Cover not available
Part of
Figurative Language – Intersubjectivity and Usage
Edited by Augusto Soares da Silva
[Figurative Thought and Language 11] 2021
► pp. 387–438

Measuring the impact of (non)figurativity in the cultural conceptualization of emotions in the two main national varieties of Portuguese

| Universidade Católica Portuguesa

This chapter investigates the impact of conceptual metaphor on the cultural variation of emotions in European and Brazilian Portuguese (EP/BP). Adopting a usage-based, sociocognitive view of language and applying a corpus-based and profile-based methodology, this study combines a multifactorial usage-feature and metaphorical profile analysis of 1,100 examples of anger and pride with their subsequent multivariate statistics modeling. BP seems more connected with complaining anger and the metaphorically unrestrained and perceptible manifestation of anger. Also, BP is closer to self-centered pride and the metaphorically visible manifestation of pride. In contrast, EP seems more akin to violent and interpersonal anger and the metaphorically profiled somatization of anger. Also, EP is more associated with other-directed pride and the personification of pride as an honored person. These statistically significant associations are consistent with the more individualistic, indulgent, and emotionally expressive culture of Brazil and the more collectivistic and restrained culture of Portugal.

Keywords: emotions, conceptual metaphor, intralinguistic cultural variation, collectivism vs. individualism, behavioral profile approach, multivariate statistic modeling, anger, pride, Portuguese
Article outline
  • 1.Introduction
  • 2.Cultural variability of anger and pride and cultural differences between Portugal and Brazil
  • 3.Corpus data and methodology
    • 3.1Data
    • 3.2Multifactorial usage-feature and profile analysis
    • 3.3Conceptual metaphors and the profile-based approach
    • 3.4Multivariate quantitative methods
  • 4.Results
    • 4.1Multiple correspondence analysis: Feature clusters of anger and pride
      • 4.1.1Three clusters of anger
      • 4.1.2Two clusters of pride
    • 4.2Logistic regression analysis: anger and pride features predicting EP and BP varieties
    • 4.3Multiple correspondence analysis: Profiles of anger and pride metaphors
      • 4.3.1Profiles of anger conceptual metaphors
      • 4.3.2Profiles of pride conceptual metaphors
    • 4.4Logistic regression analysis: anger and pride metaphors predicting EP and BP varieties
  • 5.Conclusions
  • Notes
  • References
Published online: 19 May 2021
DOI logo
https://doi.org/10.1075/ftl.11.13sil
References
Clyne, M.
(Ed.) (1992) Pluricentric languages. Differing norms in different nations. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Damásio, A.
(2004) Emotions and feelings: A neurobiological perspective. In A. S. R. Manstead, N. Frijda, & A. Fischer (Eds.), Studies in emotion and social interaction. Feelings and emotions: The Amsterdam symposium (pp. 49–57). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Divjak, D.
(2010) Structuring the lexicon: A clustered model for near-synonymy. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Eid, M., & Diener, E.
(2001) Norms for experiencing emotions in different cultures: Inter- and intranational differences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81 (5), 869–885. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Ekman, P.
(1999) Basic emotions. In T. Dalgleish & M. Power (Eds.), A handbook of cognition and emotion (pp. 45–60). Sussex: John Wiley & Sons. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Fabiszak, M., & Hebda, A.
(2010) Cognitive historical approaches to emotions: Pride. In M. E. Winters, H. Tissari, & K. Allan (Eds.), Historical Cognitive Linguistics (pp. 261–297). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Fischer, A., Manstead, A. S. R., & Rodriguez Mosquera, P. M.
(1999) The role of honour-related vs. individualistic values in conceptualizing pride, shame, and anger: Spanish and Dutch cultural prototypes. Cognition and Emotion, 13 (2), 149–179. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Fontaine, J. J. R., Scherer, K. R., & Soriano, C.
(Eds.) (2013) Components of emotional meaning. A sourcebook. Oxford: Oxford University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Freyre, G.
(1933) Casa-Grande & Senzala. Rio de Janeiro: Editora Record.Google Scholar
Geeraerts, D.
(2016) The sociosemiotic commitment. Cognitive Linguistics, 27 (4), 527–542. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Geeraerts, D., Grondelaers, S., & Bakema, P.
(1994) The structure of lexical variation. Meaning, naming, and context. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Geeraerts, D., & Grondelaers, S.
(1995) Looking back at anger: Cultural traditions and metaphorical patterns. In J. Taylor, & R. E. MacLaury (Eds.), Language and the construal of the world (pp. 153–180). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Gevaert, C.
