Article published In:
International Journal of Corpus LinguisticsVol. 15:4 (2010) ► pp.474–496
Automatic analysis of syntactic complexity in second language writing
We describe a computational system for automatic analysis of syntactic complexity in second language writing using fourteen different measures that have been explored or proposed in studies of second language development. The system takes a written language sample as input and produces fourteen indices of syntactic complexity of the sample based on these measures. The system is designed with advanced second language proficiency research in mind, and is therefore developed and evaluated using college-level second language writing data from the Written English Corpus of Chinese Learners (Wen et al. 2005). Experimental results show that the system achieves very high reliability on unseen test data from the corpus. We illustrate how the system is used in an example application to investigate whether and to what extent each of these measures significantly differentiate between different proficiency levels
Cited by
Cited by 404 other publications
Abdelrahim, Azza AM
2022. Developing EFL learners’ syntactic complexity in writing: The role of eTandem communication. Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies 40:3 ► pp. 337 ff. 
Abdi Tabari, Mahmoud
2020. Differential Effects of Strategic Planning and Task Structure on L2 Writing Outcomes. Reading & Writing Quarterly 36:4 ► pp. 320 ff.
Abdi Tabari, Mahmoud
2021. Task preparedness and L2 written production: Investigating effects of planning modes on L2 learners’ focus of attention and output. Journal of Second Language Writing 52 ► pp. 100814 ff.
Abdi Tabari, Mahmoud
2023. Unpacking the effects of different lengths of pre-task planning time: L2 writing outcomes and learners’ perceptions. The Language Learning Journal ► pp. 1 ff.
Abdi Tabari, Mahmoud & Minyoung Cho
2022. Task sequencing and L2 writing development: Exploring the SSARC model of pedagogic task sequencing. Language Teaching Research ► pp. 136216882210909 ff.
Abdi Tabari, Mahmoud, Jongbong Lee & Yizhou Wang
2024. Capturing linguistic features of writing in two genres over time. Reading and Writing 37:3 ► pp. 787 ff.
Abdi Tabari, Mahmoud & Yizhou Wang
2022. Assessing linguistic complexity features in L2 writing: Understanding effects of topic familiarity and strategic planning within the realm of task readiness. Assessing Writing 52 ► pp. 100605 ff.
Abdulaziz Alkhalaf, Shatha Ahmed
2022. Expressive writing in a Saudi university English foreign language (EFL) classroom: Evaluating gains in syntactic complexity. F1000Research 11 ► pp. 723 ff.
Abouelenien, Mohamed, Mihai Burzo, Veronica Perez-Rosas, Rada Mihalcea, Haitian Sun & Bohan Zhao
2019. Gender Differences in Multimodal Contact-Free Deception Detection. IEEE MultiMedia 26:3 ► pp. 19 ff.
Abouelenien, Mohamed, Veronica Perez-Rosas, Rada Mihalcea & Mihai Burzo
2017. Detecting Deceptive Behavior via Integration of Discriminative Features From Multiple Modalities. IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security 12:5 ► pp. 1042 ff.
Abouelenien, Mohamed, Verónica Pérez-Rosas, Rada Mihalcea & Mihai Burzo
2017. Proceedings of the 19th ACM International Conference on Multimodal Interaction, ► pp. 302 ff.
Abouelenien, Mohamed, Verónica Pérez-Rosas, Bohan Zhao, Rada Mihalcea & Mihai Burzo
2017. Proceedings of the Symposium on Applied Computing, ► pp. 137 ff.
Afzaal, Muhammad & Xiangtao Du
2023. Syntactic complexity in translated eHealth discourse of COVID-19: a comparable parallel corpus approach. Asia Pacific Translation and Intercultural Studies 10:1 ► pp. 3 ff.
Agmon, Galit, Sameer Pradhan, Sharon Ash, Naomi Nevler, Mark Liberman, Murray Grossman & Sunghye Cho
2024. Automated Measures of Syntactic Complexity in Natural Speech Production: Older and Younger Adults as a Case Study. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 67:2 ► pp. 545 ff.
Albert, Ágnes
2022. The Task-Based Study: Investigating Learners’ Motivation, Emotions, Self-Efficacy Beliefs, and Flow State in Relation to Their Performance on Language Tasks. In Investigating the Role of Affective Factors in Second Language Learning Tasks [Second Language Learning and Teaching, ], ► pp. 91 ff.
Alexopoulou, Theodora, Marije Michel, Akira Murakami & Detmar Meurers
2017. Task Effects on Linguistic Complexity and Accuracy: A Large‐Scale Learner Corpus Analysis Employing Natural Language Processing Techniques. Language Learning 67:S1 ► pp. 180 ff.
Alfaifi, Abdullah A., Hussain Almalki, Yuting Guo & Zhiyan Gao
2023. Pausing behavior of late bilingual and monolingual English speakers. Heliyon 9:11 ► pp. e21322 ff.
ALGHAMDI, EMAD A., PAUL GRUBA & EDUARDO VELLOSO
2022. The Relative Contribution of Language Complexity to Second Language Video Lectures Difficulty Assessment. The Modern Language Journal 106:2 ► pp. 393 ff.
Alguliyev, Rasim, Ramiz Aliguliyev & Afruz Gurbanova
2023. 2023 IEEE 17th International Conference on Application of Information and Communication Technologies (AICT), ► pp. 1 ff.
Almas, Bushra, Hasan Mujtaba & Kifayat Ullah Khan
2023. EHHR: an efficient evolutionary hyper-heuristic based recommender framework for short-text classifier selection. Cluster Computing 26:2 ► pp. 1425 ff.
Alobaid, Azzam
2020. Smart multimedia learning of ICT: role and impact on language learners’ writing fluency— YouTube online English learning resources as an example. Smart Learning Environments 7:1
Appel, Randy, Angel Arias, Beverly Baker & Guillaume Loignon
2023. Insights from lexical and syntactic analyses of a French for academic purposes assessment. Assessing Writing 58 ► pp. 100789 ff.
Aysolmaz, Banu, Henrik Leopold, Hajo A. Reijers & Onur Demirörs
2018. A semi-automated approach for generating natural language requirements documents based on business process models. Information and Software Technology 93 ► pp. 14 ff.
B, Ashwini, Vrinda Narayan & Jainendra Shukla
2023. ICASSP 2023 - 2023 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP), ► pp. 1 ff.
Balyan, Renu, Scott A. Crossley, William Brown, Andrew J. Karter, Danielle S. McNamara, Jennifer Y. Liu, Courtney R. Lyles, Dean Schillinger & Natalia Grabar
2019. Using natural language processing and machine learning to classify health literacy from secure messages: The ECLIPPSE study. PLOS ONE 14:2 ► pp. e0212488 ff.
Bamdev, Pakhi, Manraj Singh Grover, Yaman Kumar Singla, Payman Vafaee, Mika Hama & Rajiv Ratn Shah
2023. Automated Speech Scoring System Under The Lens. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education 33:1 ► pp. 119 ff.
Bao, Gui
2024. Differential effects of EFL proficiency and mode on noun phrase use. System 121 ► pp. 103244 ff.
Barkaoui, Khaled
2024. Exploring the effects of task difficulty and learner variables on performance on picture description writing tasks. Assessing Writing 60 ► pp. 100827 ff.
Barkaoui, Khaled & Ibtissem Knouzi
2018. The effects of writing mode and computer ability on L2 test-takers' essay characteristics and scores. Assessing Writing 36 ► pp. 19 ff.
Barker, Fiona
2013. Using Corpora to Design Assessment. In The Companion to Language Assessment, ► pp. 1013 ff.
Barrot, Jessie & Mari Karen Gabinete
2021. Complexity, accuracy, and fluency in the argumentative writing of ESL and EFL learners. International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching 59:2 ► pp. 209 ff.
Barrot, Jessie S.
2018. Using the Sociocognitive-Transformative Approach in Writing Classrooms: Effects on L2 Learners’ Writing Performance. Reading & Writing Quarterly 34:2 ► pp. 187 ff.
Barrot, Jessie S. & Joan Y. Agdeppa
2021. Complexity, accuracy, and fluency as indices of college-level L2 writers’ proficiency. Assessing Writing 47 ► pp. 100510 ff.
Beaver, Ian & Cynthia Freeman
2016. 2016 IEEE Spoken Language Technology Workshop (SLT), ► pp. 585 ff.
Behyar, Marjan & Mahmoud Nabilou
2019. The Combined Effects of Pre-task and Careful Online Planning on EFL Learners' Written Discourse. International Journal of Research in English Education 4:4 ► pp. 1 ff.
Benko, Ľubomír, Dasa Munková & Michal Munk
2023. Relationship Between Linguistic Complexity and MT Errors in the Context of Inflectional Languages. In Recent Challenges in Intelligent Information and Database Systems [Communications in Computer and Information Science, 1863], ► pp. 546 ff.
Bhat, Suma & Su-Youn Yoon
2015. Automatic assessment of syntactic complexity for spontaneous speech scoring. Speech Communication 67 ► pp. 42 ff.
Bi, Peng
2020. Revisiting genre effects on linguistic features of L2 writing: A usage‐based perspective. International Journal of Applied Linguistics 30:3 ► pp. 429 ff.
Bi, Peng & Jingyang Jiang
2020. Syntactic complexity in assessing young adolescent EFL learners’ writings: Syntactic elaboration and diversity. System 91 ► pp. 102248 ff.
Biber, Douglas, Bethany Gray, Shelley Staples & Jesse Egbert
2020. Investigating grammatical complexity in L2 English writing research: Linguistic description versus predictive measurement. Journal of English for Academic Purposes 46 ► pp. 100869 ff.
Biber, Douglas, Tove Larsson & Gregory R. Hancock
2023. The linguistic organization of grammatical text complexity: comparing the empirical adequacy of theory-based models. Corpus Linguistics and Linguistic Theory 0:0
Boghrati, Reihane, Joe Hoover, Kate M. Johnson, Justin Garten & Morteza Dehghani
2018. Conversation level syntax similarity metric. Behavior Research Methods 50:3 ► pp. 1055 ff.
Brato, Thorsten
2019. Chapter 1.5. The historical corpus of English in Ghana (HiCE Ghana). In Corpus Linguistics and African Englishes [Studies in Corpus Linguistics, 88], ► pp. 120 ff.
BRUNNER, THOMAS
2014. Structural nativization, typology and complexity: noun phrase structures in British, Kenyan and Singaporean English. English Language and Linguistics 18:1 ► pp. 23 ff.
Bueno‐Alastuey, Mª Camino, Raychel Vasseur & Idoia Elola
2022. Effects of collaborative writing and peer feedback on Spanish as a foreign language writing performance. Foreign Language Annals 55:2 ► pp. 517 ff.
Cao, Caihong, Wenting Cao & Fang Tian
2022. A Quantitative Study on the Measure Index of Syntactic Complexity in Textbooks for Chinese as a Second Language. In Chinese Lexical Semantics [Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 13250], ► pp. 233 ff.
