The Linguistic Society of America was founded in 1925 by scholars trained in traditional philological methods but more interested in building a science of linguistics than in literary studies. Language, the official journal of the new society became an organ for structural descriptions of sound systems of diverse languages. The Linguistic Institute, a summer training program, speeded diffusion of the new structuralist methods. Focus on native speech rather than on literary texts was a hallmark of the ‘application’ of structuralist linguistics to the teaching of languages in military intensive language programs during the Second World War, and in some academic programs (notably at Cornell University) after the war. After the war Language expanded, and a number of other linguistics journals began publishing. The extent to which these other journals were complements and the extent to which they were rivals remains controversial. Patterns of publications follow lines of theoretical divergence within what is sometimes mistakenly regarded as a neo-Bloomfieldian monolith. It is argued that the self-annuling prestige of the linguistic analyst in the process of language learning contributed to the difficulty of establishing a profession based on ‘the science of language’ in the late 1940s and through the 1950s. The analytical role of native speakers in the Bloomfieldian tradition is contrasted with that in the Sapirian tradition.
1941 “The Syllabic Phonemes of English”. Language 171.223–246.
Bloch, Bernard. [and Leonard Bloomfield
] 1942Outline of Linguistic Analysis. Baltimore: Waverly Press.
Bloomfield, Leonard
1914An Introduction to the Study of Language. New York: H. Holt & Co. (Repr., with an introd. by Joseph F. Kess, Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins 1983.)
Bloomfield, Leonard
1923First German Book. Columbus: R. G. Adams & Co.
Bloomfield, Leonard
1925a “On the Sound System of Central Algonquian”. Language 11.130–156.
Bloomfield, Leonard
1925b “Why a Linguistic Society?”. Language 11.1–5. (Repr. in Hockett 1987:63–65.)
Bloomfield, Leonard
1926 “A Set of Postulates for the Study of Language”. Language 21.153–164. (Repr. in Joos 1957:26–31, and in Hockett 1987:110–127.)
Bloomfield, Leonard
1927 “On Recent work in General Linguistics”. Modern Philology 251.211–230. (Repr. in Hockett 1987:134–135.)
Bloomfield, Leonard
1928 “A Note on Linguistic Change”. Language 41.99–100. (Repr. in Hockett 1987:134–135.)
Bloomfield, Leonard
1933Language. New York: Henry Holt & Co.
Bloomfield, Leonard
1938 “Eduard Prokosch, 1876–1938”. Language 141.310–313. (Repr. in Hockett 1987:239–242.)
Bloomfield, Leonard
1942aOutline Guide for the Practical Study of Foreign Languages. Baltimore: Linguistic Society of America.
Bloomfield, Leonard
1942b “Linguistics and Reading”. Elementary English Review 191. 125–130. (Repr. in Hockett 1987:255–266.)
Bloomfield, Leonard
1942c “Ilocano Syntax”. Language 181.193–200.
Bloomfield, Leonard
1943 “Meaning”. Montatshefte für deutschen Untericht 351.101–106. (Repr. in Hockett 1987:271–276.)
Bloomfield, Leonard
1944 “Secondary and Tertiary Responses to Language”. Language 201.45–55. (Repr. in Hockett 1987:284–296.)
Bloomfield, Leonard
1945 “About Foreign Language Teaching”. Yale Review 341.625–641. (Repr. in Hockett 1987:297–309.)
Bloomfield, Leonard
1946 “Twenty-One Years of the Linguistic Society”. Language 221. 1–3. (Repr. in Hockett 1987:311–314.)
Bloomfield, Leonard. & Clarence L. Barnhart
1961Let’s Read. Detroit: Wayne State Univ. Press.
Boas, Franz
1911 “Introduction”. Handbook of American Indian Languages, vol.11, 1–83. Washington, D.C.: Bureau of American Ethnology. (Repr., Lincoln: Univ. of Nebraska Press 1966.)
Bolling, George Melville
1937 “Statistics of the Homeric Language and a Queer Bit of Criticism”. Language 131.238–240.
Bright, William O.
1980 “American Linguistics: A Western view”. First Person Singular ed. by Boyd H. Davis & Raymond K. O’Cain, 123–130. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Carroll, John B.
ed.1956Language, Thought and Reality: Selected Writings of Benjamin Lee Whorf Cambridge, Mass.: Technologist Press.
Chao Yuen-Ren
1934 “The Non-Uniqueness of Phonemic Solutions of Phonetic Systems”. Bulletin of the Institute of History and Philology of the Academic Sinica 41.363–97. (Repr. in Joos 1957:38–54.)