(2005) The anger is heat question: Detecting cultural influence on the conceptualisation of anger through diachronic corpus analysis. In N. Delbecque, J. van der Auwera, & D. Geeraerts (Eds.), Perspectives on variation. Sociolinguistic, historical, comparative (pp. 195–208). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Glynn, D.
(2014a) The social nature of anger. Multivariate corpus evidence for context effects upon conceptual structure. In P. Blumenthal, I. Novakova, & D. Siepmann (Eds.), Les émotions dans le discours. Emotions in discourse (pp. 69–82). Frankfurt: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
(2014b) Correspondence analysis. Exploring correlations in multifactorial data. In D. Glynn, & J. Robinson (Eds.), Corpus methods for semantics: Quantitative studies in polysemy and synonymy (pp. 443–486). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
(2018) Usage-based cognitive models: Behavioural profiles and quantifying context effects on conceptual metaphors. Paper presented at the 4th International Conference on Figurative Thought and Language, Braga, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, 23–26 October.
Glynn, D., & Fischer, K.
(Eds.) (2010) Quantitative methods in Cognitive Semantics: Corpus-driven approaches. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Glynn, D., & Robinson, J.
(Eds.) (2014) Corpus methods for Semantics: Quantitative studies in polysemy and synonymy. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Goossens, L.
(1990) Metaphtonymy. The interaction of metaphor and metonymy in expressions for linguistic action. Cognitive Linguistics, 1 (3), 323–340. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Gries, S. T.
(2003) Multifactorial analysis in corpus linguistics: A study of particle placement. London: Continuum Press.Google Scholar
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E.
(2009) Multivariate data analysis (7th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.Google Scholar
Hofstede, G.
(1980) Culture’s consequences: International differences in work-related values. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
(2001) Culture’s consequences: Comparing values, behaviors, institutions, and organizations across nations. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Hollanda, S. B.
(1936) Raízes do Brasil. Rio de Janeiro: Editora José Olympio.Google Scholar
Johnson, R. A., & Wichern, D. W.
(2007) Applied multivariate correspondence analysis (6th ed.). New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.Google Scholar
(1990) Emotion concepts. Berlin: Springer. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
(2000) Metaphor and emotion. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
(2010) Metaphor. A practical introduction. Second edition. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Lakoff, G., & Johnson, M.
(1980) Metaphors we live by. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Lakoff, G., & Kövecses, Z.
(1987) The cognitive model of anger inherent in American English. In D. Holland, & N. Quinn (Eds.), Cultural models in language and thought (pp. 195–221). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Langacker, R. W.
(1990) A usage-based model. In R. W. Langacker. Concept, image, and symbol. The cognitive basis of grammar (pp. 261–288). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Lewis, M.
(1993) Self-conscious emotions: Embarrassment, pride, shame, and guilt. In J. M. Haviland-Jones, & M. Lewis (Eds.), Handbook of emotions (pp. 541–568). New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Lourenço, E.
(1978) O labirinto da saudade. Lisboa: Publicações Dom Quixote.Google Scholar
Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S.
(1991) Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98 , 224–253. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Matsumoto, D., Yoo, S. H., & Chung, J.
(2010) The expression of anger across cultures. In M. Potegal, G. Stemmler, & Ch. Spielberger (Eds.), International handbook of anger: Constituent and concomitant biological, psychological, and social processes (pp. 125–138). New York: Springer. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Mesquita, B., Frijda, N. H., & Scherer, K. R.
(1997) Culture and emotion. In J. W. Berry, P. R. Dasen, & T. S. Saraswathi (Eds.), Handbook of cross-cultural Psychology, Volume 2: Basic processes and human development (pp. 255–297). Needham Heights, MA: Alyn & Bacon.Google Scholar
Mortillaro, M., Ricci-Bitti, P., Bellelli, G., & Galati, D.
(2013) Pride is not created equal: Variations between Northern and Southern Italy. In J. J. R. Fontaine, K. Scherer, & C. Soriano (Eds.), Components of emotional meaning. A sourcebook (pp. 366–376). Oxford: Oxford University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Ogarkova, A., & Soriano, C.
(2014) Variation within universals: The ‘metaphorical profile’ approach and anger concepts in English, Russian and Spanish. In A. Musolff, F. MacArthur, & G. Pagani (Eds.), Metaphor in intercultural communication (pp. 93–116). London: Continuum.Google Scholar
Ogarkova, A., Soriano, C., & Gladkova, A.
