Cover not available
Part of
Integration, Identity and Language Maintenance in Young Immigrants: Russian Germans or German Russians
Edited by Ludmila Isurin and Claudia Maria Riehl
[IMPACT: Studies in Language, Culture and Society 44] 2017
► pp. 225–268

Chapter 8
Lost in transmission?

Family language input and its role for the development of Russian as a heritage language in Germany

 | University of Greifswald (Germany)
 | University of Greifswald (Germany)
The paper deals with parental input and its role for heritage language maintenance by second generation speakers of Russian in Germany. Based on the data collected from one family, we investigate the realization of Voice Onset Time (VOT) in Russian by the parents and their children. Our main findings show that the children are already exposed to deviant input if compared to VOT values reported for Russian monolinguals. However, the children’s VOT values do not coincide with their parents’ patterns, but show an even stronger convergence towards German VOT measures. We conclude that individual attrition is at work for all family members, but proceeds at greater speed with the children. Parental input thus paves the way for the development of the children, but other factors come into play as well which add to the effects of parental input, for example individual processing problems of the heritage language in the case of the children.
Keywords: parental input, heritage language acquisition, young immigrants, Voice Onset Time, language contact, Russian, German
Article outline
  • 1.Family language policy and heritage language development
  • 2.Impact of parental input in heritage language development: Evidence from previous studies
  • 3.Research questions of the present study
  • 4.Participants and methods of data collection
  • 5.Voice Onset Time in Russian and German
  • 6.Results
    • 6.1Fortis stops
      • 6.1.1Word-initial fortis stops
      • 6.1.2Intervocalic fortis stops
      • 6.1.3VOT in different styles
      • 6.1.4Development of VOT in word-initial fortis stops over time
    • 6.2Lenis stops
      • 6.2.1Word-initial lenis stops
      • 6.2.2Intervocalic lenis stops
  • 7.Discussion
  • 8.Conclusions and outlook
  • Acknowledgments
  • Notes
  • References
Published online: 12 April 2017
DOI logo
https://doi.org/10.1075/impact.44.08bre
References (112)
References
Achterberg, J. (2005). Zur Vitalität slavischer Idiome in Deutschland. Eine empirische Studie zum Sprachverhalten slavophoner Immigranten. München: Otto Sagner.Google Scholar
Anstatt, T. (2008a). Aspect and tense in storytelling by Russian, German and bilingual children. Russian Linguistics, 32 (1), 1–26. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
(2008b). Aspektfehler im Russischen mono- und bilingualer Kinder. In S. Kempgen, L. Udolph, K. Gutschmidt, & U. Jekutsch (Eds.), Deutsche Beiträge zum 14. Internationalen Slavistenkongress Ohrid 2008 (pp. 13–25). München: Otto Sagner.Google Scholar
(2008c). Lexikalisierung des Aspekts? Alpha- und beta-Verben bei bilingualen russisch-deutschen Kindern. In B. Brehmer, K. B. Fischer, & G. Krumbholz (Eds.), Aspekte, Kategorien und Kontakte slavischer Sprachen: Festschrift für Volkmar Lehmann zum 65. Geburtstag (pp. 13–28). Hamburg: Dr. Kovač.Google Scholar
(2008d). Russisch in Deutschland: Entwicklungsperspektiven. Bulletin der deutschen Slavistik, 14, 67–74.Google Scholar
(2009). Der Erwerb der Familiensprache: Zur Entwicklung des Russischen bei bilingualen Kindern in Deutschland. In I. Gogolin, & U. Neumann (Eds.), Streitfall Zweisprachigkeit: The Bilingualism Controversy (pp. 111–131). Wiesbaden: VS. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
(2010). Kognitive Strategien Zweisprachiger: Lösungen lexikalischer Probleme im Russischen bilingualer Kinder und Jugendlicher. In T. Anstatt, & B. J. Norman (Eds.), Die slavischen Sprachen im Licht der kognitiven Linguistik: Slavjanskie jazyki v svete kognitivnoj lingvistiki (pp. 217–239). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.Google Scholar
(2011). Sprachattrition: Abbau der Erstsprache bei russisch-deutschen Jugendlichen. Wiener Slawistischer Almanach, 67, 7–31.Google Scholar