Chao Yuen-Ren
1977Chinese Linguist, Phonologist, Composer and Author. Berkeley: Regional Oral History Office (Bancroft Library, Univ. of California).
Collitz, Hermann
1925 “The Scope and Aim of Linguistic Science”. Language 11.14–16.
Cowan, J Milton
1975 “Peace and War”. LSA Bulletin 481.28–38. (Revised version published in First Person Singular II: Autobiograophies by North American scholars in the language sciences ed. by Konrad Koerner, 69–82. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins 1991.)
Darnell, Regna D.
1969The Development of American Anthropology, 1880–1920. Unpubl. Ph.D. dissertation, Univ. of Pennsylvania.
Darnell, Regna D.
1990Edward Sapir, Linguist, Anthropologist, Humanist. Berkeley: Univ. of California Press.
Esper, Erwin A.
1968Mentalism and Objectivism in Linguistics: The sources of Leonard Bloomfield’s psychology of language. New York: Elsevier.
1925 “Syllabic Consonants in New Mexico Spanish”. Language 11.109–118.
Espinosa, Aurelio M.
1927–1928 “The Language of Cuentos populares españoles”. Language 31.188–198, 41.18–22, 111–119.
Fowler, Catherine S.
& Don D. Fowler1986 “Edward Sapir, Tony Tillohash and Southern Paiute Studies”. New Perspectives in Language, Culture, and Personality ed. by William Cowan, Michael Foster & Konrad Koerner, 41–65. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Freidson, Eliot
1970Profession of Medicine. New York: Dodd & Mead.
Freidson, Eliot
1986Professional Powers: A study of the institutionalization of formal knowledge. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press.
Fries, Charles C.
1940aAmerican English Grammar: The grammatical structure of present-day American English with especial reference to social differences or class dialects. New York: Appleton-Century Company.
Fries, Charles C.
1940b “Report on Responses to Linguistic Institute Questionnaires”. LSA Bulletin 131.89–101.
Fries, Charles C.
1963 “The Bloomfield School”. Trends in American and European Linguistics, 1930–1960 ed. by Christine Mohrmann, Alf Sommerfeit & Joshua Whatmough, 196–224. Utrecht & Antwerp: Spectrum.
Graves, Mortimer, & J. M[ilton] Cowan
1942Report of the First Year’s Operation of the Intensive Language Program of the American Council of Learned Societies. Washington: ACLS.
Haas, Mary R.
1943 “The Linguist as a Teacher of Language”. Language 191.203–208.
Haas, Mary R.
1953 “The Application of Linguistics to Language Teaching”. Anthropology Today ed. by Alfred L. Kroeber, 807–818. Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press.
Haas, Mary R.
1978 interview by the author 26July 1978.
Haas, Mary R.
1979 Interview by the author 14February 1979.
Hall, Robert A., Jr.
1960Linguistics and Your Language. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday.
Hall, Robert A., Jr.
1975Stormy Petrel in Linguistics. Ithaca: Spoken Language Services.
Hall, Robert A., Jr.
1989Modern Language Maverick. Ithaca: Linguistica.
1941Review of Trubetzkoy (1935). Language 171.345–349.
Harris, Zellig S.
1944 “Yokuts Structure and Newman’s Grammar”. IJAL 101.196–211.
Harris, Zellig S.
1945 “Navaho Phonology and Hoijer’s Analysis”. IJAL 111.239–246.
Harris, Zellig S.
1951aMethods in Structural Linguistics. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press.
Harris, Zellig S.
1951bReview of Mandelbaum (1949). Language 271.288–308.
Harris, Zellig S.
1970Papers in Structural and Transformational Linguistics. New York: Humanities Press.
Harris, Zellig S.
1973Review of Hockett (1970.)IJAL 391.252–255.
Haugen, Einar
1951 “Directions in Modern Linguistics”. Language 271.211–222. (Repr. in Joos 1957:357–363.)
Haugen, Einar
1979 Letter to author 4April 1979.
Heffner, R[oe]-M[errill] S[ecrist]
1940 “A Note on Vowel Length in General American Speech”. Language 161.33–47.
Hill, A[rchibald]. A.
1936 “Phonetic and Phonemic Change”. Language 121.15–22. (Repr. in Joos 1957:81–84.)
Hill, A[rchibald]. A.
How Many Revolutions Can a Linguist Live Through?”. First Person Singular ed. by Boyd H. Davis & Raymond K. O’Cain 67 76 Amsterdam John Benjamins
Hockett, Charles F.