Carissimi, Nicolo, Cigdem Beyan & Vittorio Murino
2018. 2018 13th IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face & Gesture Recognition (FG 2018), ► pp. 599 ff.
Casal, J. Elliott & Joseph J. Lee
2019. Syntactic complexity and writing quality in assessed first-year L2 writing. Journal of Second Language Writing 44 ► pp. 51 ff.
Casal, J. Elliott, Xiaofei Lu, Xixin Qiu, Yuanheng Wang & Genggeng Zhang
2021. Syntactic complexity across academic research article part-genres: A cross-disciplinary perspective. Journal of English for Academic Purposes 52 ► pp. 100996 ff.
Casal, J. Elliott, Yasuhiro Shirai & Xiaofei Lu
2022. English verb-argument construction profiles in a specialized academic corpus: Variation by genre and discipline. English for Specific Purposes 66 ► pp. 94 ff.
Chan, HuiPing, Marjolijn Verspoor & Louisa Vahtrick
2015. Dynamic Development in Speaking Versus Writing in Identical Twins. Language Learning 65:2 ► pp. 298 ff.
CHAN, Kin Chung Jacky, Padraic MONAGHAN & Marije MICHEL
2023. Adapting to children’s individual language proficiency: An observational study of preschool teacher talk addressing monolinguals and children learning English as an additional language. Journal of Child Language 50:2 ► pp. 365 ff.
Chang, Peichin, Pin-Ju Chen & Li-Ling Lai
2022. Recursive editing with Google Translate: the impact on writing and error correction. Computer Assisted Language Learning ► pp. 1 ff.
Charoenchaikorn, Vararin
2022. Prewriting in Voice Chat: Exploring the Effects of Collaborative Prewriting on EFL Learners’ Performance. rEFLections 29:2 ► pp. 278 ff.
Chen, Jiaxin, Dechao Li & Kanglong Liu
2024. Unraveling cognitive constraints in constrained languages: a comparative study of syntactic complexity in translated, EFL, and native varieties. Language Sciences 102 ► pp. 101612 ff.
Chen, Kejun, Ningyuan Song, Yuehua Zhao, Jiaer Peng & Ye Chen
2024. Online attention versus knowledge utilization: Exploring how linguistic features of scientific papers influence knowledge diffusion. Information Processing & Management 61:3 ► pp. 103691 ff.
Chen, Lei, Gary Feng, Jilliam Joe, Chee Wee Leong, Christopher Kitchen & Chong Min Lee
2014. Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Multimodal Interaction, ► pp. 200 ff.
Chen, Lei, Klaus Zechner, Su‐Youn Yoon, Keelan Evanini, Xinhao Wang, Anastassia Loukina, Jidong Tao, Lawrence Davis, Chong Min Lee, Min Ma, Robert Mundkowsky, Chi Lu, Chee Wee Leong & Binod Gyawali
2018. Automated Scoring of Nonnative Speech Using the SpeechRaterSM v. 5.0 Engine. ETS Research Report Series 2018:1 ► pp. 1 ff.
Chen, Xiaobin, Theodora Alexopoulou & Ianthi Tsimpli
2021. Automatic extraction of subordinate clauses and its application in second language acquisition research. Behavior Research Methods 53:2 ► pp. 803 ff.
Chen, Xiaobin & Detmar Meurers
2019. Linking text readability and learner proficiency using linguistic complexity feature vector distance. Computer Assisted Language Learning 32:4 ► pp. 418 ff.
Cheng, Xiaolong & Lawrence Jun Zhang
2021. Sustaining University English as a Foreign Language Learners’ Writing Performance through Provision of Comprehensive Written Corrective Feedback. Sustainability 13:15 ► pp. 8192 ff.
Chinaei, Hamidreza, Leila Chan Currie, Andrew Danks, Hubert Lin, Tejas Mehta & Frank Rudzicz
2017. Identifying and Avoiding Confusion in Dialogue with People with Alzheimer's Disease. Computational Linguistics 43:2 ► pp. 377 ff.
Cho, Minyoung
2018. Task complexity, modality, and working memory in L2 task performance. System 72 ► pp. 85 ff.
Cho, Minyoung
2019. The effects of prompts on L2 writing performance and engagement. Foreign Language Annals 52:3 ► pp. 576 ff.
Choi, Inn-Chull & Youngsun Moon
2020. Predicting the Difficulty of EFL Tests Based on Corpus Linguistic Features and Expert Judgment. Language Assessment Quarterly 17:1 ► pp. 18 ff.
Chon, Yuah V., Dongkwang Shin & Go Eun Kim
2021. Comparing L2 learners’ writing against parallel machine-translated texts: Raters’ assessment, linguistic complexity and errors. System 96 ► pp. 102408 ff.
Chou, Isabelle, Weiyi Li, Kanglong Liu & Dipima Buragohain
2023. Representation of interactional metadiscourse in translated and native English: A corpus-assisted study. PLOS ONE 18:7 ► pp. e0284849 ff.
Chung, Eun Seon & Soojin Ahn
2019. Examining Cloze Tests as a Measure of Linguistic Complexity in L2
Writing. Lanaguage Research 55:3 ► pp. 627 ff.
Chung, Eun Seon & Soojin Ahn
2022. The effect of using machine translation on linguistic features in L2 writing across proficiency levels and text genres. Computer Assisted Language Learning 35:9 ► pp. 2239 ff.
Châu, Quang Hồng & Bram Bulté
2023. A comparison of automated and manual analyses of syntactic complexity in L2 English writing. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 28:2 ► pp. 232 ff.
Clarke, Natasha, Peter Foltz & Peter Garrard
2020. How to do things with (thousands of) words: Computational approaches to discourse analysis in Alzheimer's disease. Cortex 129 ► pp. 446 ff.
Clarke, Natasha & Peter Garrard
2023. Machine Learning, Features, and Computational Approaches to Discourse Analysis. In Spoken Discourse Impairments in the Neurogenic Populations, ► pp. 239 ff.
Clarkson, Peter M., Jordan Ponn, Gordon D. Richardson, Frank Rudzicz, Albert Tsang & Jingjing Wang
2020. A Textual Analysis of US Corporate Social Responsibility Reports. Abacus 56:1 ► pp. 3 ff.
Connor-Linton, Jeff & Charlene Polio
2014. Comparing perspectives on L2 writing: Multiple analyses of a common corpus. Journal of Second Language Writing 26 ► pp. 1 ff.
Susan Conrad, Alissa Hartig & Lynn Santelmann
2020. The Cambridge Introduction to Applied Linguistics,
Crossley, Scott A. & Kristopher Kyle
2018. Analyzing Spoken and Written Discourse: A Role for Natural Language Processing Tools. In The Palgrave Handbook of Applied Linguistics Research Methodology, ► pp. 567 ff.
Crossley, Scott A. & Danielle S. McNamara
2014. Does writing development equal writing quality? A computational investigation of syntactic complexity in L2 learners. Journal of Second Language Writing 26 ► pp. 66 ff.
Crossley, Scott A., Stephen Skalicky, Mihai Dascalu, Danielle S. McNamara & Kristopher Kyle
2017. Predicting Text Comprehension, Processing, and Familiarity in Adult Readers: New Approaches to Readability Formulas. Discourse Processes 54:5-6 ► pp. 340 ff.
Crossley, Scott A., Stephen Skalicky & Mihai Dascalu
2019. Moving beyond classic readability formulas: new methods and new models. Journal of Research in Reading 42:3-4 ► pp. 541 ff.
Cruz Neri, Nadine, Florian Klückmann, Jan Retelsdorf & Sergio Consoli
2022. LATIC–A linguistic analyzer for text and item characteristics. PLOS ONE 17:11 ► pp. e0277250 ff.
Cushing, Sara T.
2017. Corpus linguistics in language testing research. Language Testing 34:4 ► pp. 441 ff.
De Clercq, Bastien & Alex Housen
2017. A Cross‐Linguistic Perspective on Syntactic Complexity in L2 Development: Syntactic Elaboration and Diversity. The Modern Language Journal 101:2 ► pp. 315 ff.
Dehghani, Morteza, Kate M. Johnson, Justin Garten, Reihane Boghrati, Joe Hoover, Vijayan Balasubramanian, Anurag Singh, Yuvarani Shankar, Linda Pulickal, Aswin Rajkumar & Niki Jitendra Parmar
2017. TACIT: An open-source text analysis, crawling, and interpretation tool. Behavior Research Methods 49:2 ► pp. 538 ff.
Delić, Amer & Alma Jahić Jašić
2017. Linguistic complexity in high-school students’ EFL writing. ExELL 5:2 ► pp. 122 ff.
Deng, Yaochen, Lei Lei & Dilin Liu
2021. Calling for More Consistency, Refinement, and Critical Consideration in the Use of Syntactic Complexity Measures for Writing. Applied Linguistics 42:5 ► pp. 1021 ff.
Deng, Ziyun, Paola Uccelli & Catherine Snow
2022. Diversity of Advanced Sentence Structures (DASS) in writing predicts argumentative writing quality and receptive academic language skills of fifth-to-eighth grade students. Assessing Writing 53 ► pp. 100649 ff.
Dewang, Rupesh Kumar & A. K. Singh
2015. Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Computer and Communication Technology 2015, ► pp. 115 ff.
Di Zhang, Emily & Shulin Yu
2023. Investigating the relationship between linguistic changes in L2 writers’ paraphrasing, paraphrasing performance and L2 proficiency. Applied Linguistics Review 14:5 ► pp. 1451 ff.
Du, Yueming & Lijiao Yang
2019. 2019 International Conference on Asian Language Processing (IALP), ► pp. 71 ff.
Durrant, Philip & Ayça Durrant
2022. Appropriateness as an aspect of lexical richness: What do quantitative measures tell us about children's writing?. Assessing Writing 51 ► pp. 100596 ff.
Díez-Bedmar, María Belén & Pascual Pérez-Paredes
2020. Noun phrase complexity in young Spanish EFL learners’ writing. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 25:1 ► pp. 4 ff.
Eckstein, Grant & Lisa Bell
2023. Dynamic Written Corrective Feedback in First-Year Composition: Accuracy and Lexical and Syntactic Complexity. RELC Journal 54:3 ► pp. 630 ff.
Eckstein, Grant & Ruei-Han Chang
2022. How Does the Language Control of L1 and L2 Writers Develop Over Time in First-Year Composition?. Written Communication 39:4 ► pp. 600 ff.
Eckstein, Grant & Dana Ferris
2018. Comparing L1 and L2 Texts and Writers in First‐Year Composition. TESOL Quarterly 52:1 ► pp. 137 ff.
Egbert, Jesse, Tove Larsson & Douglas Biber
2020. Doing Linguistics with a Corpus,
Eronen, Juuso, Michal Ptaszynski, Fumito Masui, Aleksander Smywiński-Pohl, Gniewosz Leliwa & Michal Wroczynski
2021. Improving classifier training efficiency for automatic cyberbullying detection with Feature Density. Information Processing & Management 58:5 ► pp. 102616 ff.