Anstatt, T., & Dieser, E. (2007). Sprachmischung und Sprachtrennung bei zweisprachigen Kindern (am Beispiel des russisch-deutschen Spracherwerbs). In T. Anstatt (Ed.), Mehrsprachigkeit bei Kindern und Erwachsenen: Erwerb, Formen, Förderung (pp. 139–162). Tübingen: Attempto.Google Scholar
Anstatt, T., & Rubcov, O. (2012). Gemischter Input – einsprachiger Output? Familiensprache und Entwicklung der Sprachtrennung bei bilingualen Kleinkindern. In H. Weydt, K. Jungbluth, & B. Jańczak (Eds.), Mehrsprachigkeit aus deutscher Perspektive (pp. 73–94). Tübingen: Narr.Google Scholar
Antoniou, M., Best, C. T., Tyler, M. D., & Kroos, C. (2010). Language context elicits native-like voicing in early bilinguals’ productions in both L1 and L2. Journal of Phonetics, 38, 640–653. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Armon-Lotem, S., Walters, J., & Gagarina, N. (2011). The impact of internal and external factors on linguistic performance in the home language and in L2 among Russian-Hebrew and Russian-German preschool children. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism, 1 (3), 291–317. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Barry, S. (1995). Variation in vocal fold vibration during voiced obstruents in Russian. European Journal of Disorders of Communication, 30, 124–131. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Beckman, J., Jessen, M., & Ringen, C. (2013). Empirical evidence for laryngeal features: Aspirating vs. true voice languages. Journal of Linguistics, 49, 259–284. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Besters-Dilger, J. (2012). Russian in Germany: Intermediate results on L1 attrition. In M. Moser, & M. Polinsky (Eds.), Slavic languages in migration (pp. 189–204). Wien: LIT.Google Scholar
Bhatia, T. K., & Ritchie, W. C. (1999). The bilingual child: Some issues and perspectives. In T. K. Bhatia, & W. C. Ritchie (Eds.), Handbook of child language acquisition (pp. 569–646). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Boersma, P., & Weenink, D. (2011). Praat: Doing phonetics by computer. <[URL]> (last accessed on July 30, 2014).
Braun, A. (1996). Zur regionalen Distribution von VOT im Deutschen. In A. Braun (Ed.), Papers on speech and voice (pp. 19–32). Stuttgart: Steiner.Google Scholar
Braunschweiler, N. (1997). Integrated cues of voicing and vowel length in German: A production study. Language and Speech, 40, 353–376.Google Scholar
Brehmer, B. (2007). Sprechen Sie Qwelja? Formen und Folgen russisch-deutscher Zweisprachigkeit in Deutschland. In T. Anstatt (Ed.), Mehrsprachigkeit bei Kindern und Erwachsenen: Erwerb, Formen, Förderung (pp. 163–185). Tübingen: Attempto.Google Scholar
Burnham, D. K. (1986). Developmental loss of speech perception: Exposure to and experience with a first language. Applied Psycholinguistics, 7, 207–240. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Chang, C. B. (2012). Rapid and multifaceted effects of second-language learning on first-language speech production. Journal of Phonetics, 40, 249–268. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Cho, T., & Ladefoged, P. (1999). Variation and universals in VOT: Evidence from 18 languages. Journal of Phonetics, 27, 207–229. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
De Houwer, A. (2003). Home languages spoken in officially monolingual Flanders: A survey. Plurilingua, 24, 79–96.Google Scholar
(2007). Parental language input patterns and children’s bilingual use. Applied Psycholinguistics, 28, 411–424. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
(2011). Language input environments and language development in bilingual acquisition. In Proceedings of the Conference on Generative Approaches to Language Acquisition (GALANA) 2 (pp. 483–490). Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project.Google Scholar
De Houwer, A., & Bornstein, M. H. (2003). Balancing on the tightrope: Language use patterns in bilingual families with young children. Paper delivered at the Fourth International Symposium on Bilingualism, Tempe, Arizona, USA, April 30 – May 3 2003.