(2016) Methodological triangulation in the study of emotion. The case of ‘anger’ in three language groups. Review of Cognitive Linguistics, 14 (1), 73–101. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Peduzzi, P., Concato, J., Kemper, E., Holford, T., & Feinstein, A.
(1996) A simulation study of the number of events per variable in logistic regression analysis. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 49 (12), 1373–1379. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Real, M.
(2017) Traços fundamentais da cultura portuguesa. Lisboa: Planeta.Google Scholar
Rodriguez Mosquera, P. M., Manstead, A. S. R., & Fischer, A. H.
(2000) The role of honor-related values in the elicitation, experience, and communication of pride, shame, and anger: Spain and the Netherlands compared. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26 , 833–844. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Russel, J. A.
(1991) Culture and the categorization of emotions. Psychological Bulletin, 110 , 426–450. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Santos, B. S.
(1993) Modernidade, identidade e cultura de fronteira. Tempo Social, 5 (1–2), 31–52. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Saraiva, A. J.
(1972) Para a história da cultura em Portugal. Mem Martins: Publicações Europa-América (1st ed. 1947).Google Scholar
Semino, E.
(2008) Metaphor in discourse. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Soares da Silva, A.
(Ed.) (2014) Pluricentricity. Language variation and sociocognitive dimensions. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
(2020) Exploring the cultural conceptualization of emotions across national language varieties: A multifactorial profile-based account of pride in European and Brazilian Portuguese. Review of Cognitive Linguistics, 18 (1), 42–74. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Soriano, C.
(2005) The conceptualization of anger in English and Spanish: A cognitive approach. Doctoral dissertation. University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.Google Scholar
(2013) Conceptual metaphor theory and the GRID paradigm in the study of anger in English and Spanish. In J. J. R. Fontaine, K. R. Scherer, & C. Soriano (Eds.), Components of emotional meaning. A sourcebook (pp. 410–424). Oxford: Oxford University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Soriano, C., Fontaine, J. J. R., Ogarkova, A., Mejía Quijano, C., Volkova, W., Ionova, S., & Shakhovskyy, V.
(2013) Types of anger in Spanish and Russian. In J. J. R. Fontaine, K. Scherer, & C. Soriano (Eds.), Components of emotional meaning. A sourcebook (pp. 339–352). Oxford: Oxford University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Steen, G. J.
(2011) The contemporary theory of metaphor – Now new and improved! Review of Cognitive Linguistics, 9 (1), 26–64. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Stefanowitsch, A.
(2006) Corpus-based approaches to metaphor and metonymy. In A. Stefanowitsch, & S. T. Gries (Eds.), Corpus-based approaches to metaphor and metonymy (pp. 1–16). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Stefanowitsch, A., & Gries, S. T.
(2006) Corpus-based approaches to metaphor and metonymy. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Tissari, H.
(2006) Justified pride? Metaphors of the word pride in English language corpora 1918–1991. Nordic Journal of English Studies, 5 (1), 15–49. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
van Osch, Y. M. J., Breugelmans, S. M., Zeelenberg, M., & Fontaine, J. J. R.
(2013) The meaning of pride across cultures. In J. J. R. Fontaine, K. Scherer, & C. Soriano (Eds.), Components of emotional meaning. A sourcebook (pp. 377–387). Oxford: Oxford University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Vittinghoff, E., & McCulloch, C.
(2007) Relaxing the rule of ten events per variable in logistic and Cox regression. American Journal of Epidemiology, 165 (6), 710–718. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Wilson, P. A., & Lewandowska-Tomaszczyk, B.
(2017) Pride in British English and Polish: A cultural-linguistic perspective. In F. Sharifian (Ed.), Advances in Cultural Linguistics (pp. 247–288). Singapore: Springer. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Yu, N.
(1995) Metaphorical expressions of anger and happiness in English and Chinese. Metaphor and Symbolic Activity, 10 (2), 59–92. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Cited by

Cited by 3 other publications

Esbrí-Blasco, Montserrat & Ignasi Navarro i Ferrando
2023. Thematic role mappings in metaphor variation: contrasting Englishbakeand Spanishhornear. Poznan Studies in Contemporary Linguistics 59:1 ► pp. 43 ff. DOI logo
Expósito Ropero, Noé & Augusto Soares da Silva
2024. Phenomenology and cognitive linguistics in dialogue: A review of Ortega y Gasset's theory of emotive gesture as metaphor. The Southern Journal of Philosophy DOI logo
Glynn, Dylan & Avgustina Biryukova
2022. Death, enemies, and illness: How English and Russian metaphorically conceptualise boredom. Yearbook of the German Cognitive Linguistics Association 10:1 ► pp. 33 ff. DOI logo

This list is based on CrossRef data as of 28 april 2024. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.