Esfandiari, Rajab & Mohammad Ahmadi
2023. Phraseological Complexity and Academic Writing Proficiency in Abstracts Authored by Student and Expert Writers. English Teaching & Learning 47:4 ► pp. 429 ff.
Estaji, Masoomeh & Arya Ghoddousi
2024. Illuminating the Impacts of Contextual Diversity on L2 Writing Proficiency: A Corpus-Based Analysis in the Measures of Linguistic Complexity. European Journal of Applied Linguistics 0:0
Fan, Ning
2023. Exploring the Effects of Automated Written Corrective Feedback on EFL Students’ Writing Quality: A Mixed-Methods Study. SAGE Open 13:2
Farivar, Masumeh, Zahra Ghayoumi Anaraki, Fatemeh Derakhshandeh, Nahid Baharloei & Marziyeh Poorjavad
2019. Narrative discourse in Persian-speaking patients with mild Alzheimer’s disease. Dementia & Neuropsychologia 13:2 ► pp. 225 ff.
Fazilatfar, Ali Mohammad, Nader Fallah, Mahnoosh Hamavandi & Morteza Rostamian
2014. The Effect of Unfocused Written Corrective Feedback on Syntactic and Lexical Complexity of L2 Writing. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 98 ► pp. 482 ff.
Ferrario, Andrea, Minxia Luo, Angelina J Polsinelli, Suzanne A Moseley, Matthias R Mehl, Kristina Yordanova, Mike Martin & Burcu Demiray
2022. Predicting Working Memory in Healthy Older Adults Using Real-Life Language and Social Context Information: A Machine Learning Approach. JMIR Aging 5:1 ► pp. e28333 ff.
Fogal, Gary G.
2023. Raising learner awareness of L2 writing spaces: supporting researchers, teachers, and learners through system mapping. Language Awareness ► pp. 1 ff.
Fraser, Kathleen C., Jed A. Meltzer, Naida L. Graham, Carol Leonard, Graeme Hirst, Sandra E. Black & Elizabeth Rochon
2014. Automated classification of primary progressive aphasia subtypes from narrative speech transcripts. Cortex 55 ► pp. 43 ff.
Fraser, Kathleen C., Jed A. Meltzer, Frank Rudzicz & Peter Garrard
2015. Linguistic Features Identify Alzheimer’s Disease in Narrative Speech. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 49:2 ► pp. 407 ff.
Freeman, C. & I. Beaver
2018. The effect of response complexity and media on user restatement with multimodal virtual assistants. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 119 ► pp. 12 ff.
Frempong, Clara Ofosua, Gifty Edna Anani, Henry Kwao Ayitey & Ebenezer Agbaglo
2022. Pre-modification of noun phrases in the writings of students in Ghanaian colleges of education. International Journal of Research Studies in Education 11:5
Frempong, Clara Ofosua, Stella Akosua Kayi & Sitsofe Ganu
2023. The Syntactic Complexity of Noun Phrases in Second Language Students’ Writing. Linguistics Initiative 3:1 ► pp. 36 ff.
Fromm, Davida, Joel Greenhouse, Kaiyue Hou, G. Austin Russell, Xizhen Cai, Margaret Forbes, Audrey Holland & Brian MacWhinney
2016. Automated Proposition Density Analysis for Discourse in Aphasia. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 59:5 ► pp. 1123 ff.
Fu, Zhuxia & Yongcan Liu
2022. Promoting L2 writing development via a concept-based approach to teaching genre: A sociocultural intervention study in Chinese EFL writing classrooms. Language Teaching Research ► pp. 136216882211143 ff.
Gaffuri, Lucia, Louisa Clarke, Eva Duerig, Yifan Zheng, Yin Boll, Louis Alexander, Jean-Marie Annoni & Alessa Hausmann
2022. Association of Long-Term Speech Therapy and Neuromodulation in Primary Progressive Aphasia: Lessons from a Case Report. Clinical and Translational Neuroscience 6:3 ► pp. 17 ff.
Gaillat, Thomas
2022. Investigating the scopes of textual metrics for learner level discrimination and learner analytics. In Complexity, Accuracy and Fluency in Learner Corpus Research [Studies in Corpus Linguistics, 104], ► pp. 21 ff.
Gaillat, Thomas, Antoine Lafontaine & Anas Knefati
2023. Visualizing Linguistic Complexity and Proficiency in Learner English Writings. CALICO Journal 40:2 ► pp. 178 ff.
Gaillat, Thomas, Andrew Simpkin, Nicolas Ballier, Bernardo Stearns, Annanda Sousa, Manon Bouyé & Manel Zarrouk
2022. Predicting CEFR levels in learners of English: The use of microsystem criterial features in a machine learning approach. ReCALL 34:2 ► pp. 130 ff.
Gazzola, Murilo, Sidney Leal, Breno Pedroni, Fábio Theoto Rocha, Sabine Pompéia & Sandra Aluísio
2022. Text complexity of open educational resources in Portuguese: mixing written and spoken registers in a multi-task approach. Language Resources and Evaluation 56:2 ► pp. 621 ff.
GECKİN, Vasfiye, Ebru KIZILTAŞ & Çağatay ÇINAR
2023. Assessing second-language academic writing: AI vs. Human raters. Journal of Educational Technology and Online Learning 6:4 ► pp. 1096 ff.
Ghayoumi, Zahra, Fariba Yadegari, Behrooz Mahmoodi-Bakhtiari, Esmaeil Fakharian, Mehdi Rahgozar & Maryam Rasouli
2015. Persuasive Discourse Impairments in Traumatic Brain Injury. Archives of Trauma Research 4:1
Ghayoumi Anaraki, Zahra, Andrea Marini, Fariba Yadegari, Behrooz Mahmoodi Bakhtiari, Esmaeil Fakharian, Mehdi Rahgozar & Maryam Rassouli
2014. Narrative Discourse Impairments in Persian-Speaking Persons with Traumatic Brain Injury: A Pilot Study. Folia Phoniatrica et Logopaedica 66:6 ► pp. 273 ff.
Golparvar, Seyyed Ehsan & Hamideh Abolhasani
2022. Unpacking the contribution of linguistic features to graph writing quality: An analytic scoring approach. Assessing Writing 53 ► pp. 100644 ff.
Golparvar, Seyyed Ehsan & Mahsa Azizsahra
2023. The effect of graph complexity and planning on graph writing performance and descriptive strategies. Foreign Language Annals 56:1 ► pp. 117 ff.
Golparvar, Seyyed Ehsan & Fatemeh Rashidi
2021. The effect of task complexity on integrated writing performance: The case of multiple-text source-based writing. System 99 ► pp. 102524 ff.
Granados, Adrián, Antonio Lorenzo-Espejo & Francisco Lorenzo
2022. Evidence for the interdependence hypothesis: a longitudinal study of biliteracy development in a CLIL/bilingual setting. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism 25:8 ► pp. 3005 ff.
Green, Clarence
2019. A multilevel description of textbook linguistic complexity across disciplines: Leveraging NLP to support disciplinary literacy. Linguistics and Education 53 ► pp. 100748 ff.
Güvendir, Emre & Kutay Uzun
2023. L2 writing anxiety, working memory, and task complexity in L2 written performance. Journal of Second Language Writing 60 ► pp. 101016 ff.
HA, Ok-I
2021. A Comparative Study on English Writing Proficiency of Korean High School Students and College Students by an Analysis of the Syntactic Complexity. JOURNAL OF FISHRIES AND MARINE SCIENCES EDUCATION 33:2 ► pp. 421 ff.
Hamano-Bunce, Douglas
2022. The effects of direct written corrective feedback and comparator texts on the complexity and accuracy of revisions and new pieces of writing. Language Teaching Research ► pp. 136216882211276 ff.
Han, Tianyi, Dechao Li, Xingcheng Ma & Nan Hu
2022. Comparing product quality between translation and paraphrasing: Using NLP-assisted evaluation frameworks. Frontiers in Psychology 13
Han, ZhaoHong & Eun Young Kang
2018. Revisiting the Cognition Hypothesis: Bridging a gap between the conceptual and the empirical. International Journal of Applied Linguistics 28:3 ► pp. 391 ff.
Hibert, Ana Isabel
2019. Systematic Literature Review of Automated Writing Evaluation as a Formative Learning Tool. In Transforming Learning with Meaningful Technologies [Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 11722], ► pp. 199 ff.
Hsiao, Yaling, Nicola J. Dawson, Nilanjana Banerji & Kate Nation
2024. A corpus-based developmental investigation of linguistic complexity in children's writing. Applied Corpus Linguistics 4:1 ► pp. 100084 ff.
Hu, Hai & Sandra Kübler
2021. Investigating translated Chinese and its variants using machine learning. Natural Language Engineering 27:3 ► pp. 339 ff.
Hu, Renfen, Jifeng Wu & Xiaofei Lu
2022. Word‐Combination‐Based Measures of Phraseological Diversity, Sophistication, and Complexity and Their Relationship to Second Language Chinese Proficiency and Writing Quality. Language Learning 72:4 ► pp. 1128 ff.
Hu, Yanqi & Shengchun Xiong
2022. 2022 4th International Conference on Natural Language Processing (ICNLP), ► pp. 385 ff.
Huang, Xin, Xiaobin Liu, Yiya Hu & Qingsheng Liu
2021. The Effect of Online Collaborative Prewriting via DingTalk Group on EFL Learners’ Writing Anxiety and Writing Performance. In Emerging Technologies for Education [Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 13089], ► pp. 48 ff.
Huang, Yan, Akira Murakami, Theodora Alexopoulou & Anna Korhonen
2021. Subcategorization frame identification for learner English. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 26:2 ► pp. 187 ff.
HUGO, JACQUES & DAVID GERTMAN
2013. A QUALITATIVE METHOD TO ESTIMATE HSI DISPLAY COMPLEXITY. Nuclear Engineering and Technology 45:2 ► pp. 141 ff.
HWANG, HAERIM, HYEYOUNG JUNG & HYUNWOO KIM
2020. Effects of Written Versus Spoken Production Modalities on Syntactic Complexity Measures in Beginning‐Level Child EFL Learners. The Modern Language Journal 104:1 ► pp. 267 ff.
Hwang, Hyun-Bin & Charlene Polio
2023. Text length effects on the reliability of syntactic complexity indices. Research Methods in Applied Linguistics 2:3 ► pp. 100085 ff.
Hwang, Wu-Yuin & Rio Nurtantyana
2022. X-Education: Education of All Things with AI and Edge Computing—One Case Study for EFL Learning. Sustainability 14:19 ► pp. 12533 ff.