Deuchar, M., & Clark, A. (1996). Early bilingual acquisition of the voicing contrast in English and Spanish. Journal of Phonetics, 24, 351–365. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Dieser, E. (2009). Genuserwerb im Russischen und Deutschen: Korpusgestützte Studie zu ein-und zweisprachigen Kindern und Erwachsenen. München: Otto Sagner.Google Scholar
Flege, J. (1987). The production of “new” and “similar” phones in a foreign language: Evidence for the effect of equivalence classification. Journal of Phonetics, 15, 47–65.Google Scholar
(1991). Age of learning affects the authenticity of voice-onset-time (VOT) in stop consonants produced in a second language. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 89, 395–411. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Flege, J., & Eefting, W. (1987). Production and perception of English stops by native Spanish speakers. Journal of Phonetics, 15, 67–83.Google Scholar
Flege, J., Frieda, E., Walley, A., & Randazza, L. (1998). Lexical factors and segmental accuracy in second language speech production. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 20, 155–187. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Flege, J., & Port, R. (1981). Cross-linguistic phonetic interference: Arabic to English. Language and Speech, 24, 125–146.Google Scholar
Fowler, C. A., Sramko, V., Ostry, D. J., Rowland, S. A., & Hallé, P. (2008). Cross language phonetic influences on the speech of French-English bilinguals. Journal of Phonetics, 36, 649–663. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Gagarina, N. (2008). Anaphoric pronouns in bilingual German-Russian children. Zeitschrift für Slawistik, 53, 326–338. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
(2011). Acquisition and loss of L1 in a Russian-German bilingual child: A case study. In S. N. Cejtlin, & M. B. Eliseeva (Eds.), Put’ v jazyk: Odnojazyčie i dvujazyčie (pp. 137–163). Moskva: Jazyki Slavjanskoj Kul’tury.Google Scholar
(2012). Discourse cohesion in the elicited narratives of early Russian-German sequential bilinguals. In K. Braunmüller, & C. Gabriel (Eds.), Multilingual individuals and multilingual societies (pp. 101–120). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Gagarina, N., Armon-Lotem, S., Altman, C., Burstein-Feldman, Z., Klassert, A., Topaj, N., Golcher, F., & Walters, J. (2014). Age, input quantity and their effect on linguistic performance in the home and societal language among Russian-German and Russian-Hebrew preschool children. In R. Silbereisen, P. Titzmann, & Y. Shavit (Eds.), The challenges of diaspora migration: Interdisciplinary perspectives on Israel and Germany (pp. 63–82). Farnham, UK: Ashgate.Google Scholar
Goldbach, A. (2005). Deutsch-russischer Sprachkontakt: Deutsche Transferenzen und Code-switching in der Rede Russischsprachiger in Berlin. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
Guelzow, I., & Gagarina, N. (2007). Introduction. In I. Guelzow, & N. Gagarina (Eds.), Frequency effects in language acquisition (pp. 1–11). Berlin: De Gruyter. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Gutierrez-Clellen, V. F., & Kreiter, J. (2003). Understanding child bilingual acquisition using parent and teacher reports. Applied Psycholinguistics, 24, 267–288. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Hakuta, K., & d’Andrea, D. (1992). Some properties of bilingual maintenance and loss in Mexican background high-school students. Applied Linguistics, 13, 72–99. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Hammer, C. S., Miccio, A. W., & Rodriguez, B. L. (2004). Bilingual language acquisition and the child socialization process. In B. A. Goldstein (Ed.), Bilingual language development and disorders in Spanish-English speakers (pp. 21–50). Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes.Google Scholar
Helgason, P., & Ringen, C. (2008). Voicing and aspiration in Swedish stops. Journal of Phonetics, 36 (4), 607–628. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Hrycyna, M., Lapinskaya, N., Kochetov, A., & Nagy, N. (2011). VOT drift in three generations of heritage language speakers in Toronto. Canadian Acoustics, 39 (3), 166–167.Google Scholar
Jessen, M. (1998). Phonetics and phonology of tense and lax obstruents in German. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Jessen, M., & Ringen, C. (2002). Laryngeal features in German. Phonology, 19, 1–30. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Karl, K. B. (2012). Bilinguale Lexik: nicht materieller lexikalischer Transfer als Folge der aktuellen russisch-deutschen Zweisprachigkeit. München: Otto Sagner.Google Scholar