1942 “A System of Descriptive Phonology”. Language 181.3–21. (Repr. in Joos 1957:97–108.)
Hockett, Charles F.
1951Review of André Martinet, Phonology as Functional Phonetics (London: Oxford Univ. Press 1949) Language 271.333–342.
Hockett, Charles F.
1954 “Two Models of Grammatical Description”. Word 101.210–231. (Repr. in Joos 1957:387–399.)
Hockett, Charles F.
ed.1970A Leonard Bloomfield Anthology. Bloomington: Indiana Univ. Press.
Hockett, Charles F.
1980 “Preserving the Heritage”. First Person Singular ed. by Boyd H. Davis & Raymond K. O’Cain, 97–107. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Hockett, Charles F.
ed.1987A Leonard Bloomfield Anthology. Abridged ed. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press.
Hockett, Charles F.
1987 “Letters from Bloomfield to Michelson and Sapir”. Leonard Bloomfield: Essays on his life and work ed. by Robert A. Hall, Jr. & Konrad Koerner, 39–60. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Hockett, Charles F.
1989 “Leonard Bloomfield: After fifty years”. Yale Graduate Journal of Anthropology 21:1–11.
Hockett, Charles F.
1990 Letter to the author 26February 1990.
Hoenigswald, Henry M.
1964 “George M. Bolling”. Language 401.329–336.
Hughes, Everett C.
1971The Sociological Eye. Chicago: Aldine.
Hymes, Dell H.
1981 “In Vain I Tried to Tell You”: Essays in Native American Ethnopoetics. Philadelphia: Univ. of Pennsylvania Press.
Hymes, Dell H.
1983Studies in the History of Linguistics. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Hymes, Dell H. & John Fought
1975 “American Structuralism”. Current Trends in Linguistics 131.903–1156. The Hague: Mouton. (Separate ed., ibid. 1981.)
Jakobson, Roman & John Lotz
1950 “Notes on the French Phonemic Pattern”. Word 51.151–159.
Joos, Martin
1940Review of Fries (1940). Language 161.74–75.
Joos, Martin
1957Readings in Linguistics: The development of descriptive linguistics in America sincel925. Washington, D.C.: American Council of Learned Societies.
Joos, Martin
1967 “Bernard Bloch”. Language 431.3–19.
Joos, Martin
1986[1976]Notes on the Development of the Linguistic Society of America, 1924–1950. Ithaca, N.Y.: Linguistica.
Keefer, Louis E.
1988Scholars in Foxholes: The story of the Army Specialized Training Program in World War II. Jefferson, N.C.: Mcfarland.
Kendall, Patricia
1964 “Evaluating an Experimental Program in Medical Education”. Innovation in Education ed. by Mathew B. Miles, 343–360. New York: Columbia Univ. Press.
Kent, Roland Grubb
1932The Sounds of Latin. (= Language Monograph, 12.) Baltimore: Waverly Press.
Kent, Roland Grubb
1946The Forms of Latin. Baltimore: Waverly Press.
Kent, Roland Grubb
1950Old Persian Grammar, Texts, Lexicon. New Haven: American Oriental Society.
Koerner, E. F. K[onrad]
1970 “Bloomfieldian Linguistics and the Problem of Meaning”. Jahrbuch für Amerikastudien 151.162–183. (Repr. in Koerner, Toward a Historiography of Linguistics, 155–176. Amsterdam: John Benjamins 1978.)
Koerner, E. F. K[onrad]
1986 “Aux sources de la sociolinguistique [moderne]”. Lingvisticœ Investigationes 101.381–401. (Repr. in K. Koerner, Saussurean Studies / Etudes saussuriennes, 155–174. Geneva: Slatkine 1988.)
Kroeber, Alfred L. & C. Douglas Chrétien
1937 “Quantitative Classifications of Indo-European Languages”. Language 131.83–103.
Kroeber, Alfred L.
1939 “Statistical Techniques and Hittite”. Language 161.69–71. Kroeber, Theodora K. 1970 Alfred Kroeber: A personal configuration. Berkeley: Univ. of California Press.
Krupat, Arnold
1985For Those Who Come After: A study of native American autobiography. Berkeley: Univ. of California Press.
Kurath, Hans
1949Word Geography of the Eastern United States. Ann Arbor, Mich.: Univ. of Michigan Press.
Lane, George S.
1954 “Roland Grubb Kent”. Language 291.1–15.
Larson, Magali Sarfatti
1977The Rise of Professionalism. Berkeley: Univ. of California Press.
Leeds-Hurwitz, Wendy
1985 “The Committee on Research in Native American Languages”. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 1291. 129–160.