Hwang, Wu-Yuin, Rio Nurtantyana, Siska Wati Dewi Purba, Uun Hariyanti, Yuniar Indrihapsari & Herman Dwi Surjono
2023. AI and Recognition Technologies to Facilitate English as Foreign Language Writing for Supporting Personalization and Contextualization in Authentic Contexts. Journal of Educational Computing Research 61:5 ► pp. 1008 ff.
Hyejin Cho
2015. Effects of Task Complexity on English Argumentative Writing. English Teaching 70:2 ► pp. 107 ff.
Iatsiuta, Vlad, Vitaliy Kobets & Oleksii Ivanov
2023. Creating of a General Purpose Language for the Construction of Dynamic Reports. In Digital Transformation [Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing, 495], ► pp. 16 ff.
Jagaiah, Thilagha, Natalie G. Olinghouse & Devin M. Kearns
2020. Syntactic complexity measures: variation by genre, grade-level, students’ writing abilities, and writing quality. Reading and Writing 33:10 ► pp. 2577 ff.
Jang, Hari & Yin Ling Cheung
2020. Impacts of dyadic interaction on second language writing: A study with eight bilingual primary school students in Singapore. Education 3-13 48:5 ► pp. 527 ff.
Jiang, Jingyang, Peng Bi & Haitao Liu
2019. Syntactic complexity development in the writings of EFL learners: Insights from a dependency syntactically-annotated corpus. Journal of Second Language Writing 46 ► pp. 100666 ff.
Jin, Lining, Xiaobin Liu, WeiQin Gong & Guangwei Chen
2021. Writing Collaboratively in the Continuation Task via Shared Docs. In Emerging Technologies for Education [Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 13089], ► pp. 142 ff.
Jin, Tan, Huiqiong Duan, Xiaofei Lu, Jing Ni & Kai Guo
2021. Do research articles with more readable abstracts receive higher online attention? Evidence from Science. Scientometrics 126:10 ► pp. 8471 ff.
JIN, TAN, XIAOFEI LU & JING NI
2020. Syntactic Complexity in Adapted Teaching Materials: Differences Among Grade Levels and Implications for Benchmarking. The Modern Language Journal 104:1 ► pp. 192 ff.
Jung, Boo Kyung & Gyu-Ho Shin
2022. L2 textbook input and L2 written production: a case of Korean locative postposition–verb construction. International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching 0:0
Jung, Jookyoung
2020. Effects of content support on integrated reading-writing task performance and incidental vocabulary learning. System 93 ► pp. 102288 ff.
Kerz, Elma, Stella Neumann & Paula Niemietz
2022. Assessing linguistic complexity and register flexibility in advanced second language learners. Register Studies 4:1 ► pp. 55 ff.
Kessler, Greg
2013. Teaching ESL/EFL in a World of Social Media, Mash‐Ups, and Hyper‐Collaboration. TESOL Journal 4:4 ► pp. 615 ff.
Khushik, Ghulam Abbas & Ari Huhta
2020. Investigating Syntactic Complexity in EFL Learners' Writing across Common European Framework of Reference Levels A1, A2, and B1. Applied Linguistics 41:4 ► pp. 506 ff.
Khushik, Ghulam Abbas & Ari Huhta
2022. Syntactic complexity in Finnish-background EFL learners’ writing at CEFR levels A1–B2. European Journal of Applied Linguistics 10:1 ► pp. 142 ff.
Kim, Hyunwoo, Gyu-Ho Shin & Min-Chang Sung
2023. Constructional complexity as a predictor of Korean EFL learners’ writing proficiency. Revista Española de Lingüística Aplicada/Spanish Journal of Applied Linguistics 36:2 ► pp. 436 ff.
Kim, Minjin & Xiaofei Lu
2024. L2 English speaking syntactic complexity: Data preprocessing issues, reliability of automated analysis, and the effects of proficiency, L1 background, and topic. The Modern Language Journal 108:1 ► pp. 270 ff.
Kim, Minkyung
2021. Exploring longitudinal changes in lexical and syntactic features in beginning-level EFL learner writing. System 103 ► pp. 102680 ff.
Kim, Minkyung & Scott A. Crossley
2018. Modeling second language writing quality: A structural equation investigation of lexical, syntactic, and cohesive features in source-based and independent writing. Assessing Writing 37 ► pp. 39 ff.
Kim, Sangeun, Phoenix Williams & Lee McCallum
2024. Modelling the use of the tool for the automatic analysis of syntactic sophistication and complexity (TAASSC). Research Methods in Applied Linguistics 3:1 ► pp. 100087 ff.
Kim, Susie
2021. Generalizability of CEFR Criterial Grammatical Features in a Korean EFL Corpus across A1, A2, B1, and B2 Levels. Language Assessment Quarterly 18:3 ► pp. 273 ff.
KISSELEV, OLESYA, ROSSINA SOYAN, DMITRII PASTUSHENKOV & JASON MERRILL
2022. Measuring Writing Development and Proficiency Gains Using Indices of Lexical and Syntactic Complexity: Evidence From Longitudinal Russian Learner Corpus Data. The Modern Language Journal 106:4 ► pp. 798 ff.
Knoch, Ute, Amir Rouhshad & Neomy Storch
2014. Does the writing of undergraduate ESL students develop after one year of study in an English-medium university?. Assessing Writing 21 ► pp. 1 ff.
Koirala, Cesar & Rebecca Y. Jee
2015. Critical CALL – Proceedings of the 2015 EUROCALL Conference, Padova, Italy, ► pp. 324 ff.
Komeili, Majid, Chloé Pou-Prom, Daniyal Liaqat, Kathleen C. Fraser, Maria Yancheva, Frank Rudzicz & Nicholas Greatorex Riches
2019. Talk2Me: Automated linguistic data collection for personal assessment. PLOS ONE 14:3 ► pp. e0212342 ff.
Kong, Nancy, Uwe Dulleck, Adam B. Jaffe, Shupeng Sun & Sowmya Vajjala
2023. Linguistic metrics for patent disclosure: Evidence from university versus corporate patents. Research Policy 52:2 ► pp. 104670 ff.
Kuiken, Folkert
2023. Linguistic complexity in second language acquisition. Linguistics Vanguard 9:s1 ► pp. 83 ff.
Kuiken, Folkert & Ineke Vedder
2022. Chapter 14. Speaking. In Instructed Second Language Acquisition Research Methods [Research Methods in Applied Linguistics, 3], ► pp. 329 ff.
Kuiken, Folkert, Ineke Vedder, Alex Housen & Bastien De Clercq
2019. Variation in syntactic complexity: Introduction. International Journal of Applied Linguistics 29:2 ► pp. 161 ff.
Kumar, Vivekanandan S. & David Boulanger
2021. Automated Essay Scoring and the Deep Learning Black Box: How Are Rubric Scores Determined?. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education 31:3 ► pp. 538 ff.
Kurdi, Mohamed Zakaria
2017. Proceedings of the 2017 International Conference on Information System and Data Mining, ► pp. 66 ff.
Kyle, Kristopher
2021. Natural language processing for learner corpus research. International Journal of Learner Corpus Research 7:1 ► pp. 1 ff.
Kyle, Kristopher, Scott Crossley & Marjolijn Verspoor
2021. MEASURING LONGITUDINAL WRITING DEVELOPMENT USING INDICES OF SYNTACTIC COMPLEXITY AND SOPHISTICATION. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 43:4 ► pp. 781 ff.
KYLE, KRISTOPHER & SCOTT A. CROSSLEY
2018. Measuring Syntactic Complexity in L2 Writing Using Fine‐Grained Clausal and Phrasal Indices. The Modern Language Journal 102:2 ► pp. 333 ff.
Köylü, Zeynep, Nurullah Eryılmaz & Carmen Pérez-Vidal
2023. A dynamic usage-based analysis of L2 written complexity development of sojourners. Journal of Second Language Writing 60 ► pp. 101002 ff.
Lan, Ge, Xiaofei Pan, Yachao Sun & Yuan Lu
2023. Part of speech tagging of grammatical features related to L2 Chinese development: A case analysis of Stanza in the L2 writing context. Frontiers in Psychology 14
Larsson, Tove & Henrik Kaatari
2020. Syntactic complexity across registers: Investigating (in)formality in second-language writing. Journal of English for Academic Purposes 45 ► pp. 100850 ff.
Larsson, Tove, Magali Paquot & Luke Plonsky
2020. Inter-rater reliability in Learner Corpus Research. International Journal of Learner Corpus Research 6:2 ► pp. 237 ff.
Lee, Cynthia, Haoyan Ge & Edsoulla Chung
2021. What linguistic features distinguish and predict L2 writing quality? A study of examination scripts written by adolescent Chinese learners of English in Hong Kong. System 97 ► pp. 102461 ff.
Lee, Jongbong
2021. Using corpus analysis to extend experimental research: Genre effects in L2 writing. System 100 ► pp. 102563 ff.
Lee, Ju Hyun, Michael J. Ostwald & Ning Gu
2020. Measuring Cognitive Complexity. In Design Thinking: Creativity, Collaboration and Culture, ► pp. 85 ff.
Lee, Ju Hyun, Michael J. Ostwald & Ning Gu
2020. Design Thinking Across Borders. In Design Thinking: Creativity, Collaboration and Culture, ► pp. 191 ff.
Lei, Lei
2016. When science meets cluttered writing: adjectives and adverbs in academia revisited. Scientometrics 107:3 ► pp. 1361 ff.
Lei, Lei & Dilin Liu
2021. Conducting Sentiment Analysis,
Lei, Lei & Jie Qin
2022. Research in foreign language teaching and learning in China (2012–2021). Language Teaching 55:4 ► pp. 506 ff.
Lei, Lei & Yaqian Shi
2023. Syntactic complexity in adapted extracurricular reading materials. System 113 ► pp. 103002 ff.
Lei, Lei, Ju Wen & Xiaohu Yang
2023. A large-scale longitudinal study of syntactic complexity development in EFL writing: A mixed-effects model approach. Journal of Second Language Writing 59 ► pp. 100962 ff.
Leon Guerrero, Sibylla, Veronica Whitford, Laura Mesite & Gigi Luk
2021. Text Complexity Modulates Cross-Linguistic Sentence Integration in L2 Reading. Frontiers in Communication 6
Leopold, Henrik, Jan Mendling & Artem Polyvyanyy
2014. Supporting Process Model Validation through Natural Language Generation. IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering 40:8 ► pp. 818 ff.
Leńko-Szymańska, Agnieszka & Sandra Götz
2022. Complexity, accuracy and fluency in learner corpus research. In Complexity, Accuracy and Fluency in Learner Corpus Research [Studies in Corpus Linguistics, 104], ► pp. 1 ff.
Li, Dongying & Lian Zhang
2022. Exploring teacher scaffolding in a CLIL-framed EFL intensive reading class: A classroom discourse analysis approach. Language Teaching Research 26:3 ► pp. 333 ff.
Li, Wenjin, Zhihong Lu & Qianwen Liu
2020. Syntactic complexity development in college students’ essay writing based
on AWE. In CALL for widening participation: short papers from EUROCALL 2020, ► pp. 190 ff.