Kang, K., & Guion, S. G. (2006). Phonological systems in bilinguals: Age of learning effects on the stop consonant systems of Korean-English bilinguals. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 119, 1672–1683. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Keating, P. A. (1984). Phonetic and phonological representation of stop consonant voicing. Language, 60 (2), 286–319. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Keating, P. A., Linker, W., & Huffman, M. (1983). Patterns in allophone distribution for voiced and voiceless stops. Journal of Phonetics, 11, 277–290.Google Scholar
Kehoe, M. M., Lleó, C., & Rakow, M. (2004). Voice onset time in bilingual German-Spanish children. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 7 (1), 71–88. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Khattab, G. (2000). VOT production in English and Arabic bilingual and monolingual children. Leeds Working Papers in Linguistics and Phonetics, 8, 95–122.Google Scholar
Klassert, A., & Gagarina, N. (2010). Der Einfluss des elterlichen Inputs auf die Sprachentwicklung bilingualer Kinder: Evidenz aus russischsprachigen Migrantenfamilien in Berlin. Diskurs Kindheits- und Jugendforschung, 4, 413–425.Google Scholar
Klassert, A., Gagarina, N., & Kauschke, C. (2014). Object and action naming in Russian- and German-speaking monolingual and bilingual children. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 17 (1), 73–88. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Klassert, A., Kauschke, C., & Gagarina, N. (2009). Lexikalische Fähigkeiten bilingualer Kinder. In J. Heide, S. Hanne, O.-C. Brandt, T. Fritzsche, & M. Wahl (Eds.), Spektrum Patholinguistik 2: Ein Kopf – Zwei Sprachen: Mehrsprachigkeit in Forschung und Therapie (pp. 113–119). Potsdam: Universitäts-Verlag.Google Scholar
Kulikov, V. (2012). Voicing and voice assimilation in Russian stops. Unpublished PhD dissertation, University of Iowa.Google Scholar
Labov, W. (2006). The social stratification of English in New York City, 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Lanza, E. (1997). Language mixing in infant bilingualism: A sociolinguistic perspective. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Levkovych, N. (2012). Po-russki in Deutschland: Russisch und Deutsch als Konkurrenten in der Kommunikation mehrsprachiger Gruppen von Personen mit postsowjetischem Hintergrund in Deutschland. Bochum: Brockmeyer.Google Scholar
Laeufer, C. (1996). The acquisition of a complex phonological contrast: Voice timing patterns of English initial stops by native French speakers. Phonetica, 53, 86–110. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Lisker, L., & Abramson, A. S. (1964). A cross-language study of voicing in initial stops: Acoustical measurements. Word, 20, 384–422. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Macken, M. A., & Barton, D. (1980a). The acquisition of the voicing contrast in English: A study of voice onset time in word-initial stop consonants. Journal of Child Language, 7, 41–74.Google Scholar
(1980b). The acquisition of the voicing contrast in Spanish: a phonetic and phonological study of word-initial stop consonants. Journal of Child Language, 7, 433–458.Google Scholar
MacLeod, A., Fabiano-Smith, L., Boegner-Pagé, L., & Fontolliet, S. (2012). Simultaneous bilingual language acquisition: The role of parental input on receptive vocabulary development. Child Language Teaching and Therapy, 29 (1), 131–142. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Magloire, J., & Green, K. P. (1999). A cross-language comparison of speaking rate effects on the production of voice onset time in English and Spanish. Phonetica, 56, 158–185. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Major, R. C. (1992). Losing English as a first language. The Modern Language Journal, 76, 190–208. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
McCarthy, K., Evans, B. G., & Mahon, M. (2013). Acquiring a second language in an immigrant community: The production of Sylheti and English stops and vowels by London-Bengali speakers. Journal of Phonetics, 41, 344–358. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Meng, K. (2001). Russlanddeutsche Sprachbiografien: Untersuchungen zur sprachlichen Integration von Aussiedlerfamilien. Tübingen: Narr.Google Scholar
(2004). Dvujazyčie v sem'jach rossijskich nemcev. In A. Mustajoki, & E. Protasovas (Eds.), Russkojazyčnyj čelovek v inojazyčnom okruženii (pp. 188–202). Helsinki: Department of Slavonic and Baltic Languages and Literatures.Google Scholar
