fong, Vivienne and Lionel Wee. 2002. “‘Singlish’:
Used and Abused”. Asian
Englishes 51: 18–39. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Gardner-Choros, Penelope. 2009. Code-Switching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Georgakopoulou, Alexandra. 2011. “‘On
for Drinkies?’: Email Cues of Participant Alignments”. Language @
Internet 81: 1–24.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Gonzalez, Andrew. 1999. “Philippine
Bilingual Education Revisited”. In Maria Lourdes S. Bautista, and Grace O. Tan, eds. The
Filipino Bilingual: A Multidisciplinary Perspective (Festschrift in Honor of Emy M.
Pascasio). Manila: Linguistics Society of the Philippines, 11–18.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Hinrichs, Lars. 2018. “The
Language of Diasporic Blogs: Rhetoricity in Online
Code-Switching”. In Cecelia Cutler, and Unn Røyneland, eds. Analyzing
Youth Practices in Computer Mediated
Communication. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 186–204.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Lee, Jack. 2016. A
Dictionary of Singlish and Singapore English. <[URL]> (accessed February 17, 2020).
Lim, Lisa. 2014. “Standards
of English in South-East Asia”. In Raymond Hickey, ed. Standards
of English: Codified Varieties Around the
World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 274–293.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Martin, Isabel. 2014. “Language
in Philippine Classrooms: Enfeebling or Enabling”. Asian
Englishes 91: 48–66. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Milroy, Lesley, and Pieter Muyskens, eds. 1995. One
Speaker, Two Languages: Cross-Disciplinary Perspectives on
Code-Switching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Montes-Alcalá, Cecilia. 2016. “
iSwitch:
Spanish-English Mixing in Computer-Mediated Communication”. Journal of Language
Contact 91: 23–48. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Myers-Scotton, Carol. 1995. Social
Motivations for Code-Switching: Evidence from
Africa. Oxford: Oxford University Press.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Myers-Scotton, Carol. 2002. Contact
Linguistics: Bilingual Encounters and Grammatical
Outcomes. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Myers-Scotton, Carol. 2006. Multiple
Voices: An Introduction to
Bilingualism. Oxford: Blackwell.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Osborne, Dana M. 2015. “Negotiating the Hierarchy of
Languages in Ilocandia: The Social and Cognitive Implications of Massive Multilingualism in the
Philippines”. Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of Arizona.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Peters, Pam. fc. “Pluricentricity
and Codification”. In Danae Pérez, Marianne Hundt, Johannes Kabatek, and Daniel Schreier, eds. English
and Spanish in Interaction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Poplack, Shana. 2004. “Code-Switching”. In Ulrich Ammon, Norbert Dittmar, Klaus J. Mattheier, and Peter Trudgill, eds. Sociolinguistics/Soziolinguistik.
An International Handbook of the Science of Language (2nd
ed.). Berlin: De Gruyter, 589–596.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Robinson, Douglas. 2006. Introducing
Performative
Pragmatics. London: Routledge.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Schegloff, Emmanuel A. 2007. Sequence Organization in Interaction: A
Primer in Conversational
Analysis. Vol. 11. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Schneider, Edgar. 2007. Post-Colonial
English. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Siemund, Peter, Monica Schulz, and Martin Schweinberger. 2014. “Studying
the Ecology of Singapore: A Comparison of College and University Students”. World
Englishes 331: 340–362. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Witteman, Marijt and Janet van Hell. 2009. “Triggering
Effects on Code-Switching”. Paper presented at the 8th Dutch
Endo-Neuro-Psycho Meeting, Doorwerth, Netherlands.
Cited by (2)
Cited by two other publications
Bolton, Kingsley, Priscilla T. Cruz & Isabel Pefianco Martin
2024.
Research bibliography for Philippine English (2008–2023).
World Englishes ![DOI logo](//benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
Mostafa, Massrura & Dylan Jones
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 4 july 2024. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers.
Any errors therein should be reported to them.