Li, Xueping & Yiru Wang
2024. Effects of input text genre on Chinese young EFL learners’ performance on continuation tasks. Language Testing in Asia 14:1
Li, Yang, Larisa Nikitina & Patricia Nora Riget
2022. Development of syntactic complexity in Chinese university students’ L2 argumentative writing. Journal of English for Academic Purposes 56 ► pp. 101099 ff.
Li, Yuanchao, Catherine Lai, Divesh Lala, Koji Inoue & Tatsuya Kawahara
2022. 2022 17th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), ► pp. 875 ff.
Li, Yuxi & Ruiying Yang
2023. Assessing the writing quality of English research articles based on absolute and relative measures of syntactic complexity. Assessing Writing 55 ► pp. 100692 ff.
Li, Zhi, Michelle Y. Chen & Jayanti Banerjee
2020. Using Corpus Analyses to Help Address the DIF Interpretation: Gender Differences in Standardized Writing Assessment. Frontiers in Psychology 11
Liang, Liangbing, Angélica M. Silva, Peter Jeon, Sabrina D. Ford, Michael MacKinley, Jean Théberge & Lena Palaniyappan
2022. Widespread cortical thinning, excessive glutamate and impaired linguistic functioning in schizophrenia: A cluster analytic approach. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 16
Liang, Meiqiong & Yuanhua Xie
2023. Exploring the effects of planning conditions and peer familiarity on Chinese EFL learners’ argumentative writing. System 115 ► pp. 103057 ff.
Lim, Jungmin
2019. An investigation of the text features of discrepantly-scored ESL essays: A mixed methods study. Assessing Writing 39 ► pp. 1 ff.
Lim, KyungTae, Jayoung Song & Jungyeul Park
2023. Neural automated writing evaluation for Korean L2 writing. Natural Language Engineering 29:5 ► pp. 1341 ff.
Lin, Xiaowen, Muhammad Afzaal & Hessah Saleh Aldayel
2023. Syntactic complexity in legal translated texts and the use of plain English: a corpus-based study. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications 10:1
Lin, You-Min & Michelle Y. Chen
2020. Understanding writing quality change: A longitudinal study of repeaters of a high-stakes standardized English proficiency test. Language Testing 37:4 ► pp. 523 ff.
Linders, Guido M. & Max M. Louwerse
2023. Lingualyzer: A computational linguistic tool for multilingual and multidimensional text analysis. Behavior Research Methods
Link, Stephanie, Mohaddeseh Mehrzad & Mohammad Rahimi
2022. Impact of automated writing evaluation on teacher feedback, student revision, and writing improvement. Computer Assisted Language Learning 35:4 ► pp. 605 ff.
Lissón, Paula & Nicolas Ballier
2018. Investigating Lexical Progression through Lexical Diversity Metrics in a Corpus of French L3. Discours :23
Liu, Chun-yan, Li-ting Sun, Yan He & Nian-zhe Wu
2023. The effects of task complexity and language aptitude on EFL learners’ writing performance. Assessing Writing 58 ► pp. 100791 ff.
Liu, Kanglong, Muhammad Afzaal & Diego Raphael Amancio
2021. Syntactic complexity in translated and non-translated texts: A corpus-based study of simplification. PLOS ONE 16:6 ► pp. e0253454 ff.
Liu, Kanglong, Joyce Oiwun Cheung & Nan Zhao
2022. Learner corpus research in Hong Kong: past, present and future. Corpora 17:Supplement ► pp. 79 ff.
Liu, Meichun, Zhuo Zhang & John Sie Yuen Lee
2023. Verb frame distribution and text difficulty: A corpus‐based analysis of verb frames in Chinese textbooks. International Journal of Applied Linguistics
Liu, Yi, Andrew K.F. Cheung & Kanglong Liu
2023. Syntactic complexity of interpreted, L2 and L1 speech: A constrained language perspective. Lingua 286 ► pp. 103509 ff.
Liu, Yingying & Tiantian Li
2024. Comparing the syntactic complexity of plain language summaries and abstracts: A case study of marine science academic writing. Journal of English for Academic Purposes 68 ► pp. 101350 ff.
Lorenzo, Francisco
2013. Genre-based curricula: multilingual academic literacy in content and language integrated learning. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism 16:3 ► pp. 375 ff.
Lorenzo, Francisco & Leticia Rodríguez
2014. Onset and expansion of L2 cognitive academic language proficiency in bilingual settings: CALP in CLIL. System 47 ► pp. 64 ff.
Lowie, Wander M. & Marjolijn H. Verspoor
2019. Individual Differences and the Ergodicity Problem. Language Learning 69:S1 ► pp. 184 ff.
Lu, Chao, Yi Bu, Xianlei Dong, Jie Wang, Ying Ding, Vincent Larivière, Cassidy R. Sugimoto, Logan Paul & Chengzhi Zhang
2019. Analyzing linguistic complexity and scientific impact. Journal of Informetrics 13:3 ► pp. 817 ff.
Lu, Chao, Yi Bu, Jie Wang, Ying Ding, Vetle Torvik, Matthew Schnaars & Chengzhi Zhang
2019. Examining scientific writing styles from the perspective of linguistic complexity. Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology 70:5 ► pp. 462 ff.
LU, XIAOFEI
2011. A Corpus‐Based Evaluation of Syntactic Complexity Measures as Indices of College‐Level ESL Writers' Language Development. TESOL Quarterly 45:1 ► pp. 36 ff.
Lu, Xiaofei
2014. Summary and Outlook. In Computational Methods for Corpus Annotation and Analysis, ► pp. 175 ff.
Lu, Xiaofei
2014. Syntactic Analysis. In Computational Methods for Corpus Annotation and Analysis, ► pp. 115 ff.
Lu, Xiaofei
2014. Syntactic Annotation. In Computational Methods for Corpus Annotation and Analysis, ► pp. 95 ff.
Lu, Xiaofei
2017. Automated measurement of syntactic complexity in corpus-based L2 writing research and implications for writing assessment. Language Testing 34:4 ► pp. 493 ff.
Lu, Xiaofei & Haiyang Ai
2015. Syntactic complexity in college-level English writing: Differences among writers with diverse L1 backgrounds. Journal of Second Language Writing 29 ► pp. 16 ff.
Lu, Xiaofei & Brody Bluemel
2020. Automated Assessment of Language. In The Cambridge Introduction to Applied Linguistics, ► pp. 86 ff.
Lu, Xiaofei, J. Elliott Casal & Yingying Liu
2020. The rhetorical functions of syntactically complex sentences in social science research article introductions. Journal of English for Academic Purposes 44 ► pp. 100832 ff.
Lu, Xiaofei, J. Elliott Casal, Yingying Liu, Olesya Kisselev & Jungwan Yoon
2021. The relationship between syntactic complexity and rhetorical move-steps in research article introductions: Variation among four social science and engineering disciplines. Journal of English for Academic Purposes 52 ► pp. 101006 ff.
Lu, Xiaofei, David A. Gamson & Sarah Anne Eckert
2014. Lexical difficulty and diversity of American elementary school reading textbooks. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 19:1 ► pp. 94 ff.
LU, XIAOFEI & JIFENG WU
2022. Noun‐Phrase Complexity Measures in Chinese and Their Relationship to L2 Chinese Writing Quality: A Comparison with Topic–Comment‐Unit‐Based Measures. The Modern Language Journal 106:1 ► pp. 267 ff.
Luo, Minxia, Megan L. Robbins, Mike Martin & Burcu Demiray
2019. Real-Life Language Use Across Different Interlocutors: A Naturalistic Observation Study of Adults Varying in Age. Frontiers in Psychology 10
Lyashevskaya, Olga, Irina Panteleeva & Olga Vinogradova
2021. Automated assessment of learner text complexity. Assessing Writing 49 ► pp. 100529 ff.
Lyashevskaya, Olga, Olga Vinogradova & Anna Scherbakova
2022. Accuracy, syntactic complexity and task type at play in examination writing. In Complexity, Accuracy and Fluency in Learner Corpus Research [Studies in Corpus Linguistics, 104], ► pp. 241 ff.
Lyu, Jing, Muhammad Ilyas Chishti & Zhibin Peng
2022. Marked distinctions in syntactic complexity: A case of second language university learners’ and native speakers’ syntactic constructions. Frontiers in Psychology 13
Maamuujav, Undarmaa, Carol Booth Olson & Huy Chung
2021. Syntactic and lexical features of adolescent L2 students’ academic writing. Journal of Second Language Writing 53 ► pp. 100822 ff.
MAJIDI, ABID EL, RICK DE GRAAFF & DANIEL JANSSEN
2020. Debate as L2 Pedagogy: The Effects of Debating on Writing Development in Secondary Education. The Modern Language Journal 104:4 ► pp. 804 ff.
Majidi, Abid el, Rick de Graaff & Daniel Janssen
2023. Debate pedagogy as a conducive environment for L2 argumentative essay writing. Language Teaching Research ► pp. 136216882311569 ff.
Mancilla, Rae L., Nihat Polat & Ahmet O. Akcay
2017. An Investigation of Native and Nonnative English Speakers’ Levels of Written Syntactic Complexity in Asynchronous Online Discussions. Applied Linguistics 38:1 ► pp. 112 ff.
Martin, Laily
2023. Does Quartile Matter? Investigating syntactic complexity of international publication. Environment-Behaviour Proceedings Journal 8:SI16 ► pp. 17 ff.
Mazgutova, Diana & Judit Kormos
2015. Syntactic and lexical development in an intensive English for Academic Purposes programme. Journal of Second Language Writing 29 ► pp. 3 ff.
McDonough, Kim & Jindarat De Vleeschauwer
2019. Comparing the effect of collaborative and individual prewriting on EFL learners’ writing development. Journal of Second Language Writing 44 ► pp. 123 ff.
Mendhakar, Akshay
2022. Linguistic Profiling of Text Genres: An Exploration of Fictional vs. Non-Fictional Texts. Information 13:8 ► pp. 357 ff.
Meng, Li & Hongshan Yin
2023. Effects of input enhancement and genre on L2 learners’ performance in the continuation writing task. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications 10:1
Menke, Mandy R.
2024. Beyond accuracy: The development of syntactic complexity in middle school Spanish immersion. Foreign Language Annals
Menke, Mandy R. & Tripp Strawbridge
2019. The writing of Spanish majors: A longitudinal analysis of syntactic complexity. Journal of Second Language Writing 46 ► pp. 100665 ff.
Meurers, Detmar
2012. Natural Language Processing and Language Learning. In The Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics,
Meurers, Detmar & Markus Dickinson
2017. Evidence and Interpretation in Language Learning Research: Opportunities for Collaboration With Computational Linguistics. Language Learning 67:S1 ► pp. 66 ff.
Min-Jae Kwon
2013. Zur automatischen Analyse der syntaktischen Komplexität von Lesetexten für DaF. Zeitschrift f？r Deutsche Sprache und Literatur null:61 ► pp. 113 ff.