Leeds-Hurwitz, Wendy
1990 “Notes in the History of Intercultural Communication: The Foreign Service Institute and the mandate for intercultural training”. Quarterly Journal of Speech 761. 262–281.
1953Review of Harris (1951). Language 281.495–504.
Moulton, William G.
1961 “Linguistics and Language Teaching in the United States”. Trends in American and European Linguistics, 1930–1960 ed. by Christine Mohrmann, Alf Sommerfeit & Joshua Whatmough, 82–109. Utrecht & Antwerp: Spectrum.
Moulton, William G.
1966 “The Linguistic Society of America, 1924–1966”. Language 421.855–856.
Mullins, Nicholas C.
1972 “The Development of a Scientific Specialty: The phage group”. Minerva 101.51–82.
Murray, Stephen O.
1979Social Science Networks. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Toronto. (Published as Murray 1983b).
Murray, Stephen O.
1980 “Gatekeepers and ‘the Chomskian Revolution’”. Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 161.73–88.
Murray, Stephen O.
1983a “The Creation of Linguistic Structure”. American Anthropologist 851.356–362.
Murray, Stephen O.
1983bGroup Formation in Social Science. (= Current Inquiry into Language, Linguistics and Human Communications, 44.) Edmonton, Alta.: Linguistic Research.
1983b. 1989 “Recent Studies of American Linguistics”. HL 161.149–171. Newman, Stanley S. 1946 “On the Stress System of English”. Word 21.171–187.
Murray, Stephen O.
1983b 1948 “English Suffixation: A descriptive approach”. Word 41.24–36.
Nida, Eugene A.
1946 “Analysis of Grammatical Constituents”. Language 241.168–77.
Passin, Herbert
1982Encounter with Japan. Tokyo: Kondasha. Pike, Kenneth L. 1943 “Taxemes and Immediate Constituents”. Language 191.65–82.
Passin, Herbert
1946The Intonation of American English. Ann Arbor: Univ. of Michigan Press.
Passin, Herbert
1947a “Grammatical Prerequisites to Phonemic Analysis”. Word 31. 155–172.
Passin, Herbert
1947b “Phonemic Status of English Diphthongs”. Language 231. 151–159.
Passin, Herbert
1948Tone Languages: A technique for determining the number and types of pitch contrasts in a language with studies in tonemic substitution and fusion. Ann Arbor, Mich.: Univ. of Michigan Press.
Passin, Herbert
1949 “Coexistent Phonemic Systems”. Language 251.29–50.
Passin, Herbert
1981 “An Autobiographical Note on Phonetics”. Towards a History of Phonetics: In honour of David Abercrombie ed. by Ronald E. Asher & Eugénie Henderson, 181–185. Edinburgh: Edinburgh Univ. Press.
1939 “Vowel Length in General American Speech”. Language 151.99–109.
Rose-Innes, Arthur
1919Conversational Japanese. Yokohama: Kelly & Walsh.
Rothenberg, Jerome
1972Shaking the Pumpkin: Traditional poetry of the Indian North Americans. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday. Samarin, William J. 1966 “Self-Annuling Prestige Factors among Speakers of a Creole Language”. Sociolinguistics ed. by William Bright, 188–206. The Hague: Mouton.
Sapir, Edward
1921Language. New York: Harcourt, Brace & Co.
Sapir, Edward
1925 “Sound Patterns in Language”. Language 11.37–51. (Repr. in Mandelbaum 1949:33–45, and in Joos 1957:19–25.)
Sapir, Edward
1930Totality. (= Language Monograph, 6.) Baltimore, Md.: Waverly Press.
Sapir, Edward
1931 “The Concept of Phonetic Law as Tested in Primitive Languages by Leonard Bloomfield”. Methods in Social Science: A case book ed. by Stuart A. Rice, 297–306. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press. (Repr. in Mandelbaum 1949:73–82.)
Sapir, Edward
1933 “La réalité psychologique des phonèmes”. Journal de Psychologie Normale et Pathologique 301.247–265. [English original first published in Mandelbaum 1949:46–60.]
Sapir, Edward
1938 “Why Cultural Anthropology Needs the Psychiatrist”. Psychiatry 11.7–12. (Repr. in Mandelbaum 1949:569–577).
Shen, Yao
1962 “Isochronism in English”. Studies in Linguistics Occasional Paper 91. Norman, Okla.
Shohara, Hide H. & Joseph K. Yamagiwa
1966Intermediate Dialogues in Japanese. Ann Arbor: Far East Language Institutes.