Meng, K., & Protassova, E. (2002). Zum ethnischen Selbstverständnis in einer russlanddeutschen Familie. In I. Keim, & W. Schütte (Eds.), Soziale Welten und kommunikative Stile (pp. 261–280). Tübingen: Narr.Google Scholar
(2003). Deutsche, Russlandsdeutsche, Russe-Deutsche, rusaki – Selbstbezeichnungen und Selbstverständnisse nach der Aussiedlung. In J. Erfurt (Ed.), “Multisprech”: Hybridität, Variation, Identität (pp. 173–202). Osnabrück: Universität.Google Scholar
(2005). Aussiedlerisch: Deutsch-russische Sprachmischungen im Verständnis ihrer Sprecher. In V. Hinnenkamp, & K. Meng (Eds.), Sprachgrenzen überspringen. Sprachliche Hybridität und polykulturelles Selbstverständnis (pp. 229–266). Tübingen: Narr.Google Scholar
Mishina, S. (1999). The role of parental input and discourse strategies in the early language mixing of a bilingual child. Multilingua, 18, 1–30. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Montrul, S. (2008). Incomplete acquisition in bilingualism: Re-examining the age factor. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Nicoladis, E., & Genesee, F. (1997). The role of parental input and language dominance in bilingual children’s code-mixing. In E. Hughes, M. Hughes, & A. Greenhill (Eds.), Proceedings of the 21st Annual Boston University Conference on Language Development (pp. 422–432). Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Press.Google Scholar
Pabst, B. (2007). Zweisprachigkeit als Phänomen der multikulturellen Gesellschaft in Deutschland. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
Paradis, J. (2011). The impact of input factors on bilingual development: Quantity versus quality. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism, 1 (1), 67–70. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Paradis, J., & Navarro, S. (2003). Subject realization and cross-linguistic interference in the bilingual acquisition of Spanish and English: What is the role of the input? Journal of Child Language, 30, 371–393. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Pauwels, A. (2005). Maintaining the community language in Australia: Challenges and roles for families. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 8 (2–3), 124–131. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Pearson, B. Z. (2007). Social factors in childhood bilingualism in the United States. Applied Psycholinguistics, 28, 399–410. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Pearson, B. Z., Fernández, S., Lewedeg, V., & Oller, K. (1997). The relation of input factors to lexical learning by bilingual infants. Applied Psycholinguistics, 18, 41–58. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Polinsky, M., & Kagan, O. (2007). Heritage languages: In the wild and in the classroom. Language and Linguistics Compass, 1 (5), 368–395. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Portes, A., & Hao, L. (1998). E Pluribus Unum: Bilingualism and language loss in the second generation. Sociology of Education, 71, 269–294. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Portes, A., & Rumbaut, R. (2001). Legacies: The story of the immigrant second generation. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Protassova, E. (1996). Osobennosti russkogo jazyka u živuščich v Germanii. Rusistika segodnja, 1, 51–71.Google Scholar
(2000). Leksičeskie osobennosti russkojazyčnoj pressy v Germanii. Izvestija Akademii Nauk, Serija literatury i jazyka, 4, 49–60.Google Scholar
(2007). Sprachkorrosion: Veränderungen des Russischen bei russischsprachigen Erwachsenen und Kindern in Deutschland. In K. Meng, & J. Rehbein (Eds.), Kinderkommunikation – einsprachig und mehrsprachig (pp. 259–292). Münster: Waxmann.Google Scholar
Reich, H. H. (2007). Forschungsstand und Desideratenaufweis zu Migrationslinguistik und Migrationspädagogik für die Zwecke des “Anforderungsrahmens“. In K. Ehlich (Ed.), Anforderungen an Verfahren der regelmäßigen Sprachstandsfeststellung als Grundlage für die frühe und individuelle Förderung von Kindern mit und ohne Migrationshintergrund (pp. 121–170). Bonn: BMBF.Google Scholar
Rethage, W. (2012). Strukturelle Besonderheiten des Russischen in Deutschland: kontaktlinguistische und soziolinguistische Aspekte. München: Otto Sagner.Google Scholar
Ringen, C., & Kulikov, V. (2012). Voicing in Russian stops: Cross-linguistic implications. Journal of Slavic Linguistics, 20(2), 269–286. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Sancier, M. L., & Fowler, C. A. (1997). Gestural drift in a bilingual speaker of Brazilian Portuguese and English. Journal of Phonetics, 25, 421–436. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Schnar, N. (2010). Sprache als Kriterium ethnischer Identität: Eine empirische Studie zum Stellenwert des Russischen im Ethnizitätskonzept russlanddeutscher Jugendlicher in der Dia-spora Deutschland. Hamburg: Dr. Kovač.Google Scholar