Mizumoto, Atsushi & Masaki Eguchi
2023. Exploring the potential of using an AI language model for automated essay scoring. Research Methods in Applied Linguistics 2:2 ► pp. 100050 ff.
Mohamadi Zenouzagh, Zohre
2018. Multidimensional analysis of efficacy of multimedia learning in development and sustained development of textuality in EFL writing performances. Education and Information Technologies 23:6 ► pp. 2969 ff.
Mohamadi Zenouzagh, Zohre
2020. Syntactic complexity in individual, collaborative and E-collaborative EFL writing: mediating role of writing modality, L1 and sustained development in focus. Educational Technology Research and Development 68:6 ► pp. 2939 ff.
Moon, Kihyuk & Kim,Jeong-ryeol
2012. Development and Application of Web-based Korean Elementary English Readability Index Software for Measuring Readability in Extensive Reading Classrooms. Multimedia-Assisted Language Learning 15:1 ► pp. 157 ff.
Mujtaba, Syed Muhammad, Barry Lee Reynolds, Yang Gao, Rakesh Parkash & Xuan Van Ha
2023. The effects of recalling and imagining prompts on writing engagement, syntactic and lexical complexity, accuracy, and fluency: A partial replication of Cho (2019). Open Linguistics 9:1
Murakami, Akira & Theodora Alexopoulou
2016. L1 INFLUENCE ON THE ACQUISITION ORDER OF ENGLISH GRAMMATICAL MORPHEMES. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 38:3 ► pp. 365 ff.
Mylläri, Taina
2020. Words, clauses, sentences, and T-units in learner language: Precise and objective units of measure?. Journal of the European Second Language Association 4:1 ► pp. 13 ff.
Na, Bokhee, Diane L. Schallert & Eunjeong Jee
2015. When a Topic Matters to You, Does It Matter if You Read About It in a Second Language?. Literacy Research: Theory, Method, and Practice 64:1 ► pp. 149 ff.
Nahatame, Shingo
2023. Predicting processing effort during L1 and L2 reading: The relationship between text linguistic features and eye movements. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 26:4 ► pp. 724 ff.
Narouei, Masoud, Hamed Khanpour & Hassan Takabi
2017. Identification of Access Control Policy Sentences from Natural Language Policy Documents. In Data and Applications Security and Privacy XXXI [Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 10359], ► pp. 82 ff.
Nasseri, Maryam
2021. Is postgraduate English academic writing more clausal or phrasal? Syntactic complexification at the crossroads of genre, proficiency, and statistical modelling. Journal of English for Academic Purposes 49 ► pp. 100940 ff.
O'Leary, John A. & Rasmus Steinkrauss
2022. Syntactic and lexical complexity in L2 English academic writing: Development and competition. Ampersand 9 ► pp. 100096 ff.
Otwinowska, Agnieszka, Marcin Opacki, Karolina Mieszkowska, Marta Białecka-Pikul, Zofia Wodniecka & Ewa Haman
2022. Polish–English bilingual children overuse referential markers: MLU inflation in Polish-language narratives. First Language 42:2 ► pp. 191 ff.
Ouyang, Jinghui, Jingyang Jiang & Haitao Liu
2022. Dependency distance measures in assessing L2 writing proficiency. Assessing Writing 51 ► pp. 100603 ff.
Pandarova, Irina, Torben Schmidt, Johannes Hartig, Ahcène Boubekki, Roger Dale Jones & Ulf Brefeld
2019. Predicting the Difficulty of Exercise Items for Dynamic Difficulty Adaptation in Adaptive Language Tutoring. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education 29:3 ► pp. 342 ff.
Paquot, Magali
2018. Phraseological Competence: A Missing Component in University Entrance Language Tests? Insights From a Study of EFL Learners’ Use of Statistical Collocations. Language Assessment Quarterly 15:1 ► pp. 29 ff.
Paquot, Magali
2019. The phraseological dimension in interlanguage complexity research. Second Language Research 35:1 ► pp. 121 ff.
Paquot, Magali & Nicole Tracy‐Ventura
2023. Using Foreign and Second Language Learner Corpora. In Current Approaches in Second Language Acquisition Research, ► pp. 96 ff.
Park, Kwanghyun
2014. Corpora and Language Assessment: The State of the Art. Language Assessment Quarterly 11:1 ► pp. 27 ff.
Park, Kwanghyun & Xiaofei Lu
2015. Automatic analysis of thematic structure in written English. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 20:1 ► pp. 81 ff.
Peng, Hongying, Sake Jager & Wander Lowie
2023. Complexity and dynamicity of EFL learners’ multi-dimensional engagement in digital storytelling tasks: an exploratory case study. The Language Learning Journal ► pp. 1 ff.
Peng, Hongying, Wander Lowie & Sake Jager
2022. Unravelling the Idiosyncrasy and Commonality in L2 Developmental Processes: a Time-Series Clustering Methodology. Applied Linguistics 43:5 ► pp. 891 ff.
Peng, Yuxin, Jie Sun, Jianqiang Quan, Yunqi Wang, Chunyang Lv & Haomin Zhang
2023. Predicting Chinese EFL Learners’ Human‐rated Writing Quality in Argumentative Writing Through Multidimensional Computational Indices of Lexical Complexity. Assessing Writing 56 ► pp. 100722 ff.
Petrosyan, Tigran R., Armenuhi V. Avagyan, Anush A. Petrosyan, Tatev V. Margaryan & Hasmik H. Mkrtchyan
2022. Psychometric and Logometric Properties of the Armenian Version of Augmentative and Alternative Communication Assessment Questionnaire: Assessing Reliability and Validity. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 51:1 ► pp. 135 ff.
Pfau, Adam, Charlene Polio & Yiran Xu
2023. Exploring the potential of ChatGPT in assessing L2 writing accuracy for research purposes. Research Methods in Applied Linguistics 2:3 ► pp. 100083 ff.
Pham, Catherine T. & Navin Viswanathan
2024. Studying Conversational Adjustments in Interaction: Beyond Acoustic Phonetic Changes. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 67:1 ► pp. 196 ff.
Phuoc, Vo Dinh & Jessie S. Barrot
2022. Complexity, accuracy, and fluency in L2 writing across proficiency levels: A matter of L1 background?. Assessing Writing 54 ► pp. 100673 ff.
Picoral, Adriana, Shelley Staples & Randi Reppen
2021. Automated annotation of learner English. International Journal of Learner Corpus Research 7:1 ► pp. 17 ff.
Pojslova, Blanka
2021. The effect of two feedback strategies on EFL writing quality from the perspective of syntactic complexity. CASALC Review 11:1 ► pp. 69 ff.
Polat, Nihat, Laura Mahalingappa & Rae L Mancilla
2020. Longitudinal Growth Trajectories of Written Syntactic Complexity: The Case of Turkish Learners in an Intensive English Program. Applied Linguistics 41:5 ► pp. 688 ff.
Pu, Liping, Renquan Heng & Cong Cao
2022. The effects of genre on the syntactic complexity of argumentative and expository writing by Chinese EFL learners. Frontiers in Psychology 13
Pérez-Paredes, Pascual & María Belén Díez-Bedmar
2019. Researching learner language through POS keyword and syntactic complexity analyses. In Learner Corpora and Language Teaching [Studies in Corpus Linguistics, 92], ► pp. 101 ff.
Pérez-Rosas, Verónica & Rada Mihalcea
2014. Gender Differences in Deceivers Writing Style. In Human-Inspired Computing and Its Applications [Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 8856], ► pp. 163 ff.
Qi, Huilei & Yingying Liu
2022. Book review. System 110 ► pp. 102905 ff.
Qian, Leyi
2023. Use of lexical features in high-stakes tests: Evidence from the perspectives of complexity, accuracy and fluency. Assessing Writing 57 ► pp. 100758 ff.
Qian, Leyi, Yan Cheng & Yali Zhao
2021. Use of Linguistic Complexity in Writing Among Chinese EFL Learners in High-Stakes Tests: Insights From a Corpus of TOEFL iBT. Frontiers in Psychology 12
Qian, Leyi, Yong Yang & Yali Zhao
2021. Syntactic complexity revisited: sensitivity of China’s AES-generated scores to syntactic measures, effects of discourse-mode and topic. Reading and Writing 34:3 ► pp. 681 ff.
Qin, Wenjuan, Huixian Li & Yongyan Zheng
2024. Group trends and individual variability in writing development: a descriptive grammatical complexity analysis. International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching 62:1 ► pp. 37 ff.
Qin, Wenjuan & Paola Uccelli
2016. Same language, different functions: A cross-genre analysis of Chinese EFL learners’ writing performance. Journal of Second Language Writing 33 ► pp. 3 ff.
Qin, Wenjuan & Paola Uccelli
2020. Beyond linguistic complexity: Assessing register flexibility in EFL writing across contexts. Assessing Writing 45 ► pp. 100465 ff.
Qin, Wenjuan & Xizi Zhang
2023. Do EFL learners use different grammatical complexity features in writing across registers?. Reading and Writing 36:8 ► pp. 1939 ff.
Rahayu, Famala Eka Sanhadi
2021. Lexical Complexity of Students' Oral Performance on PechaKucha. PAROLE: Journal of Linguistics and Education 11:2 ► pp. 189 ff.
Reed, Elisabeth C., Donna Kain & Stephanie M. George
2021. The Relationship Between Perceived Confidence, Gender, and Writing in a Biomedical Engineering Research Experience for Undergraduates Site. Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 143:12
Rentoumi, Vassiliki, Timothy Peters, Jonathan Conlin, Peter Garrard & Hugh Craig
2017. The acute mania of King George III: A computational linguistic analysis. PLOS ONE 12:3 ► pp. e0171626 ff.
Restrepo-Ramos, Falcon & Nofiya Denbaum-Restrepo
2022. The Syntactic and Discourse Properties of Second Person Singular Forms of Address inPaisaSpanish. Studies in Hispanic and Lusophone Linguistics 15:2 ► pp. 453 ff.
Rokoszewska, Katarzyna Joanna
2022. The dynamics of monthly growth rates in the emergence of complexity, accuracy, and fluency in L2 English writing at secondary school–a learner corpus analysis. System 106 ► pp. 102775 ff.
Roquet Pugès, Helena, Noelia Navarro Gil & Florentina Nicolás-Conesa
2024. The impact of adjunct instruction on EFL academic writing at university. Journal of Immersion and Content-Based Language Education
Rosmawati, R.
2020. Chapter 5. Profiling the dynamic changes of syntactic complexity in L2 academic writing. In Complex Dynamic Systems Theory and L2 Writing Development [Language Learning & Language Teaching, 54], ► pp. 109 ff.
Rostamian, Morteza, Ali Mohammad Fazilatfar & Ali Akbar Jabbari
2018. The effect of planning time on cognitive processes, monitoring behavior, and quality of L2 writing. Language Teaching Research 22:4 ► pp. 418 ff.
