List of tables and figures
Table 1.1
Boundedness vs. non-boundedness: Shared meaning of aspect and Aktionsart
46
Figure 1.1
Boundary schemas as kinesic schemas, with their variants
57
Figure 1.2
Langacker’s (1991: 88) visualization of a perfective and an imperfective process
57
Figure 1.3
Unbounded gesture, controlled and steady motion throughout
58
Figure 1.4
Double-bounded gesture, e.g., boundary at onset and at offset
58
Figure 2.1
Set-up for recording conversations for the production study
65
Figure 2.2
Typical view of participants as video-recorded
65
Figure 2.3
One entire gesture unit, its component phrases, and their component phases. The speaker says, “
mais eux, ils étaient un peu à part” (‘but them, they were a bit on the side’)
69
Figure 2.4
Schematic diagram of the gesture coding categories
bounded and
unbounded and their sub-types
72
Figure 2.5
Relations between the different tiers of the annotation template designed under ELAN
75
Table 3.1
Number and percentage of verb forms used with past time meaning (French)
83
Table 3.2
Number and percentage of verb forms used with past time meaning (German)
93
Table 3.3
Number and percentage of verb forms used with past time meaning (Russian)
97
Table 3.4
Types of compound constructions “finite verb + infinitive” in the Russian data
103
Table 4.1
Main results of the average boundary schemas of French and German speakers
109
Table 4.2
Scheme for cross-language double coding
109
Table 4.3
Number of forms with and without gestures and % gestures with speech per tense
114
Figure 4.1
Proportional distribution of bounded and unbounded gestures according to the languages (total N for each language: German = 436, Russian = 415, French = 309)
111
Figure 4.2
Distribution of boundary schemas for the co-verbal gestures produced with past tense forms in French
115
Figure 4.3
“
Tout le monde passait à côté” (‘everyone
was walking past them’)
117
Figure 4.4
“
J’y suis allée trois fois.” (I
went there three times)
117
Figure 4.5
“
où j’étais pas là.” (‘When I
wasn’t there’)
118
Figure 4.6
“
i(ls) sont revenus
.” (‘They
came back’)
119
Figure 4.7
Amount of gestures used with imperfect and perfect verb tenses in French and German
124
Figure 4.8
Co-occurrence of verb tense forms with gesture types in German
125
Figure 4.9
Correlation of the boundaries expressed by gestures on the two parts of the perfect tense verbs in French and in German
126
Figure 4.10
Perfekt with bounded gestures
: “
wo Leute um mich herum getanzt haben”
127
Figure 4.11
Example for Präteritum with unbounded gestures: “
die hatten die beste Pizza”
128
Figure 4.12
Example for
Präteritum with bounded gestures: “
ich war froh, dass ich’s nicht bestellt hab, weil es nämlich Kuhmagen war”
129
Figure 4.13
Use of bounded and unbounded gestures with the perfective and imperfective aspects in the past tense
133
Figure 4.14
Use of bounded and unbounded gestures with the perfective and imperfective aspects across all verb forms, including infinitives, in absolute numbers
134
Figure 4.15
“
vot oni sošlis’
.” (‘So they
confronted each other.’)
136
Figure 4.16
“
Tam takoj krug stoit s časami.” (‘There ‘
stands’ a circle like that with a clock.’)
137
Figure 4.17
Use of gestures representing verb semantics versus semantics of other elements of the phrase
137
Figure 4.18
“
Ja učastkovogo svoego videla vsego odin raz v žizni.” (‘I
saw our local policeman only once in my life.’)
140
Table 5.1
Length of verbs in the
imparfait and
passé composé and gestures produced with those verbs
156
Figure 5.1
Presentation of the degrees of freedom of the arm, the forearm, and the hand
145
Figure 5.2
“
Donc y avait du sang partout” (‘then, it was blood everywhere’)
147
Figure 5.3
“
Enfin, on n’était pas nombreux” (‘I mean, we were not numerous’)
147
Figure 5.4
Codman’s paradox
150
Figure 5.5
Manual example of the alignment of the rotation axis between abduction/adduction and pronation/supination
151
Figure 5.6
Distribution of the two propagation flows according to the tenses used
imparfait (
Impf, imperfect tense and
passé composé (
pc, perfect tense)
153
Figure 5.7
Distribution of the first segment in motion according to the flow
154
Table 6.1
Average length of video clips, in frames (24 frames/sec), for each language
170
Table 6.2
Mean response times (RTs) for each language broadly classified as imperfective and perfective temporal meaning
175
Figure 6.1
The way in which the video clips were cropped for presentation to experiment participants
170
Figure 6.2
Mean RTs for verb type (i.e., speech on the x-axis) as a function of bounded or unbounded for French, German, and Russian as read from left-to-right
175