1946 “Language Training for the Foreign Service and the Department of State”. American Foreign Service Journal 231.11–47.
Starr, Paul M.
1983The Social Transformation of American Medicine. New York: Basic Books.
Sturtevant, Edgar H.
1940 “History of the Linguistic Institute”. LSA Bulletin No.131.83–89.
Sturtevant, Edgar H.
1947 “Linguistics and the American Council of Learned Societies”. Language 231.313–316.
Sullivan, William J.
1985 “Structure and Function in Syntactic Analysis”. Linguistics and Philosophy: Essays in honor of Rulon S. Wells ed. by Adam Makkai & Alan Melby, 205–222. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Swadesh, Morris
1934 “The Phonemic Principle”. Language 101.117–229. (Repr. in Joos 1957:32–37.)
Swadesh, Morris
1935a “The Vowels of Chicago English”. Language 111.148–151.
Swadesh, Morris
1935b “Twaddell on Defining the Phoneme”. Language 111.245–250.
Swadesh, Morris
1937 “The Phonemic Interpretation of Long Consonants”. Language 131. 1–10.
Swadesh, Morris
1947 “On the Analysis of English Syllables”. Language 231.137–150.
Swadesh, Morris. & C[harles] F. Voegelin
1939 “A Problem in Phonological Alternation”. Language 141.1–10. (Repr. in Joos 1957:88–92.)
Tedlock, Dennis
1972Finding the Center: Narrative poetry of the Zuni Indians. Lincoln: Univ. of Nebraska Press.
Thomason, Sarah Grey
1989 “The Editor’s Department”. Language 651.445–448, 683–684, 919–920.
Trager, George L.
1934 “The Phonemes of Russian”. Language 101.334–344.
Trager, George L.
1958Review of Joos (1957). Studies in Linguistics 131.34–36.
Trager, George L. & Henry Lee Smith, Jr.
1951An Outline of English Structure. (= Studies in Linguistics; Occasional Papers, 3.) Norman, Okla.
Trubetzkoy, Nikolai S.
1935Anleitung zu phonologischen Beschreibungen. Brno: Internationale Phonologische Arbeitsgemeinschaft.
Twaddell, W. Freeman
1935On Defining the Phoneme. (= Language Monograph, 16.) Baltimore: Waverly Press. (Repr. in Joos 1957:55–80.)
Twaddell, W. Freeman
1936Reply to Andrade (1936). Language 121.294–297.
Voegelin, C[harles] F[rederick]
1935 “Shawnee Phonemes”. Language 111. 23–37.
Voegelin, C[harles] F[rederick]
1947 “A Problem in Morpheme Alternants”. Language 231.245–254.
Voegelin, C[harles] F[rederick]
1974Review of Esper (1968), Harris (1973), and Hockett (1970). Language Sciences 301.35–38.
1970 “Our Knowledge of Semantics and How It Is Obtained”. IJAL 361.241–246.
Wells, Rulon S.. III
1945 “Pitch Phonemes of English”. Language 211.27–39.
Wells, Rulon S. III
1947a “De Saussure’s System of Linguistics”. Word 31.1–31. (Repr. in Joos 1957:1–18.)
Wells, Rulon S.. III
1947bReview of Pike (1946). Language 231.255–273.
Whorf, Benjamin Lee
1945 “Grammatical Categories”. Language 211.1–11.
Yamagiwa, Joseph K.
1959An Introduction to Japanese Writing. Ann Arbor: G. Walker.
Zipf, George Kingsley
1937 “Statistical Methods and Dynamic Philology”. Language 131.60–70.
Cited by
Cited by 8 other publications
Altman, Cristina
2004. A conexão americana: Mattoso Câmara e o círculo lingüístico de Nova Iorque. DELTA: Documentação de Estudos em Lingüística Teórica e Aplicada 20:spe ► pp. 129 ff.
2015. Convergences, transferts et intégrations entre sciences du langage, sciences et ingénierie en temps de guerre et de guerre froide (1941-1966). Revue d'histoire des sciences humaines :26 ► pp. 315 ff.
1994. Sex and the economy of speaking turns. Journal of Pragmatics 21:2 ► pp. 215 ff.
Nuessel, Frank
1994. The linguistics wars. Lingua 94:4 ► pp. 270 ff.
Nuessel, Frank
1996. Theory groups and the study of language in North America. A social History. Lingua 99:2-3 ► pp. 155 ff.
[no author supplied]
2021. Bibliographie. In Aux origines des sciences humaines, ► pp. 865 ff.
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 30 april 2024. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers.
Any errors therein should be reported to them.