Révész, Andrea, Nektaria‐Efstathia Kourtali & Diana Mazgutova
2017. Effects of Task Complexity on L2 Writing Behaviors and Linguistic Complexity. Language Learning 67:1 ► pp. 208 ff.
Sang, Zilin & Weicheng Zou
2023. The Effect of Joint Production on the Accuracy and Complexity of Second Language Writing. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 52:2 ► pp. 425 ff.
Santini, Marina & Arne Jönsson
Saricaoglu, Aysel, Zeynep Bilki & Lia Plakans
2021. Syntactic complexity in learner-generated research paper introductions: Rhetorical functions and level of move/step realization. Journal of English for Academic Purposes 53 ► pp. 101037 ff.
Schroyen, S., S. Adam, M. Marquet, G. Jerusalem, S. Thiel, A.-L. Giraudet & P. Missotten
2018. Communication of healthcare professionals: Is there ageism?. European Journal of Cancer Care 27:1 ► pp. e12780 ff.
Setia, Simran, Anamika Chhabra, Amit Arjun Verma & Akrati Saxena
2024. Mediating effects of NLP-based parameters on the readability of crowdsourced wikipedia articles. Applied Intelligence
Shadloo, Farzaneh, Hesamoddin Shahriari Ahmadi & Behzad Ghonsooly
2019. Exploring syntactic complexity and its relationship with writing quality in EFL argumentative essays. Topics in Linguistics 20:1 ► pp. 68 ff.
Shao, Zimeng, Hanbo Zhang, Jiaqi Zhang, Yuexin Zhong & Xiaoyan Xu
2022. Phrasal complexity in English argumentative writing: Variations across Chinese STEM versus English majors' production and EFL textbook essays. Journal of English for Academic Purposes 55 ► pp. 101070 ff.
Shevchuk-Hill, Sergey, Shana Szczupakiewicz, Bella Kofner & Kristen Gillespie-Lynch
2023. Comparing narrative writing of autistic and non-autistic College students. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 53:10 ► pp. 3901 ff.
Shin, Gyu-Ho
Shin, Gyu-Ho & Boo Kyung Jung
2021. Automatic analysis of passive constructions in Korean. International Journal of Learner Corpus Research 7:1 ► pp. 53 ff.
Shin, Gyu-Ho, Boo Kyung Jung & Seongmin Mun
2024. Transformer-based text similarity and second language proficiency: A case of written production by learners of Korean. Natural Language Processing Journal 6 ► pp. 100060 ff.
Silva, Angelica M., Roberto Limongi, Michael MacKinley, Sabrina D. Ford, Maria Francisca Alonso-Sánchez & Lena Palaniyappan
2023. Syntactic complexity of spoken language in the diagnosis of schizophrenia: A probabilistic Bayes network model. Schizophrenia Research 259 ► pp. 88 ff.
Son, Myeongeun
2022. The role of modality and working memory capacity in L2 production. Language Teaching Research
Speck, Jacquelin, Eugene Gualtieri, Gaurav Naik, Thach Nguyen, Kevin Cheung, Larry Alexander & David Fenske
2014. Proceedings of the first ACM conference on Learning 
scale conference, ► pp. 139 ff.
scale conference, ► pp. 139 ff. Ströbel, Marcus, Elma Kerz & Daniel Wiechmann
2020. The Relationship Between First and Second Language Writing: Investigating the Effects of First Language Complexity on Second Language Complexity in Advanced Stages of Learning. Language Learning 70:3 ► pp. 732 ff.
Su, Hang, Yuqing Zhang & Meng Huat Chau
2022. Exemplification in Chinese English-major MA students' and expert writers’ academic writing: A local grammar based investigation. Journal of English for Academic Purposes 58 ► pp. 101120 ff.
Sun, Kun & Rong Wang
2021. Using the Relative Entropy of Linguistic Complexity to Assess L2 Language Proficiency Development. Entropy 23:8 ► pp. 1080 ff.
Sun, Qiyu, Fang Chen & Shengkai Yin
2023. The role and features of peer assessment feedback in college English writing. Frontiers in Psychology 13
Sun, Qiyu & Lawrence Jun Zhang
2023. Examining the effects of English as a foreign language student-writers’ metacognitive experiences on their writing performance. Current Psychology 42:27 ► pp. 23743 ff.
Suzuki, Noriko
2022. Effects of content-based instruction (CBI) on EFL secondary school learners’ writing. Journal of Immersion and Content-Based Language Education 10:1 ► pp. 5 ff.
Sánchez, Alberto J., Rosa M. Manchón & Roger Gilabert
2020. Chapter 6. The effects of task repetition across modalities and proficiency levels. In Writing and Language Learning [Language Learning & Language Teaching, 56], ► pp. 121 ff.
Tabari, Mahmoud Abdi, Sima Khezrlou & Yu Tian
2022. Task complexity, task repetition, and L2 writing complexity: exploring interactions in the TBLT domain. International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching 0:0
Tabari, Mahmoud Abdi, Masatoshi Sato & Yizhou Wang
2023. Engagement with written corrective feedback: Examination of feedback types and think-aloud protocol as pedagogical interventions. Language Teaching Research
Tao, Na & Ying Wang
2022. Effects of prior knowledge and reasoning demands on Chinese EFL writing performance. Language Teaching Research ► pp. 136216882210898 ff.
Thewissen, Jennifer & Alena V. Anishchanka
2022. Interaction between grammatical accuracy and syntactic complexity at different proficiency levels. In Complexity, Accuracy and Fluency in Learner Corpus Research [Studies in Corpus Linguistics, 104], ► pp. 209 ff.
Thi, Nang Kham & Marianne Nikolov
2023. Effects of teacher, automated, and combined feedback on syntactic complexity in EFL students’ writing. Asian-Pacific Journal of Second and Foreign Language Education 8:1
Thi, Nang Kham, De Van Vo & Marianne Nikolov
2023. Investigating syntactic complexity and language-related error patterns in EFL students’ writing: corpus-based and epistemic network analyses. Language Learning in Higher Education 13:1 ► pp. 127 ff.
Thongyoi, Krittaya & Kornwipa Poonpon
2020. Phrasal Complexity Measures as Predictors of EFL University Students’ English Academic Writing Proficiency. rEFLections 27:1 ► pp. 44 ff.
Towns, Stuart G. & Richard Watson Todd
Tsai, Yea-Ru
2021. Exploring the effects of corpus-based business English writing instruction on EFL learners’ writing proficiency and perception. Journal of Computing in Higher Education 33:2 ► pp. 475 ff.
Ullah, Inam & Hyojung Lim
2023. Exploring the Linguistic and Textual Factors That Affect the Quality of L2 Writing: The Coh-Metrix Study. Modern English Education 24:1 ► pp. 110 ff.
Uzun, Kutay
2021. Performance prediction strengths of noun and verb phrases in L2 writing: Comparison of density and complexity variables. Assessing Writing 50 ► pp. 100572 ff.
Uzun, Kutay
2022. Natural Language Processing Tools for Second Language Writing Research. In The TESOL Encyclopedia of English Language Teaching, ► pp. 1 ff.
Vajjala, Sowmya
2018. Automated Assessment of Non-Native Learner Essays: Investigating the Role of Linguistic Features. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education 28:1 ► pp. 79 ff.
VALİZADEH, Mohammadreza & Fatemeh SOLTANPOUR
2021. Focused direct corrective feedback: Effects on the elementary English learners’ written syntactic complexity. Eurasian Journal of Applied Linguistics ► pp. 132 ff.
Vandeweerd, Nathan
Vasylets, Olena & Javier Marín
2021. The effects of working memory and L2 proficiency on L2 writing. Journal of Second Language Writing 52 ► pp. 100786 ff.
Vasylets, Olena, M. Dolores Mellado & Luke Plonsky
2022. The role of cognitive individual differences in digital versus pen-and-paper writing. Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching 12:4 ► pp. 721 ff.
Verspoor, Marjolijn, Wander Lowie & Martijn Wieling
2020. L2 Developmental Measures from a Dynamic Perspective. In Learner Corpus Research Meets Second Language Acquisition, ► pp. 172 ff.
Vuuren, Sanne van, Janine Berns & Marketa Bank
2022. Strategies of clausal postmodification in learner English. International Journal of Learner Corpus Research 8:2 ► pp. 157 ff.
VYATKINA, NINA
2013. Specific Syntactic Complexity: Developmental Profiling of Individuals Based on an Annotated Learner Corpus. The Modern Language Journal 97:S1 ► pp. 11 ff.
Vyatkina, Nina
2016. TheKansas Developmental Learner corpus(KANDEL). International Journal of Learner Corpus Research 2:1 ► pp. 101 ff.
Wang, Chen
2023. 2023 2nd International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Computer Information Technology (AICIT), ► pp. 1 ff.
Wang, Gui, Hui Wang & Li Wang
2022. Kolmogorov complexity metrics in assessing L2 proficiency: An information-theoretic approach. Frontiers in Psychology 13
Wang, Hui, Gui Wang, Nan Wang & Li Wang
2023. Effects of speaker types and L1 backgrounds on the linguistic complexity of learners’ writing. International Journal of Applied Linguistics
Wang, Liping & Chunlan Jin
2022. Effects of Task Complexity on Linguistic Complexity for Sustainable EFL Writing Skills Development. Sustainability 14:8 ► pp. 4791 ff.
Wang, Simon Ho
2017. Text Analysis of Corpus Linguistics in a Post-concordancer Era. In Emerging Technologies for Education [Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 10108], ► pp. 394 ff.
Wang, Weilu, Manfu Duan, Hongmei Zhang & D. Dobrota
2023. Corpus-based Development of Syntactic Complexity in EFL Writing. SHS Web of Conferences 152 ► pp. 04001 ff.
Wang, Zhihong
2022. Dynamic development of syntactic complexity in second language writing: A longitudinal case study of a young Chinese EFL learner. Frontiers in Psychology 13
Williams, Christopher
2022. Syntactic Complexity as an Indicator of Proficiency in Argumentative Essays. In Výzkum v didaktice cizích jazyků V, ► pp. 179 ff.
Williams, Christopher
2023. It’s complicated: The relationship between lexis, syntax and proficiency. Discourse and Interaction 16:2 ► pp. 124 ff.
Wind, Attila M.
2021. Nonlinearity and inter- and intra-individual variability in the extent of engagement in self-reflection and its role in second language writing: A multiple-case study. System 103 ► pp. 102672 ff.
Wind, Attila M. & Anna Zólyomi
2022. The longitudinal development of self-assessment and academic writing: an advanced writing programme. Language Learning in Higher Education 12:1 ► pp. 185 ff.
Wood, Carla & Christopher Schatschneider
2022. Differential Growth in Writing Quality of Students in Fifth Grade from Diverse Backgrounds. Reading & Writing Quarterly 38:2 ► pp. 168 ff.
