The emergence of e5 khuan2
个款 as a sensory evidential marker in TSM
This paper takes the string e5 khuan2
个款 (EK for short) as an ambiguous case to show the emergence of a grammatical function out of a lexical category. It examines the ambiguity of EK in conjunction with the analysis of its syntactic structure. It explores the collocates of EK including a range of matrix predicates and sentence-final particles. It pins down EK as a sensory evidential marker in semantic interpretation. Finally, it teases out the unique syntactic and semantic properties of EK in terms of the layered structure of sentence-final particles.
Article outline
- 1.Introduction
- 2.Syntactic structure
- 2.1[
dp
XP – e5 khuan2
个款]
- 2.2[
sfp
e5 khuan2
个款] as a sentence-final particle
- 2.3Ambiguous cases
- 3.X – e5 khuan2
个款 and its collocates
- 3.1
Tshin1-tshiunn7
親像 Family
- 3.2
Kann2na2
敢若 ‘seem, as if’
- 3.3
Kai3 tshiunn7
介像 and kai3 sing5
介成
- 3.4
Khuann3
0khi2
0lai5
看起來
- 3.5
Kam2kak4
感覺
- 3.6
Phah4-sing3
拍算/扑算
- 4.Layered structure of e5 khuan2
个款 and sentence-final particles
- 4.1
Lah0
啦
- 4.2
Oo5
哦
- 4.3
Hoonn0
呼
- 4.4
An2ni1
安呢
- 5.Semantic interpretation
- 5.1Direct evidence via sensory input
- 5.2Indirect evidence via inference
- 6.Stacking of lexical and functional categories
- 7.Closing words
-
Acknowledgements
- Notes
-
References
References
Alkhenvald, A. Y. & R. M. W. Dixon
(Eds.) (
2003)
Studies in evidentiality.
Typological Studies in Language. Vol 541. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
Alkhenvald, Alexandra Y.
(
2004)
Evidentiality. Oxford University Press.
Chafe, Wallace, and Johanna, Nichols
(Eds.) (
1986)
Evidentiality: the linguistic coding of epistemology. Norwood: Ablex Publishing Corporation.
Chappell, Hilary
(
2001)
A typology of evidential markers in Sinitic languages, In
Hilary Chappell (Ed.),
Sinitic grammar: synchronic and diachronic perspectives (pp. 56–84). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Chomsky, Noam
(
2001)
Derivation by phase. In
Michael Kenstowicz (Ed.),
Ken Hale: a life in language (pp. 1–52). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Douglas, Rev. Carstairs
(
1873)
Chinese-English dictionary of the vernacular or spoken language of amoy with the principal variations of the Chang-chew and Chin-chew dialects. London: Trübner and Co.
Heine, Bernd
(
2002)
On the role of context in grammaticalization. In
Ilse Wischer and
Gabriele Diewald (Eds.),
New reflections on grammaticalization: typological studies in language. Volume 491 (pp. 83–101). Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
Heine, Bernd and Mechthild Reh
(
1984)
Grammaticalization and Reanalysis in African Languages. Hamburg: Helmut Buske Verlag.
Heine, Bernd, Ulrike Claudi, and Friederike Hünnemeyer
(
1991)
Grammaticalization: a conceptual framework. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Jenks, Peter
(
2014)
Generalized clausal modifiers in Thai noun phrases.
Syntax 41, 299–343.
Jiang, Lansheng
(
1992)
Zhuci si de de yufa yiyi ji qi laiyuan (the grammatical function and the origin of the particle
si de
).
Zhongguo Yuwen 2311, 445–452.
Kayne, Richard S.
(
1994)
The antisymmetry of syntax. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Li, Yen-hui Audrey
(
2012)
De in Mandarin ↔ e in Taiwanese.
Studies in Chinese Linguistics 33(1), 17–40.
Rizzi, Luigi
(
1997)
The fine structure of the left periphery. In
Liliane Haegeman (Ed.),
Elements of grammar (pp. 281–337). Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Rizzi, Luigi and Guglielmo Cinque
(
2016)
Functional categories and syntactic theory.
Annual Review of Linguistics 21, 139–163.
Shlonsky, Ur
(
2010)
The cartographic enterprise in syntax.
Language and Linguistic Compass 4(6), 417–429.
Sybesma, Rint and Boya Li
(
2007)
The dissection and structural mapping of Cantonese sentence final particles.
Lingua 1171, 1739–1783.
Tsai, Wei-Tien
(
2015)
Cai weiguan dao hongguan: hanyu yufa de shengcheng shiye (
From Microscopic View to Cosmic Perspective: Generative Landscape of Chinese Syntax). Beijing: Shangwu Yishuguan.
Tsai, Wei-Tien Dylan
(Ed.) (
2015)
The cartography of Chinese syntax: the cartography of syntactic structures, Volume 111. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
Cited by
Cited by 1 other publications
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 1 may 2024. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers.
Any errors therein should be reported to them.