Schüpbach, D. (2009). Language transmission revisited: Family type, linguistic environment and language attitudes. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 12 (1), 15–30. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Schwartz, M. (2008). Exploring the relationship between family language policy and heritage language knowledge among second generation Russian-Jewish immigrants in Israel. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 29 (5), 400–418. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Silva-Corvalán, C. (1994). Language contact and change: Spanish in Los Angeles. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Simon, E. (2009). Acquiring a new L2 contrast: An analysis of the English laryngeal system of L1 Dutch speakers. Second Language Research, 25 (3), 377–408. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
(2010). Child L2 development: A longitudinal case study on Voice Onset Times in word-initial-stops. Journal of Child Language, 37, 159–173. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Sirèn, U. (1991). Minority language transmission in early childhood. Parental intention and language use. Unpublished PhD dissertation, University of Stockholm.Google Scholar
Snow, D. (1997). Children’s acquisition of speech timing in English: A comparative study of voice onset time and final syllable vowel lengthening. Journal of Child Language, 24, 35–56. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Søndergaard, B. (1991). Switching between seven codes within one family – A linguistic resource. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 12, 85–92. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Szagun, G., Steinbrink, C., Franik, M., & Stumper, B. (2006). Development of vocabulary and grammar in young German-speaking children assessed with a German language development inventory. First Language, 26, 259–280. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Taylor, D. Q. (1975). The inadequacy of bipolarity and distinctive features: The German ‘voiced/ voiceless’ consonants. In P. A. Reich (Ed.), The second lacus forum (pp. 107–119). Columbia, SC: Hornbeam.Google Scholar
Tomasello, M. (2003). Constructing a language. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Unsworth, S., Argyri, F., Cornips, L., Hulk, A., Sorace, A., & Tsimpli, I. (2011). On the role of age of onset and input in early child bilingualism in Greek and Dutch. In M. Pirvulescu et al. (Eds.), Proceedings of the 4th conference on generative approaches to language acquisition North America (GALANA 2010) (pp. 249–265). Somerville, MA: Cascadilla.Google Scholar
Veltman, C. J. (1981). Anglicization in the United States: The importance of parental nativity and language practice. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 32, 65–84.Google Scholar
Yamamoto, M. (2001). Language use in interlingual families: A Japanese-English sociolinguistic study. Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar
Ždanova, V. (2004). Kommunikatives Verhalten russischsprachiger Emigranten als Indikator ihrer soziokulturellen Orientierungen. In M. Bayer et al. (Eds.), Beiträge der Europäischen Slavistischen Linguistik (POLYSLAV) 7 (pp. 244–251). München: Otto Sagner.Google Scholar
(2007). Zum Problem der Sprachkompetenz bilingualer Migranten mit Russisch als Erstsprache. In B. Brehmer, V. Ždanova, & R. Zimny (Eds.), Beiträge der Europäischen Slavistischen Linguistik (POLYSLAV) 10 (pp. 188–198). München: Otto Sagner.Google Scholar
(2008). ‘Russkij’ i ‘rossijskij’ v jazyke metropolii i diaspory kak proekcija individual’noj identičnosti. Etnolingwistyka, 20, 187–202.Google Scholar
(2012). K tipologii morfosintaksičeskich variantov v russkom jazyke ėmigracii. In J. Apresjan, I. Boguslavsky, L. Iomdin, M.-C. L’Homme, J. Milicevic, A. Polguère, & L. Wanner (Eds.), Smysly, teksty i drugie zachvatyvajuščie sjužety: sbornik statej v čest’ 80-letija Igorja Alexandroviča Mel’čuka (pp. 682–695). Moskva: Jazyki Slavjanskoj Kul’tury.Google Scholar
Cited by (1)

Cited by one other publication

Karpava, Sviatlana
2024. Chapter 14. The narrative skills of Russian-Cypriot Greek children. In Current Perspectives on Generative SLA - Processing, Influence, and Interfaces [Language Acquisition and Language Disorders, 70], ► pp. 349 ff. DOI logo

This list is based on CrossRef data as of 18 october 2024. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.