Wu, Libo & Hasliza Binti Abdul Halim
2024. Task complexity and foreign language writing emotions as predictors of EFL writing performance. Frontiers in Education 9
Wu, Shu-Ling, Yee Pin Tio & Lourdes Ortega
2022. ELICITED IMITATION AS A MEASURE OF L2 PROFICIENCY. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 44:1 ► pp. 271 ff.
Wu, Xue, Anna Mauranen & Lei Lei
2020. Syntactic complexity in English as a lingua franca academic writing. Journal of English for Academic Purposes 43 ► pp. 100798 ff.
Xiao, Jinxi, Jiuyuan Zhu & Qiyou Shen
2022. 2022 8th International Conference on Big Data and Information Analytics (BigDIA), ► pp. 273 ff.
Xie, Yuanhua & Danting Zhu
2023. Effects of participatory structure of pre-task planning on EFL learners’ linguistic performance and alignment in the continuation writing task. System 114 ► pp. 103008 ff.
Xu, Jiajin & Hui Kang
2022. Salience-simplification strategy for markedness of causal subordinators: “Because” and “since” in argumentative essays. Lingua 272 ► pp. 103256 ff.
Xu, Jiajin & Jialei Li
2021. A syntactic complexity analysis of translational English across genres. Across Languages and Cultures 22:2 ► pp. 214 ff.
Xu, Peng
2023. Reconsidering the syntactic complexity measures on L2 spoken English: A multi-dimensional perspective. Heliyon 9:6 ► pp. e16856 ff.
Xu, Shuo, Ling Li, Xin An, Liyuan Hao & Guancan Yang
2021. An approach for detecting the commonality and specialty between scientific publications and patents. Scientometrics 126:9 ► pp. 7445 ff.
Xu, Ting Sophia & Lawrence Jun Zhang
2023. Effects of cognitive task complexity and online planning on second language learners’ argumentative writing. Frontiers in Psychology 14
Xu, Ting Sophia, Lawrence Jun Zhang & Janet S. Gaffney
2023. A multidimensional approach to assessing the effects of task complexity on L2 students’ argumentative writing. Assessing Writing 55 ► pp. 100690 ff.
Xu, Yiran & J. Elliott Casal
2023. Navigating complexity in plain English: A longitudinal analysis of syntactic and lexical complexity development in L2 legal writing. Journal of Second Language Writing 62 ► pp. 101059 ff.
Xue, Jin, Liyan Zheng, Xiaoyi Tang, Banban Li & Esther Geva
2021. Human Ratings of Writing Quality Capture Features of Syntactic Variety and Transformation in Chinese EFL Learners’ Argumentative Writing. Frontiers in Psychology 12
Xue, Yi
2024. Towards automated writing evaluation: A comprehensive review with bibliometric, scientometric, and meta-analytic approaches. Education and Information Technologies
Yang, Weiwei & YouJin Kim
2020. The effect of topic familiarity on the complexity, accuracy, and fluency of second language writing
. Applied Linguistics Review 11:1 ► pp. 79 ff.
Yang, Weiwei, Xiaofei Lu & Sara Cushing Weigle
2015. Different topics, different discourse: Relationships among writing topic, measures of syntactic complexity, and judgments of writing quality. Journal of Second Language Writing 28 ► pp. 53 ff.
Yang, Yiying & Fan Pan
2024. Diachronic changes in syntactic complexity of science research articles: a comparative study of medicine and mechanical engineering. Scientometrics 129:3 ► pp. 1663 ff.
Yin, Shuhui, Yuan Gao & Xiaofei Lu
2021. Syntactic complexity of research article part-genres: Differences between emerging and expert international publication writers. System 97 ► pp. 102427 ff.
Yin, Shuhui, Yuan Gao & Xiaofei Lu
2023. Diachronic changes in the syntactic complexity of emerging Chinese international publication writers’ research article introductions: A rhetorical strategic perspective. Journal of English for Academic Purposes 61 ► pp. 101205 ff.
Yoon, Su-Youn & Suma Bhat
2018. A comparison of grammatical proficiency measures in the automated assessment of spontaneous speech. Speech Communication 99 ► pp. 221 ff.
Yuan, Guiyuan, Qingtian Zeng, Hua Duan, Wenyan Guo, Weijian Ni & Nengfu Xie
2018. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Communication and Information Processing, ► pp. 135 ff.
Yuan, Guiyuan, Qingtian Zeng, Hua Duan, Wenyan Guo, Weijian Ni & Nengfu Xie
2018. 2018 IEEE International Conference of Safety Produce Informatization (IICSPI), ► pp. 31 ff.
Zare, Mohammad, Mohammad Sadegh Bagheri, Firooz Sadighi, Ehsan Rassaei & Piotr Goel
2021. An Investigation of the Linguistic Complexity of IELTS Writing Topics Based on the Levels of Discourse Representation and the Degree of Meaning Coding. Cogent Education 8:1
Zechner, Klaus, Su-Youn Yoon, Suma Bhat & Chee Wee Leong
2017. Comparative evaluation of automated scoring of syntactic competence of non-native speakers. Computers in Human Behavior 76 ► pp. 672 ff.
Zeldes, Amir
2018. Chapter 11. Compounds and productivity in advanced L2 German writing. In Usage-inspired L2 Instruction [Language Learning & Language Teaching, 49], ► pp. 237 ff.
Zeng, Hao
2023. The Application of the Teaching Mode of the Continuation Task. In Proceedings of the 2022 International Conference on Science Education and Art Appreciation (SEAA 2022), ► pp. 1290 ff.
Zhan, Ju, Qiyu Sun & Lawrence Jun Zhang
2021. Effects of manipulating writing task complexity on learners’ performance in completing vocabulary and syntactic tasks. Language Teaching Research ► pp. 136216882110243 ff.
Zhang, Chao
2022. Multidimensional interaction of L2 writing fluency and cohesion: A complexity theory perspective. Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies 40:4 ► pp. 397 ff.
Zhang, Chao & Shumin Kang
2022. A comparative study on lexical and syntactic features of ESL versus EFL learners’ writing. Frontiers in Psychology 13
Zhang, Lawrence Jun & Xiaolong Cheng
2021. Examining the effects of comprehensive written corrective feedback on L2 EAP students’ linguistic performance: A mixed-methods study. Journal of English for Academic Purposes 54 ► pp. 101043 ff.
Zhang, Meixiu, Ge Lan & Kai Yang
2023. Grammatical complexity: Insights from English for academic purposes teachers. Journal of Second Language Writing 60 ► pp. 100974 ff.
Zhang, Ronggen & L. Wang
2022. Corpus-based study on syntactic complexity of texts by L1 and L2 learners. ITM Web of Conferences 45 ► pp. 01081 ff.
Zhang, Shuang, Huiping Zhang & Cun Zhang
2022. A Dynamic Systems Study on Complexity, Accuracy, and Fluency in English Writing Development by Chinese University Students. Frontiers in Psychology 13
Zhang, Xiaopeng & Wenwen Li
2023. Remodeling effects of linguistic features on L2 writing quality of two genres. Reading and Writing
Zhang, Xiaopeng & Xiaofei Lu
2022. Revisiting the predictive power of traditional vs. fine-grained syntactic complexity indices for L2 writing quality: The case of two genres. Assessing Writing 51 ► pp. 100597 ff.
Zhang, Xiaopeng, Xiaofei Lu & Wenwen Li
2022. Beyond Differences: Assessing Effects of Shared Linguistic Features on L2 Writing Quality of Two Genres. Applied Linguistics 43:1 ► pp. 168 ff.
Zhang, Yujie & Jinghui Ouyang
2023. Linguistic complexity as the predictor of EFL independent and integrated writing quality. Assessing Writing 56 ► pp. 100727 ff.
Zhang, Yusha, Nankai Lin & Shengyi Jiang
2019. 2019 International Conference on Asian Language Processing (IALP), ► pp. 313 ff.
Zhao, Cecilia Guanfang & Jincheng Wu
2022. Perceptions of authorial voice: Why discrepancies exist. Assessing Writing 53 ► pp. 100632 ff.
Zhao, Jing, Meifang Zhu, Laura de Ruiter & Si Chen
2022. Linguistic Indicators for Text Complexity in Picture Books for Young Chinese Children Learning English as a Foreign Language. Frontiers in Education 7
Zheng, Yurong
2023. The Microgenetic Changes in EFL Learners’ Vocabulary Development A Learner-Corpus-Based Study. In Proceedings of the 20th AsiaTEFL-68th TEFLIN-5th iNELTAL Conference (ASIATEFL 2022) [Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, 749], ► pp. 759 ff.
Zhou, Wenhui, Zhi Li & Xiaofei Lu
2023. Syntactic complexity features of science research article introductions: Rhetorical-functional and disciplinary variation perspectives. Journal of English for Academic Purposes 61 ► pp. 101212 ff.
Zhu, Shuqin, Jihua Song, Weiming Peng, Dongdong Guo, Jingbo Sun & Zhihan Lv
2020. The Measurement of Chinese Sentence Semantic Complexity. Complexity 2020 ► pp. 1 ff.
Ziaeian, Elahe & Seyyed Ehsan Golparvar
2022. Fine-grained measures of syntactic complexity in the discussion section of research articles: The effect of discipline and language background. Journal of English for Academic Purposes 57 ► pp. 101116 ff.
刘, 洁
2022. Comparative Analysis of English Language Ability in IELTS Writing—From Perspective of Syntactic Complexity. Overseas English Testing: Pedagogy and Research 04:02 ► pp. 45 ff.
김준식
2012. CLAWS Working Well with the Text Written by Learners of English?. Studies in Foreign Language Education 26:1 ► pp. 151 ff.
김지영
2014. Predicting L2 Writing Proficiency Using Linguistic Complexity Measures: A Corpus-Based Study. English Teaching 69:4 ► pp. 27 ff.
이종한 & 최현규
2017. Characteristics of text-based writing by non-native high school students. English Language Teaching 29:1 ► pp. 109 ff.
황은경
2012. Korean EFL Learners’ Language Development across Proficiency Levels in Written Productions. English Teaching 67:3 ► pp. 27 ff.
황은경 & Jae-Woong Choe
2016. Gender differences in L2 argumentative writing: An analysis of syntactic complexity.. Journal of the Korea English Education Society 15:1 ► pp. 127 ff.
[no author supplied]
[no author supplied]
2020. Language Acquisition. In The Cambridge Introduction to Applied Linguistics, ► pp. 39 ff.
[no author supplied]
2020. Deep Learning Approaches to Text Production [Synthesis Lectures on Human Language Technologies, ],
[no author supplied]
2022. Automated Essay Scoring [Synthesis Lectures on Human Language Technologies, ],
[no author supplied]
2022. Expression of Concern: Liberals lecture, conservatives communicate: Analyzing complexity and ideology in 381,609 political speeches. PLOS ONE 17:11 ► pp. e0277860 ff.
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 31 march 2024. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.